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Obesity is a chronic condition related to multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, periodontal and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity can lead to a metabolic change, creating a prolonged and low-intensity inflammatory process. This study aims to analyze the plasma and saliva proteomes of young adults with obesity and overweight comparing to normal weight individuals, to reveal if the rise on body mass influences the proteomic profiles. The reported population consisted of 18 students and/or employees of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, aged between 18 and 35 years. Individuals were categorized according to their anthropometric measures in the Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese groups. Proteomic characterization was assessed by quantitative Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI Q/TOF). In addition, cytokines were identified by Multiplex analysis. A total of 118 human proteins from saliva and plasma were identified, including 7 that were common between both fluids. The salivary and plasma proteomes seemed to be related to the body mass index, once the three groups showed distinct proteome profiles. Altogether 49 proteins presented different abundances between the obese, overweight, and normal weight individuals. The main functional category modified in both fluids was the immune response. Most of the modified proteins were previously reported as related to inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in particular alpha-1 antitrypsin, C3 complement, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein, apolipoprotein AI and lysozyme, that could be tested to possible use as early biomarkers of obesity comorbidities.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) on palatability and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diet, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota in dogs. Four diets containing 0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of HPDDG were manufactured. To evaluate the ME and the ATTD of macronutrients of HPDDG itself, an additional test diet was manufactured containing 70% of the control diet formula (0 g/kg) and 300 g/kg of HPDDG. Fifteen adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a randomized block design, with two periods of 15 d each (n = 6). The HPDDG digestibility was obtained using the Matterson substitution method. For the palatability test, 16 adult dogs were used, comparing the diets: 0 vs. 70 g/kg of HPDDG and 0 vs. 210 g/kg of HPDDG. The ATTD of HPDDG were: dry matter = 85.5%, crude protein = 91.2%, and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract = 84.6% and the ME content was 5,041.8 kcal/kg. The ATTD of macronutrients and ME of the diets and the fecal dry matter, score, pH, and ammonia of the dogs did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). There was a linear increase in the fecal concentrations of valeric acid with the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Streptococcus and Megamonas genera reduced linearly (P < 0.05), and Blautia, Lachnospira, Clostridiales, and Prevotella genera showed a quadratic response to the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Alpha-diversity results showed an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon index and a trend (P = 0.065) for a linear increase in the Chao-1 index with the dietary inclusion of HPDDG. Dogs preferred the 210 g/kg diet over the 0 g/kg HPDDG diet (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the HPDDG evaluated does not affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet, but it may modulate the fecal microbiome of dogs. In addition, HPDDG may contribute to diet palatability for dogs.

Esta investigação discute as produções bibliográficas sobre cidades educadoras, segundo o movimento preconizado pela Associação Internacional de Cidades Educadoras (AICE), e suas relações com a educação formal, não formal e informal. Para tal, identificou-se a produção bibliográfica em livros publicados em língua portuguesa entre 1990 e 2020. A pesquisa é um estudo exploratório (TRIVIÑOS, 2006), do tipo estado da arte, pois visa mapear esta produção para responder às aproximações e aos distanciamentos com a temática educacional (ROMANOWSKI; ENS, 2006). A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de levantamento bibliográfico e a busca das obras foi realizada em sites de e-commerce, com os descritores “cidade educadora” e “cidades educadoras”. Encontraram-se 11 obras publicadas em língua portuguesa — duas provenientes de Portugal. As obras originárias das editoras portuguesas apresentaram uma expressiva familiaridade com o movimento da AICE de Barcelona; já os outros trabalhos aludem a perspectivas formais ou não formais da educação. No entanto, um dos livros distancia-se do movimento da AICE, embora contribua com as pesquisas sobre os sujeitos e a vida na cidade. Para investigações futuras, sugere-se o levantamento de outras questões, provenientes das obras analisadas.

O artigo debate as disputas classificatórias contemporâneas em torno de figuras como Trump, Bolsonaro, Le Pen e afins. Sem pretender esgotar essa discussão demasiado ampla, faz-se aqui um balanço bibliográfico possível, apresentando e interrelacionando algumas interpretações. Começa introduzindo, de forma muito sintética e a partir do “Dicionário de conceitos políticos”, parte da bibliografia que define fascismo e populismo e pensa suas relações. Garantido esse entendimento básico, periodiza-se brevemente a extrema-direita no pós-guerra, apresentando suas tipologias e a atualidade do conceito de fascismo.Então, são apresentadas algumas interpretações que mobilizam um ou outro desses conceitos para definir lideranças e partidos contemporâneos como (neo)fascistas, pós-fascistas ou (neo)populistas. Constata-se que, não há consenso quanto ao uso dos conceitos nem para os casos clássicos nem para os atuais.

The prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically over the past decade, especially in developing countries, reaching pandemic proportions. Although has been the most important factor influencing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is on the increase among younger adults. The subsequent rate of increase with age is variable, which is more evident in societies where the general prevalence of the disease is higher. Based on clinical and statistical data obtained from the patients who were admitted to The First and Second Surgery Wards in the Sibiu County Emergency University Clinical Hospital (Sibiu, Romania) and the Proctoven Clinic (Sibiu, Romania) between January 2018 and December 2020, the present study attempted to devise a risk score that can be applied for the benefit of patients. The ultimate aim was that this risk score may be eventually applied by diabetologists and surgeons to assess the risk of amputation in patients with diabetic foot lesions. An important part in the therapeutic management of diabetic foot injuries is the assessment of risk factors. Using this risk score system devised, the risk factors that were found to exert influence in aggravating diabetic foot injuries are smoking, obesity, dyslipidaemia, unbalanced diabetes mellitus (glycated haemoglobin ≥7.5%), duration of diabetes5 years, hepatic steatosis and the co-existence of various heart diseases. To conclude, all these risk factors aforementioned can decrease the effectiveness of treatment and can have a significant impact on the quality of life, if they are not well known.

Partindo da problematização de uma realidade específica, o ensino no município de Bacabal, situado no interior do Maranhão, refletimos sobre os entraves colocados por gestões clientelistas e patrimonialistas à implementação de uma educação crítica e emancipadora. Valemo-nos de referencial bibliográfico para definição conceitual e análise de documentação legal e de testemunhos de sujeitos implicados no universo educacional bacabalense, microcosmo de uma realidade mais abrangente, que afeta diversos municípios brasileiros, sobretudo os que estão situados no “sertão”, onde a prefeitura é um dos maiores geradores de emprego e de meios de subsistência.

Funder: European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Research Unit, OBJECTIVE: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) requires exogenous steroid replacement. Treatment is commonly monitored by measuring 17-OH progesterone (17OHP) and androstenedione (D4). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using real-world data to evaluate 17OHP and D4 in relation to hydrocortisone (HC) dose in CAH patients treated in 14 countries. PATIENTS: Pseudonymized data from children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) recorded in the International CAH Registry. MEASUREMENTS: Assessments between January 2000 and October 2020 in patients prescribed HC were reviewed to summarise biomarkers 17OHP and D4 and HC dose. Longitudinal assessment of measures was carried out using linear mixed-effects models (LMEM). RESULTS: Cohort of 345 patients, 52.2% female, median age 4.3 years (interquartile range: 3.1-9.2) were taking a median 11.3 mg/m2 /day (8.6-14.4) of HC. Median 17OHP was 35.7 nmol/l (3.0-104.0). Median D4 under 12 years was 0 nmol/L (0-2.0) and above 12 years was 10.5 nmol/L (3.9-21.0). There were significant differences in biomarker values between centres (p < 0.05). Correlation between D4 and 17OHP was good in multiple regression with age (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.29). In longitudinal assessment, 17OHP levels did not change with age, whereas D4 levels increased with age (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.08). Neither biomarker varied directly with dose or weight (p > 0.05). Multivariate LMEM showed HC dose decreasing by 1.0 mg/m2 /day for every 1 point increase in weight standard deviation score. DISCUSSION: Registry data show large variability in 17OHP and D4 between centres. 17OHP correlates with D4 well when accounting for age. Prescribed HC dose per body surface area decreased with weight gain.

Biomass-degrading enzymes can aid the development of new technologies to increase the production efficiency of green fuels like ethanol. This study reports the identification and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) member from the digestive gland of the snail Achatina fulica, an endo-β-1,4-glucanase named AfEG66. The enzyme has a high level of identity with other mollusk endoglucanases and harbors a family 2 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM2) linked to a GH9 domain. Recombinant AfEG66 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme was active against barley β-glucan, lichenan, and showed a specific activity of 41.56 ± 1.21 IU/mg towards carboxymethyl cellulose. AfEG66 showed higher activities at pH 6.0–6.5 and 45 °C, being stable at temperatures equal or below 37 °C. The enzyme activity on cello-oligosaccharides with different glucose units was evaluated by thin-layer chromatography and showed the hydrolysis of substrates containing at least three glucose residues. A structural model was obtained to perform docking assays that clarified the hydrolytic properties of this enzyme. The results presented here show that A. fulica has an endogenous cellulase gene that encodes a GH9 endoglucanase associated to a putative CBM2 with β-1,4 glycoside hydrolase activity.

Objective There is limited knowledge on the onset of comorbidities in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) during childhood. We aimed to establish the health status of children with CAH in the UK. Design and methods This cross-sectional multicentre study involved 14 tertiary endocrine UK units, recruiting 101 patients aged 8–18 years with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 83 controls. We analysed demographic, clinical and metabolic data, as well as psychological questionnaires (Strengths and Difficulties (SDQ), Paediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL)). Results Patient height SDS in relation to mid-parental height decreased with age, indicating the discrepancy between height achieved and genetic potential height. Bone age was advanced in 40.5% patients, with a mean difference from the chronological age of 1.8 (±2.3) years. Patients were more frequently overweight (27%) or obese (22%) compared to controls (10.8% and 10.8%, respectively, P < 0.001). No consistent relationship between glucocorticoid dose and anthropometric measurements or hormonal biomarkers was detected. A small number of patients had raised total cholesterol (3.0%), low HDL (3.0%), raised LDL (7.0%) and triglycerides (5.0%). SDQ scores were within the ‘high’ and ‘very high’ categories of concern for 16.3% of patients. ‘School functioning’ was the lowest PedsQL scoring dimension with a median (interquartile range) of 70 (55–80), followed by ‘emotional functioning’ with a median of 75 (65–85). Conclusions Our results show an increased prevalence of problems with growth and weight gain in CAH children and suggest reduced quality of life. This highlights the urgent need to optimise management and monitoring strategies to improve long-term health outcomes.

A cada ano, tem crescido o número de acadêmicos e organizações que, acusam o Estado israelense de cometer do crime contra a humanidade de apartheid. Renomadas organizações locais e internacionais já aderiram a essa tese, assim como acadêmicos e relatores especiais designados pelo Conselho de Direitos Humanos da ONU. O objetivo aqui é fazer um levantamento comparativo e crítico dos argumentos utilizados em defesa do uso da tipificação de apartheid para definir a situação na Palestina/Israel. Para tal, passamos em revista a relatoria produzida nas últimas décadas por distintas organizações e eminentes acadêmicos, constatando que, nas justificativas dadas se enfatiza que, para além de se tratar de fato jurídico, recorrer ao conceito de apartheid provoca uma mudança de perspectiva e um aprofundamento teórico, que permite integrar as violações praticadas por Israel em diferentes tempos e espaços. Every year, the number of academics and associations that accuse the Israeli state of committing apartheid crimes against humanity grows. Renowned local and international organizations have already adhered to this thesis, as well as academics and special rapporteurs appointed by the UN Human Rights Council. The aim here is to make a comparative and critical survey of the arguments employed in defense of the use of the apartheid typification to define the situation in Palestine/Israel. To this end, we reviewed reports from the past decades written by different associations and eminent academics, noting that there is an emphasis in the given justifications that, in addition to being a legal fact, resorting to the concept of apartheid provokes a change of perspective and a further theoretical deepening, which allows us to integrate violations practiced by Israel on different times and spaces. Cada año aumenta el número de académicos y asociaciones que acusan al estado israelí de cometer crímenes de lesa humanidad del apartheid. A esta premisa ya se han adherido reconocidas organizaciones locales e internacionales, así como académicos y relatores especiales designados por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un estudio comparativo y crítico de los argumentos utilizados a favor del uso de la tipificación del apartheid para definir la situación en Palestina/Israel. Para ello, revisamos los informes de las últimas décadas redactados por diferentes asociaciones y eminentes académicos, señalando que en las justificativas dadas enfatizan que, además de ser un hecho jurídico, recurrir al concepto de apartheid provoca un cambio de perspectiva y una profundización teórica, que permite integrar violaciones practicadas por Israel en diferentes tiempos y espacios.

Objective Despite published guidelines no unified approach to hormone replacement in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) exists. We aimed to explore geographical and temporal variations in the treatment with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in CAH. Design This retrospective multi-center study, including 31 centers (16 countries), analyzed data from the International-CAH Registry. Methods Data were collected from 461 patients aged 0–18 years with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (54.9% females) under follow-up between 1982 and 2018. Type, dose and timing of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement were analyzed from 4174 patient visits. Results The most frequently used glucocorticoid was hydrocortisone (87.6%). Overall, there were significant differences between age groups with regards to daily hydrocortisone-equivalent dose for body surface, with the lowest dose (median with interquartile range) of 12.0 (10.0–14.5) mg/m2/day at age 1–8 years and the highest dose of 14.0 (11.6–17.4) mg/m2/day at age 12–18 years. Glucocorticoid doses decreased after 2010 in patients 0–8 years (P < 0.001) and remained unchanged in patients aged 8–18 years. Fludrocortisone was used in 92% of patients, with relative doses decreasing with age. A wide variation was observed among countries with regards to all aspects of steroid hormone replacement. Conclusions Data from the I-CAH Registry suggests international variations in hormone replacement therapy, with a tendency to treatment with high doses in children.

No novo milênio, de relatórios de ONGs a manifestações de rua, passando pela relatoria produzida no interior do sistema ONU, difundiram-se as comparações entre a discriminação e violência racial na Palestina/Israel e na África do Sul do apartheid, com tal tipificação sendo aplicada também ao caso médio-oriental. O presente artigo opera uma revisão bibliográfica, cruzando diferentes autores, que pensam tanto a modernidade e colonialidade de modo geral como essas situações em particular, de modo a apresentar algumas possibilidades interpretativas das inter-relações entre os casos. Após sucinta introdução, o texto faz uma abordagem espacial e temporalmente mais generalizante, inserindo os casos na estrutura da modernidade-colonialidade. Na sequência, reduz a escala de análise, contextualizando e comparando diretamente os objetos específicos, tanto a partir de seus respectivos intérpretes quanto das instituições internacionais e dos relatórios de direitos humanos. Por fim, as violações praticadas voltam a ser interpretadas a partir da bibliografia. Constatamos que, para além de suas especificidades históricas, as ideologias étnico-coloniais e seus respectivos Estados nacionais se conectam com a temporalidade mais ampla da modernidade e espacialidade da colonialidade, perpassadas pela violência física e simbólica contra as alteridades não europeias.

New copper(I), copper(II) and zinc(II) azasterol derivatives were prepared using 20-hydrazone-imidazolin-2-yl-5α-pregnan-3β-ol (H1) as a ligand. The reactions were carried out under mild experimental conditions with different zinc(II) and copper(II) salts to produce [Zn(H1)2(OH)2] (1), [Zn(H1)2Cl2] (2), [Zn(H1)3(NO3)]NO3 (3), [Cu(H1)2(OH)2] (4), [Cu(H1)2]Cl (5) and [Cu(H1)2]NO3 (6). They were fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure of these six metal complexes was also investigated by computational methods (DFT) to get information on the most stable geometry configuration around the metal atoms Zn and Cu. Antifungal activities of H1, compounds 1–6, and itraconazole (ITZ) as positive controls were tested in vitro against S. brasiliensis. The results showed that the fungus was more susceptible to all metal–azasterol complexes than H1. The most efficient metal–azasterol complex was [Zn(H1)2(OH)2] (1), with IC50 equal to that of itraconazole (0.25 μM). These biological results demonstrated that metal–azasterol complexes are promising molecules in the search and development of new antifungal compounds.

Analisa-se aqui as comparações recorrentes em Edward Said entre a ocupação israelense e o apartheid sul-africano. Buscamos identificar os elementos elencados pelo intelectual para fundamentar esses paralelos, bem como averiguar como essa analogia foi sendo feita ao longo de sua produção. Houve uma mudança de ênfase, ou mesmo de perspectiva? Quais as características de fundo? Para isso recorremos a uma leitura seriada e abrangente das obras saidianas, incluindo seus principais livros, mas também artigos midiáticos e entrevistas. O colonialismo é a principal chave teórica utilizada por Said e pensar esses paralelos nos obriga a revisar sua obra como um todo.

The current paper used content analysis to examine 50 commercials featuring the most internationally visited cities in the world as of 2019. It analyzed the components, scenes, and frames used to create the projected image of an attractive tourism destination, appealing to tourists from all walks of life. Regardless of the region to which the city belongs, most promotional videos used items from all the significant dimensions identified: natural resources; atmosphere of the place; culture, history, art; tourist infrastructure; entertainment resources; shopping resources; social environment; other resources. Overall, the most common frames identified were outdoor sports activities, historical and archeological buildings, and restaurants, and fine dining. In contrast, the least common frames were tourist information center, smart city aspects, and awards and distinctions. The analysis shows that most Asia and the Pacific, and European cities choose frames depicting historical and archeological buildings, while cities in the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa go for frames depicting outdoor sports activities. From an affective perspective, the atmosphere of the place depicted for Asia and the Pacific, and American cities emphasizes inclusivity, European cities are relaxing, and for the Middle East and Africa is vibrancy. As a subcategory, inclusivity defined as racial, age, sexual and gender, religious, and disability related diversity, had the best representation for racial diversity in all the regions, sexual and gender, and age-related diversity were polarized by region, while religious diversity and disability-related diversity were the least visible.

A ocupação e colonização da Palestina têm sido hegemonicamente retratadas como um “conflito”, pressupondo paridades inexistentes. A assimetria na relação de forças é reflexo da disparidade de poder entre um povo e um Estado colonial, que mantem os palestinos sob um regime de apartheid. Neste trabalho revisitamos referencial das ciências humanas e do direito internacional para considerar a relevância do colonialismo como marco teórico basilar à compreensão da situação vigente na Palestina/Israel, superando a fragmentação imposta pelo poder hegemônico como estratégia de dominação. Paralelamente, na interpretação das políticas coloniais e segregacionistas, acionamos outras categorias, encaminhando a discussão para a necessária constituição de uma contra narrativa, capaz de ressignificar as análises.