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This paper presents an experimental study on the effect of the pump energy and flow rate of the dye gain medium and one amplifier stage on the linewidth in a dye laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. A Fabry-Pérot etalon and imaging camera-based arrangement interfaced with a personal computer (PC) is used to measure the linewidth of the 565 nm laser line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported liquid membranes (SLM) have proved to be effective not only for removing but also for recovery of heavy metals from waste water. This work includes the study of separation and transport of Pb+2 ions through liquid membrane based on triethanolamine (TEA) in cyclohexanone supported in microporous polypropylene films. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the conditions for moving the Pb+2 ions against the concentration gradient, characterize the membrane by flux measurements, for their use in various industrial plants design to recover these ions. The effect of lead ion concentration, HNO3 in feed and TEA concentration in membrane has been studied. Optimized condition of transport of this metal ion is 1.0 M acid concentration in the feed phase and 0.1M Na2SO4 as the strippant when TEA concentration is 5.25 mol/dm3 in the membrane, as the rationale of this study is to optimize the condition for the movement of lead ions from feed phase to strip phase and to recover metal ions from any industrial effluent and finally to characterize the membrane by determining the mobility and permeability of the complexed heavy metal ion to extract their respective metal ions.

This article explores the auenues of cooperation between SCO members, prospects of working together, mutual issues of concern and the challenges they face in the working of the organization. The paper also investigates the importance of the Central Asian Republics for Russia, vice versa and the economic dependence they share. Special consideration is given to the prospects for Pakistan in joining the SCO and Russia 's critical role being one of its strategic partners and a key player in the functioning of the SCO, thus prouiding a bridge between the SCO and Pakistan. Further, the extent of implementation of the SCO Charter is also assessed, referring to its articles, to deduce the effectiveness of the functioning of the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperostosis is a condition in which there is enlargement of the outer portion of bones. However, a range of conditions in which there is thickening of the endosteal surface can also occur. The present study aims to evaluate the histopathological changes induction hyperostosis by doxorubicin on femur & joint. The experiment was done on 80 male & female rats (Rattus norvegicus) sexually mature weighing 150-200 gram, divided into 4 equal groups of 20 animals each: control group which was given distilled water while the treated animals injected with drug (doxorubicin) I/P as dose 2.5 mg/Kg, 5 mg / Kg, & 10 mg / Kg represented low toxic dose, intermediate toxic dose, finally high toxic dose respectively for sex month. The animals scarified after six months then the femur and joint taken to prepared histopathological slides and examined to observe the pathological changes that induction by drug. The present aimed to study pathophysiological changes of doxorubicin on the bone tissues of femur and joint in the rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated contributions of some tropospheric gases, meteorological parameters, and aerosol burden measured as aerosol optical depth (AOD) towards Tropospheric Ozone (TropoO3) variabilities over Lahore by developing a stepwise multiple linear regression model. The tropospheric gases include; Methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), whereas the meteorological parameters include; cloud fraction (CLF), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), relative humidity (RH), temperature (Temp), and surface wind-speed (WS). Data products of these parameters have been retrieved from various satellite sensors during October 2004 - September 2015. Time series distributions of both observed and modeled TropoO3 concentrations show similar increasing trends except for few months. Moreover, monthly-means of these observed and modeled TropoO3 concentrations indicate similar decreasing trends with maximum during spring and summer (monsoon) seasons. Based upon weighted contributions of standardized regression coefficients, modeled TropoO3 concentration was found dependent upon OLR[0.458], WS[0.262], CLF[0.256] TropoSO2[-0.097], TropoCO[-0.231], and RH[-0.320] out of all parameters used in this study. Modeled TropoO3 concentrations were validated against an independent source of TropoO3 concentrations retrieved from original subtracted product of OMI-MLS over Lahore and the results were found in good agreement. The study is unique and would be helpful for further research investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents spatiotemporal variability of two important air pollutants, Formaldehyde (HCHO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), concomitant to underlying anthropogenic, biogenic and pyrogenic emission sources from different landuse/landcovers over South Asia, from 2005-2016, using OMI sensor onboard Aura satellite. Annual and seasonal spatial distributions for both the gases reveal that trends of change are linked with landuse/landcovers of different geographical regions of South Asia. Annual distribution of NO2 shows a negative trend from 2012-2016, with annual decrease of ~1.06% in comparison to a rise, from 2005-2011 at a rate of ~1.86%/year. Analyzing seven study zones, distinctively identifies higher-emissions for both the gases from anthropogenic sources, in zones, 2,3,4 and 6, highlighting, emissions from megacities of Pakistan (Lahore, Faisalabad), India (Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow) and Bangladesh (Dhaka), mainly due to urbanization, power-generation plants and mining-activities. Episodes of pyrogenic-emissions dominate seasonally in zones2 and 4, due to crop residue burning from Punjab plains of Pakistan and India and zone5 from Bangladesh and Myanmar. Isoprene, a precursor to HCHO is one of its main biogenic sources and higher emissions of HCHO dominate in zones3 and 7 with deciduous forests of lower Himalayas in northwest and Western Ghats in southwest India. In zones 4,5 HCHO emissions are dictated by isoprene emissions from Sundarbans in Bangladesh and palm-oil-plantations in Myanmar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on electromagnetic radiation (EMR): physical, biophysical, and telecommunication. The widespread application of EMR in modern technologies requires telecommunication and healthcare professionals to possess some knowledge of its physical and biological properties. In this review article, we will discuss biophysical principles of EMR, its interactions with living organisms and its application in clinical practices. We will discuss here beneficial as well as hazardous effects of EMR. We will also discuss the safety guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS among medical, dental and nursing students of health care institution in Karachi-Pakistan. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration: This survey was conducted in the Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi. The survey was initiated on the 30th November, 2018 and was concluded on the 20th January, 2019. Method and Materials: A total of 230 questionnaires were distributed among the first-year students of all the three disciplines. Approximately 187 filled questionnaires were obtained of which 165 questionnaires were found to be properly filled and were considered as valid. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS. Results: According to the results attained 75% of the participants have knowledge of the spread of disease and from the study it can be said that majority of students tend to have basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The students of nursing discipline are the ones that do not have proper level of knowledge and awareness. Conclusions:Overallknowledge and awareness of medical and dental students about HIV/ AIDS communicability and route of transmission is adequate but students of nursing discipline are the ones that do not have proper level of knowledge and awareness. Nursing students must be made aware and should understand the importance of treating HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to analyze the concentration of tropospheric NO2 over Saudi Arabia for a decade from 2005-2014 based on observations from satellite borne Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The spatial analysis has identified two hotspots: Jeddah and Riyadh. The result of temporal analysis shows increase of 1.45%, 3.15% and 3.10% per year over Saudi Arabia, Jeddah and Riyadh respectively. The Linear Regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) have been performed to analyze the relationship between meteorological parameters, seasons, years and concentration of NO2. The results show that temperature and NO2 are moderately correlated whereas wind and humidity give negative correlation. The major causes of elevated NO2 over the hotspots are road traffic and the fossil fuel combustion for electrical power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the prepared of ZnO nanoparticles and Ag doped ZnO nanostructure via a hydrothermal process. The obtained nanostructures were characterized using different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The XRD results showed the wurtzite hexagonal structure of the ZnO Nanoparticles. Furthermore, the morphology of ZnO and Ag-ZnO nanostructures was obtained from SEM and AFM.The photocatalytic degradation of Cibacron Brilliant Yellow 3G-P (CB) dye was studied in presence of visible light using Ag-ZnO nanostructures as a photocatalyst. There are numerous factors which has an effect on the efficiency color removal of this process. Hence a study was conducted on the effect of several parameters on Ag-ZnO like amount of catalyst, CB dye concentration and pH of solution. Results showed Ag doping ZnO with 3% loading shows photocatalytic removal about 65% after 120 min. which influenced superior photocatalytic activity than pure ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural pigments extracted from plants are raised as a vital substitute to artificial dyes. The present study was conducted to extract pigment from Bistorta amplexicaule and evaluate its dyeing property, antimicrobial activity and toxicity. The extraction was done by maceration and sonication methods with 7.5% and 5% yield, respectively. The extracted pigment appeared brightamber colored which was used for dyeing fabrics and food using traditional methods. The suitable dying was achieved using 4g dye powder in 100ml water for fabrics and 250mg in 26.2g of rice. The extract did not indicate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens by disc-diffusion method. Dye extract using albino mice assay did not show any mortality throughout the study period (15 days). The natural plant pigment extracted from B. amplexicaule had a potential as natural dye for food and fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]