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The antioxidant system of the human body plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis and has an important protective function. Carotenoids have pronounced antioxidant properties in the neutralization of free radicals. In human skin, carotenoids have a high concentration in the stratum corneum (SC)-the horny outermost layer of the epidermis, where they accumulate within lipid lamellae. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are optical methods that are used to non-invasively determine the carotenoid concentration in the human SC in vivo. It was shown by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that carotenoids support the entire antioxidant status of the human SC in vivo by neutralizing free radicals and thus, counteracting the development of oxidative stress. This review is devoted to assembling the kinetics of the carotenoids in the human SC in vivo using non-invasive optical and spectroscopic methods. Factors contributing to the changes of the carotenoid concentration in the human SC and their influence on the antioxidant status of the SC in vivo are summarized. The effect of chemotherapy on the carotenoid concentration of the SC in cancer patients is presented. A potential antioxidantbased pathomechanism of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and a method to reduce its frequency and severity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-carotene (BC) is a precursor of vitamin A and an excellent antioxidant. It protects the vascular system. Vascular dementia (VaD) is one of the aging disorders causing memory dysfunction. The available medicines for the management of VaD are limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of BC in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic VaD in rats. Diabetic VaD was induced through the administration of nicotinamide (NA, 50 mg/kg; i.p.) and STZ (50 mg/kg; i.p.). The test compound BC (50 and 100 mg/kg; p.o.) and reference compound donepezil (1 mg/kg; p.o.) were administered for 15 consecutive days. Cognitive changes were assessed by transfer latency (TL) using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. The changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were estimated in the septohippocampal system of rat brains. The administration of STZ caused significant changes in cognitive functions (increased TL) as compared to the normal group. BC ameliorated the anxiety-related cognitive behavior and neurotransmitter (elevated AChE) changes provoked by diabetic VaD. Therefore, BC could be a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of VaD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest storage of potatoes may result in compositional and textural changes, which may differ among different genotypes. These changes have been less documented in the literature. Ten potato cultivars ("Picasso", "Red Scarlet", "Sifra", "Challenger", "Sante", "Banba", "Arinda", "Agria", "Fontane', and 'Innovator") were evaluated in pre- and post-harvest experiments. In the pre-harvest experiment, tuber number, diameter, and fresh weight of the plants were evaluated. Later, the traits were evaluated in three stages, including at harvest time and 90 and 180 days after harvest during storage. Fresh weight, dry weight, volume weight, firmness, TSS and carbohydrates, phenolic and vitamin C content, antioxidant activity, beta-carotene content, POX activity, and protein and starch content of the tubers were assessed. All the traits were significantly different among cultivars at both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. "Red Scarlet", "Challenger", and "Innovator" are suitable cultivars for fresh consumption, and some including "Picasso", "Sante" and "Banba" are appropriate for processing such as chips production. It was also found that some cultivars, e.g., "Challenger" and "Sante", had longer shelf-life and acceptable marketability after six months of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is rich in provitamin A carotenoids and can thus be utilized to tackle Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Puree with high amounts of β-carotene processed from OFSP roots is currently being incorporated in baked products such as bread, cakes, biscuits, and buns. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition of OFSP puree supplemented food products, that is, bread, buns, flakes, cakes, biscuits, muffins, soft cookies, golden biscuits and whole wheat flour bread. The composite products made from OFSP puree were analyzed for β-carotene content and proximate analysis. The highest concentration of β-carotene (19.86 mg/100g) was obtained in OFSP flakes. The concentration in buns with 20% puree was 0.58 mg/100g, while bread with 35% puree had a concentration of 3.02 mg/100g. Biscuits, cookies and cakes with high puree of 40% had β-carotene concentrations of 2.39, 1.83, and 2.30 mg/100g respectively. These concentrations are lower than in bread with 35% puree, and we see different proportions of ingredients and other factors such as cooking method, duration of cooking also play a major role in the final β-carotene concentration of the products. The total Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) for the OFSP products were significantly different with bread (35% puree) having a higher concentration of 216.67 µg/100g and OFSP buns (20% puree) having a lower concentration of 41.19 µg/100g. Orange fleshed sweet potato flakes had the highest concentration of 1443.2 µg/100g and whole wheat flour bread having the least of 6.9 µg/100g. The moisture content, total ash, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrate content of the OFSP products varied between 2.4-29.7%, 0.7-2.4%, 1.0-4.5%, 0.7-18.1%, 5.1-7.9% and 50.7-83.7%, respectively. The findings of this study show that different proportions of OFSP puree: wheat flour is not the only determinant on the final β-carotene concentration of the different OFSP products, the type and quantity of ingredients used, cooking time and method also contribute to the VA content. Diversification of OFSP food products helps increase its consumption and its added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Ferritin is an iron-containing protein and acute-phase reactant, which may be elevated due to systemic iron overload or inflammation. Various diseases are associated with excess iron, but therapeutic iron chelation is suboptimal. Prior studies suggest that several plant phytochemicals possess iron-chelating properties, indicating that a plant-based diet may benefit patients with iron overload. Objectives The aim was to investigate whether patients who consume a nutrient-dense, dark-green leafy vegetable–rich diet, called the Low Inflammatory Foods Everyday (LIFE) diet, experience reductions in ferritin concentrations. Methods This was a retrospective study in which patients were intensively counseled to follow the LIFE diet. Compliance was assessed by patient interviews and serum B-carotene measurements. Primary outcomes included changes in ferritin, B-carotene, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients with elevated CRP concentrations at baseline were excluded in order to separate the impact of inflammation from iron overload on ferritin concentrations. Premenopausal women, who lose iron from menstruation, were also excluded. Results Thirty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. The median follow-up was 183 d.   Following the dietary intervention, ferritin decreased (−81 μg/L, P  = 0.006) and B-carotene increased (46 μg/L, P < 0.0001), whereas CRP remained unchanged (−0.02 mg/L, P  = 0.86). Adherent patients had greater reductions in ferritin compared with nonadherent patients (−138 μg/L vs. 15 μg/L, P  = 0.001). Among all patients, there was an inverse relation between B-carotene and ferritin (−2.02, P  = 0.03). Conclusions The LIFE diet, or similar dark-green leafy vegetable–rich, whole-food plant-based diets, may benefit patients with disorders of iron overload and iron-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chryseobacterium bovis DSM 19482T (Hantsis-Zacharov et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1024-1028, 2008) is a Gram-negative, rod shaped, non-motile, facultative anaerobe, chemoorganotroph bacterium. C. bovis is a member of the Flavobacteriaceae, a family within the phylum Bacteroidetes. It was isolated when psychrotolerant bacterial communities in raw milk and their proteolytic and lipolytic traits were studied. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the draft genome sequence and annotation. The DNA G + C content is 38.19%. The chromosome length is 3,346,045 bp. It encodes 3236 proteins and 105 RNA genes. The C. bovis genome is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains, Phase I: the one thousand microbial genomes study.

BackgroundAging is a phenomenon universally involving all organisms, genetically determined, and epigenetically influenced by the environment. Numerous observational studies have shown the positive impact of non-pharmacological approaches started in younger age on chronic conditions affecting the elderly health and survival. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of beta-carotene on the total and cause-specific mortality as reported by randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsWe searched Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL Cochrane from inception to September 2021. Studies were eligible if enrolled adults with any health condition, compared beta-carotene supplements at any dose with placebo or no intervention, provided information on deaths from any cause, and were RCTs, in English. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the GRADE. Risk ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were used and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAmong 3,942 articles searched, 44 articles on 31 RCTs, which included 216,734 total subjects, 108,622 in beta-carotene supplement groups, and 108,112 in the placebo or no-intervention groups, were involved in the final analyses. In a random-effects meta-analysis of all 31 trials, beta-carotene supplements were found to have no preventive effect on mortality (risk ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.98–1.05, I2 = 42%). Further, the analysis showed no preventive effect on cancer, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other mortality causes. Instead, beta-carotene supplementation significantly increased the risk of lung cancer mortality (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02, 1.27, I2 = 3%) but decreased the risk of human immunodeficiency virus-related mortality (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33, 0.92, I2 = 0).ConclusionMore studies should be performed to better define the role of beta-carotene on survival, to confirm or deny our results. Therefore, the possible beneficial or harmful effects of the beta-carotene supplementation on mortality must not be overstated.Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=259354], identifier [CRD42021259354].

This study evaluated the genotype by environment interactions in the yield and nutraceutical traits of the orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) storage root in different agro-climatic zones of northern Ethiopia. Five OFSP genotypes were cultivated at three different locations following a randomized complete block design, and the yield, dry matter, beta-carotene, flavonoids, polyphenols, soluble sugars, starch, soluble proteins, and free radical scavenging activity were measured in the storage root. The results showed consistent variations in the nutritional traits of the OFSP storage root depending on both the genotype and the location, as well as on their interaction. Ininda, Gloria, and Amelia were the genotypes that provided the higher yield and dry matter, as well as the higher content of starch and beta-carotene; they also showed a high antioxidant power. These findings suggest that the studied genotypes have the potential to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. This study demonstrated a high possibility of sweet potato production for storage root yield in arid agro-climate regions with limited production inputs. Moreover, the results suggest that it is possible to enhance the yield, dry matter content, beta-carotene, starch, and polyphenols of the OFSP storage root through genotype selection.

Beta-carotene (BC) is a well-known antioxidant. However, increasing evidence shows that under severe oxidative conditions, BC can become pro-oxidant, an effect that may be enhanced in the presence of iron (II). In our earlier studies, we observed that despite increasing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in the heart, the protective effects of BC have been lost when it was used at a high concentration. Since iron releases from heme as a consequence of HO-1 activity, we hypothesized that the application of an iron-chelator (IC) would reverse the lost cardiac protection associated with an elevated HO-1 level. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of desferrioxiamine (DFO) in isolated, ischemic/reperfused rat hearts after long-term treatment with vehicle or high-dose (HD) BC. Vehicle or 150 mg/bw kg daily doses of BC were administered to the rats for 4 weeks, and then their hearts were removed and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia (ISA) followed by 120 min of reperfusion (REP). During the experiments, cardiac function was registered, and at the end of the REP period, infarct size (IS) and HO-1 expression were measured. The results show that DFO treatment alone during REP significantly ameliorated postischemic cardiac function and decreased IS, although HO-1 expression was not increased significantly. In hearts isolated from BC-treated rats, no cardioprotective effects, despite an elevated HO-1 level, were observed, while DFO administration after ISA resulted in a mild improvement in heart function and IS. Our results suggest that iron could have a role whether BC exerts antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects in ISA/REP-injured hearts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is one of the most common neoplasms globally, with about 2.2 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. Although the most important factor in reducing lung cancer risk is lifestyle change, most patients favour the use of supplements, for example, rather than quitting smoking or following a healthy diet. To better understand the efficacy of such interventions, a systematic review was performed of data from randomized controlled trials concerning the influence of beta-carotene supplementation on lung cancer risk in subjects with no lung cancer before the intervention. The search corpus comprised a number of databases and eight studies involving 167,141 participants, published by November 2021. The findings indicate that beta-carotene supplementation was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.06–1.26). This effect was even more noticeable among smokers and asbestos workers (RR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08–1.35) and non-medics (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07–1.29). A meta-regression found no relationship between the beta-carotene supplementation dose and the size of the negative effect associated with lung cancer risk. Our findings indicate that beta-carotene supplementation has no effect on lung cancer risk. Moreover, when used as the primary chemoprevention, beta-carotene may, in fact, increase the risk of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binding connection between the small anticancer drug Quercetin/Beta-Carotene and lysozyme has been investigated using multi-spectroscopic and computational methods (Lys). This research seeks to investigate the binding mechanism of Quercetin and Beta-Carotene to lysozyme using multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. The creation of hamiltonian complexes involving lysozyme and Quercetin and Beta-Carotene has been demonstrated using UV–Vis and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Stern-Volmer simulations were used to assess the relative change in fluorescent intensity as a function of medication concentrations. According to the outcomes of emission and focused fluorescence experiments, the quenching of lysozyme emmisions with Quercetin and Beta-Carotene is begun by a static quenching process. In addition, research using absorbency; fixed frequency synchronous fluorescence, fluorescence, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) demonstrated that Quercetin and Beta-Carotene produced structural alterations in the lysozyme protein sequence. The results were then confirmed by molecular docking data, which revealed the specific mode of contact. According to molecular docking study, the potential binding site of click is at the Tyr and Trp residues of lysozyme, and the major factors responsible for the complexation of Quercetin and Beta-Carotene with lysozyme include the hydroxyl group and hydrophobic contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to identify 2 beta-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCMO1) mutations, namely R267S and A379V, and determine their association with vitamin A status among Filipinos 6 to 19 years old respondents of the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey living in the National Capital Region. Materials and Methods: This study followed cross-sectional design. Whole blood specimen was collected in the morning and was used as source of genomic DNA and serum for retinol concentration determination. Fisher exact test was performed to determine whether genotype frequencies were associated to retinol concentrations/vitamin A deficiency status. A level of P <.05 was identified as significant. Results: A total of 693 Filipino children and adolescents were included. Of the 693, there were at least 7.6% who bear the combined mutations for R267S + A379V. Association analysis showed that an inverse relationship exists between the A379V TT variant and vitamin A status, although the exact role of these identified polymorphisms on retinol/carotenoid metabolism need to be confirmed in dedicated functional studies. Conclusion: This study has identified for the first time the presence of 2 nonsynonymous genetic variants/mutations in the coding region of BCMO1 gene. Interestingly, one of these 2 variants, the A379V T, was found to be associated with vitamin A status. It is, therefore, warranted to investigate the role of BCMO1 variants for the success of supplementation programs and fortification efforts among vulnerable populations in this region. Genetic variability should be considered for future provitamin A supplementation recommendations among children and adolescents in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroundβ-carotene, the most active provitamin A molecule produced by plants, plays important roles in human nutrition and health. β-carotene does not usually accumulate in the endosperm (i.e. flour) of mature wheat grains, which is a major food source of calories for humans. Therefore, enriching β-carotene accumulation in wheat grain endosperm will enable a sustainable dietary supplementation of provitamin A. Several metabolic genes affecting β-carotene accumulation have already been isolated from wheat, including phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1), lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYe) and carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase1/2 (HYD1/2).ResultsIn this work, we cloned and biochemically characterized two carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), CCD1 and CCD4, from wheat. While CCD1 homoeologs cleaved β-apo-8'-carotenal, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin into apocarotenoid products, CCD4 homoeologs were inactive towards these substrates in in vitro assays. When analyzed by real-time qPCR, PSY1, LCYe, HYD1/2 and CCD1/4 homoeologs showed distinct expression patterns in vegetative tissues and sections of developing tetraploid and hexaploid wheat grains, suggesting that carotenoid metabolic genes and homoeologs are differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in wheat.ConclusionsThe CCD1/4 enzyme activity and the spatial-temporal gene expression data provide critical insights into the specific carotenoid metabolic gene homoeologs that control β-carotene accumulation in wheat grain endosperm, thus establishing the knowledge base for generation of wheat varieties with enhanced β-carotene in the endosperm through breeding and genome editing approaches.

Beta-carotene (BC) is a vitamin A precursor and has potential anticancer benefits, but the delivery of BC is hindered by its low solubility and storage instability. To overcome these challenges, this study investigated the use of fabricated cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CDNS) using different ratios of two cross-linkers, epiclon (EPI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) to form inclusion complex with BC. The ratios of crosslinkers to βCD for two most optimaly encapsulated CDNSs-BC were determined to be 2:1 for EPI and 4:1 for HMDI with loading efficiency of 61.46% and 59.61%, respectively. The charachterization tests were carefully done for two optimal CDNSs. Encapsulation significantly improved the solubility by ~ 10 folds, 30-day storage stability by 40% compared to BCs. The in vitro release of the two encapsulated products showed no burst release. The MTT assay revealed a variable increase in cytotoxic effect in both normal and cancer cells compared to free BC. Overall, the CDNSs appear to be promising carriers for the delivery of BCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-carotene (β-carotene, BC) is one of the carotenoids most commonly consumed by humans. BCMO1 is expressed in various human tissues and is considered to be a key enzyme that converts BC into vitamin A. Studies indicated that BC-derived carotenoid signaling molecules affected the physiological functions of fat cells. In order to investigate the role and possible molecular mechanism of BC in mouse adipocytes, we conducted 4-group and 2-group difference analysis based on the data of GSE27271 chip in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Genes differentially expressed in the inguinal white adipose tissue of mice were screened out and combined with the STRING database to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Among them, Alb (albumin), Mug1 (murinoglobulin-1) and Uox (urate oxidase) genes were at relatively key positions and may affect the action of BC. Besides, Ppara (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), Acly (ATP-citrate lyase) and Fabp5 (fatty acid-binding protein 5) genes constituted functional partners with many genes in the PPI network, and these genes may be Bcmo1 targeting molecules. Gene Ontology (GO) function and signaling pathways enrichment analysis were performed on the genes with protein interaction relationship in the PPI network. Fatty acid binding, cholesterol metabolic process, and regulation of fatty acid metabolic process were significantly enriched, and PPAR signaling pathway showed the most significant, indicating that BC and Bcmo1 might synergistically affect body metabolic functions such as fat metabolism. In general, BC and Bcmo1 may play a role in fat metabolism in mice, thereby affecting other functions or diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: In COPD management, preventing pneumonia with vaccines (pneumococcal, influenza) is crucial. This sets the stage for exploring Vitamin E and Beta Carotene's therapeutic potential in treating pneumonia among COPD patients, underscoring the importance of comprehensive respiratory care strategies. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the impact of influenza vaccination on severe acute exacerbations in COPD patients aged 50 and above, assess the influence of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia episodes in COPD patients, and examine the potential correlation between vitamin E supplementation with beta-carotene and a reduction in severe exacerbations in COPD patients. Methodology: This study enrolled 300 COPD patients aged 50 and above, ensuring representation by including participants from diverse healthcare settings. The sample size determination, informed by effect sizes from prior studies, enhances statistical power. Rigorous attention to ethical considerations is evident, with adherence to strict guidelines and Qazi hospital review board approval. Results: Annual influenza vaccination is associated with a statistically significant reduction in exacerbations (p-value = 0.027). Pneumococcal vaccination shows a noteworthy 15% reduction in pneumonia episodes. Vitamin E supplementation demonstrates promise with a potential 12% reduction in exacerbations, and betacarotene supplementation suggests a 5% improvement in FEV1. Logistic regression analyses confirm independent associations of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations with reduced exacerbations and pneumonia episodes, respectively. Adverse events, reported in 12% of participants, are detailed, providing a comprehensive overview of intervention safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) can co-occur with hypercarotenemia, a clinical condition characterized by elevated β-carotene in plasma and skin tissue. Carotenoids have known anti-obesogenic effects in adipocyte biology. Thus, carotenoids may potentially play a retarding role in weight gain during the recovery of AN patients. This study evaluated the plasma carotenoid profile and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in a cohort of AN patients and normal weight (NW) controls. Methods: Plasma concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were determined by HPLC analysis. SAT thicknesses were measured by a highly accurate and reliable ultrasound technique. Information on dietary intakes were collected by repeated 24-h recalls. Results: Sixty-two females (AN: n = 18, NW: n = 44) were included. The concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.045) and lycopene (p = 0.004) were significantly lower in AN patients. β-carotene levels were higher in AN patients (n.s.) and α-carotene did not differ significantly. SAT thickness was significantly lower in AN patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). β-carotene was significantly negative (r s = −0.471) and lycopene significantly positive (r s = 0.366) correlated with SAT. The correlation of β-carotene and SAT was even higher in the AN group alone (r s = −0.742). Also, β- cryptoxanthin and the sum of provitamin A carotenoids were correlated to SAT (r s = −0.647 and r s = −0.746, respectively) in AN patients. Fruits and vegetable intake did not differ significantly between AN and NW but adjusted for SAT, AN patients consumed relatively higher amounts (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Higher plasma β-carotene concentrations were associated with reduced SAT levels, most probably due to a reduced ability of the remaining adipose tissue to store carotenoids. Thus, the antiobesity effects of carotenoids might impact the treatment success of undernutrition and AN. A systemic carotenoid overload may contribute to changes in adipogenesis and metabolic capacities for energy storage. Therefore, high plasma β-carotene may be a marker of delay in weight recovery in AN patients. Interventional studies should consider including carotenoid-status in AN treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: Carotenoids are the pigments present in plants, animals, and microorganisms which are responsible for a broad variety of colors found in nature. Their capacity as antioxidants mainly established their marketable success as health, food, and feed supplements, and cosmetics components. Currently, chemical synthesis dominates the worldwide market; however, due to the high biological value of natural carotenoids, the production scheme is moving towards microbial production as a profitable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation is a suitable technology for incorporating active agents into a carrier. In the present study, the weight ratios of two solutions of casein and whey protein in the ratios of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, containing 5% by weight of betacarotene per 100g of wall material for microencapsulation were studied by spray drying method. The results indicated that samples containing 70% whey protein and 30% casein showed the best physical and chemical parameters. The results showed the efficiency of microencapsulation (70.44%), phenolic compounds (4.11 μg/mg), free radical scavenging (36.86%), dye stability of beta-carotene (75.18%) and FRAP (304.15 μmol of iron/gr). The samples revealed an upward trend during the increase in whey protein concentration. However, the particle size (11.0٩ nm) showed a decreasing trend with increasing whey protein concentration. In the following, the ratio of 30% casein to 70% whey protein was introduced as the best treatment and then added to the canola oil sample in three concentrations (200, 700 and 1200 ppm). The results indicated that the amount of polar compounds, acidic, peroxide in the oil samples during the upward trend time and the stability index has decreased. With increasing the concentration of microcapsules up to 1200 ppm, the polar content, peroxide and acid numbers were significantly lower compared to their lower concentrations. As a results, the acid number, peroxide and polar number of oil containing 1200 ppm in the lowest amount were 1.13%, 7.46 mA/kg of oil and 42.41%, respectively. In general, the results of this study showed that whey protein/casein is one of the important sources that can be used to coat bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids (C40H56) including lycopene and beta-carotene are relatively strong antioxidants that provide benefits to human health. Here, we screened highly efficient crt variants from red yeasts to improve lycopene and beta-carotene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified that crt variants from Sporidiobolus pararoseus TBRC-BCC 63403 isolated from rice leaf in Thailand exhibited the highest activity in term of lycopene and beta-carotene production in the context of yeast. Specifically, the phytoene desaturase SpCrtI possessed up to 4-fold higher in vivo activity based on lycopene content than the benchmark enzyme BtCrtI from Blakeslea trispora in our engineered WWY005 strain. Also, the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase SpCrtE, the bifunctional phytoene synthase-lycopene cyclase SpCrtYB, and SpCrtI when combined led to 7-fold improvement in beta-carotene content over the benchmark enzymes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in the laboratory strain CEN.PK2-1C. Sucrose as an alternative to glucose was found to enhance lycopene production in cells lacking GAL80. Lastly, we demonstrated a step-wise improvement in lycopene production from shake-flasks to a 5-L fermenter using the strain with GAL80 intact. Altogether, our study represents novel findings on more effective crt genes from Sp. pararoseus over the previously reported benchmark genes and their potential applications in scale-up lycopene production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of yellow color is an important aspect of fruit quality in yellow fleshed kiwifruit during fruit ripening, and it has a large influence on consumer preference. The yellow color is determined by carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation and is likely affected by ethylene production. This study investigates the expression of carotenoid, chlorophyll degradation, and ethylene response factors in ‘Qihong’ fruit, which had reached the near ripening stage (firmness ≈ 20 N) and were either left untreated (controls) or treated with 0.5 µL L−1 of 1-MCP for 12 h. Both the accumulation of β-carotene (not lutein) and degradation of chlorophyll a and b increased in response to the 1-MCP treatment, resulting in more yellow colored flesh in the 1-MCP treated fruit with higher carotenoid and lower chlorophyll contents. 1-MCP up-regulated AcLCY-β, AcSGR1, and AcPAO2, but reduced the expression of AcCCD1. These four genes were correlated with the concentrations of β-carotene and the chlorophylls. The expression of three ethylene response factors, including Acc29730, Acc25620, and Acc23763 were delayed and down-regulated in 1-MCP treated fruit, showing the highest correlation with the expression of AcLCY-β, AcSGR1, AcPAO2, and AcCCD1. Dual-Luciferase assays showed that 1-MCP treatment not only eliminated the inhibition of Acc23763 on the promoters of both AcPAO2 and AcLCY-β, but also reduced the activation of Acc29730 and Acc25620 on the AcCCD1 promoter. Our findings indicate that Acc29730, Acc25620, and Acc23763 may play an important role in the response to 1-MCP treatment during the fruit eating ripe stage, which likely altered the promoter activities of carotenoid and chlorophyll-related genes (AcPAO2, AcLCY-β and AcCCD1) to regulate their transcripts, resulting in more yellow color in the fruit flesh of ‘Qihong’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased sweetpotato utilization has become an important breeding objective recently, with much emphasis on the development of non-sweet sweetpotatoes for income and food security in Ghana. The objective of this study was to evaluate 26 elite non-sweet and less sweet sweetpotato genotypes with regard to their release as commercial varieties using mother–baby trial. The 26 sweetpotato genotypes were tested multilocational on-farm across five ecozones from 2016 to 2017. These genotypes were selected from accelerated breeding scheme carried out from 2010 to 2013. There were no year-by-ecozone-by-genotype and year-by-ecozone interactions. However, ecozone-by-genotype interaction was significant for storage root dry matter, beta-carotene, iron and zinc content. This implies that the relative performance of the genotypes for storage root yield was stable across locations and years. Genotypic differences were found for all the traits and indicated that selection of superior genotypes across ecozone was possible. Storage root yield ranged from 7 t/ha to 39 t/ha, while dry matter content ranged from 34% to 46%. The storage root cooking quality preference was comparable with farmers’ check. Ten superior genotypes were identified for release as commercial varieties based on their staple-preferred taste, higher storage root yield, higher dry matter content, earliness, resistance to the sweetpotato virus, sweetpotato weevil and Alcidodes.

Retinol or vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. Because of the particular role of vitamin A in different tissues and organs, various clinical signs are seen during its deficiency. In addition, in cases of marginal deficiency without clinical signs performance defects, such as infertility are seen. This study was conducted to determine the serumic amounts of beta-carotene and vitamin A of sheep in Khalkhal city. During the summer of 2018; 200 blood samples (100 males and 100 females) were collected from jugular veins of sheep. Spectrophotometry was used for determination of vitamin A and β-carotene levels. The mean±SEM concentration of β-carotene and vitamin A of serum in the open breeding system were 19/5±9/3 (µg/dl) and 57/6±13/1 (µg/dl) respectively, and also in the closed breeding system these values were 19/2±9/6 (µg/dl) and 26/9±7/9 (µg/dl) respectively. The difference between vitamin A in the two groups was significant (p < /em>=0.000), but beta-carotene was not. There was no significant difference in levels of vitamin A and beta-carotene of serum in the four age groups and between the two sexes. In conclusion, the role of age, sex and nutrition in the serumic amounts of these compounds is significantly varied and laboratory results should be interpreted more cautiously.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) on oxidative damage, vitamin A, and beta-carotene levels. Patients and methods: A total of 50 DVT patients (29 females, 21 males; mean age 48 years; range, 20 to 75 years) who were admitted to the cardiovascular surgery clinic of Elazığ Training and Research Hospital with acute (0.05). In all DVT patients having thrombosis in the distal and proximal leg veins, the mean malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased and the mean levels of vitamin A significantly decreased, compared to healthy controls (p0.05). Conclusion: Our study results suggest that decreased vitamin A levels may play a role in the development of DVT. [Turk J Vasc Surg 2020; 29(3.000): 189-95]

Diabetes mellitus (D.M.) is a metabolic disease that has affected over 500 million people globally. Bioactive compounds such as β-carotene and Quercetin have gained research interest for their potential antidiabetic properties, and bioactives have reported superior combinatorial effects in several ailments, including D.M. However, poor oral bioavailability has limited their potential application. Thus, the present study was focused on developing ultrasonically fabricated β-Carotene nanoemulsion (βC-NE) by employing capmul as the oil phase, Gelucire 44/14 as surfactant and Acconon MCM C8 as co-surfactant. The 3 factor- 3 level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimise the βC-NE and study the impact of selected independent variables such as % Smix (5 to 9%), amplitude (20–30%) and sonication time (2.5–7.5 min) on responses including globule size (G.S.), poly dispersibility Index (PDI) and entrapment efficiency (E.E.). Further, the combinatorial effect of βC-NE with Quercetin Nanoemulsion (QU-NE) in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model was evaluated. The results exhibited that 7% Smix at 25% amplitude for 5 min produced βC-NE with a droplet size of 153.1 ± 12.25 nm, 0.200 ± 0.04 PDI, and 73.25 ± 3.25% E.E. The βC-NE showed superior in-vivo bioavailability by 5.38 folds. The βC-NE, combined with QU-NE, exhibited potential therapeutic benefits in controlling body weight, blood sugar level, lipid levels, and tissue damage markers. Additionally, the pancreatic cells and hepatic cells were well protected. These results demonstrate the potential benefits of βC-NE and QU-NE in combination and recommend them as a substitute strategy for diabetes.

Previous studies have shown that salinity eustress enhances the nutritional and bioactive compounds and antiradical capacity (ARC) of vegetables and increases the food values for nourishing human diets. Amaranth is a salinity-resistant, rapidly grown C4 leafy vegetable with diverse variability and usage. It has a high possibility to enhance nutritional and bioactive compounds and ARC by the application of salinity eustress. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride stress response in a selected Lalshak (A. gangeticus) genotype on minerals, ascorbic acid (AsA), Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity, beta-carotene (BC), total flavonoids (TF), pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC. A high-yield, high-ARC genotype (LS6) was grown under conditions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride in four replicates following a block design with complete randomization. We recognized nine copious polyphenolic compounds in this accession for the first time. Minerals, Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity, AsA, BC, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC of Lalshak were augmented progressively in the order: 0 < 25 < 50 < 100 mM sodium chloride. At 50 mM and 100 mM salt concentrations, minerals, AsA, Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity, BC, TF, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC of Lalshak were much greater than those of the control. Lalshak could be used as valuable food for human diets as a potent antioxidant. Sodium chloride-enriched Lalshak provided outstanding quality to the final product in terms of minerals, AsA, Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity, BC, TF, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC. We can cultivate it as a promising alternative crop in salinity-prone areas of the world.

In the present research an alkali treatment was used for starch gelatinization followed by β-carotene dilution in ethanol and starch particles/β-carotene nanoprecipitation. A drying process was applied to obtain the nanoparticles. The drying time has been changed for the best approach to receive nanoparticles.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were used for particles structural changes, particle crystallinity and particle size determination respectively. Finally, the beta-carotene recovery was measured.The produced nanoparticles had a crystallinity ranged from 24.50 to 31.00% according to the drying method. The β-carotene recovery was between 22.60% and 42.50%. It seemed that there was a particle size decrease when the β-carotene was encapsulated in the nanoparticles.

Background. Vitamins A, D and E and beta-carotene may have a protective function for cognitive health, due to their antioxidant capacities. Methods. We analyzed data from 1334 non-demented participants (mean age 84 years) from the AgeCoDe study, a prospective multicenter-cohort of elderly general-practitioner patients in Germany, of whom n = 250 developed all-cause dementia and n = 209 developed Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) during 7 years of follow-up. We examined whether concentrations of vitamins A (retinol), D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta-carotene, would be associated with incident (AD) dementia. Results. In our sample, 33.7% had optimum vitamin D concentrations (≥50 nmol/L). Higher concentrations of vitamin D were associated with lower incidence of all-cause dementia and AD (HR 0.99 (95%CI 0.98; 0.99); HR0.99 (95%CI 0.98; 0.99), respectively). In particular, subjects with vitamin D deficiency (25.3%,

Chronic inflammation contributes to a number of chronic diseases and can be assessed with C-reactive protein (CRP). In this longitudinal retrospective chart review, we investigate whether patients intensively counseled to eat a specific diet high in dark green leafy vegetables, and thus high beta-carotene, have reductions in plasma high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP). We term this the Low Inflammatory Foods Everyday (LIFE) diet. Forty-three patients in a community practice instructed to eat the LIFE diet met inclusion criteria. The CRP levels were measured at least twice over the course of up to a year. Adherence to the diet was objectively assessed by measurement of plasma beta-carotene, which is abundant in dark green leafy vegetables, and subjectively by serial interviews. The change in beta-carotene was inversely correlated with change in CRP (r = −0.68, P <.0001). Additionally, patients subjectively classified as adherent had higher beta-carotene (P <.0001) and lower CRP (P =.002) as compared with patients who were classified as nonadherent. These longitudinal findings suggest that adherence to the LIFE diet leads to increased beta-carotene and decreased CRP. Thus, this type of diet may reduce risk or severity of chronic diseases involving inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: An effect of dietary carotenes on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is uncertain. We aimed to investigate whether the association between dietary carotenes intake and risk of CVD mortality will persist after controlling for the intakes of potential cardioprotective dietary factors that correlate with dietary alpha- and/or beta-carotenes.Methods and Results: We followed up a total of 58,646 Japanese between 1988 and 1990 and 2009. We used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine the dietary intakes of carotenes, and estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CVD mortality in relation to carotene intake by the proportional hazard regression developed by David Cox. During 965,970 person-years of follow-up (median 19.3 years), we identified 3388 total CVD deaths. After adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, dietary intakes of alpha-carotene were significantly associated with the reduced risk of mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD); adjusted HR (95% CI) in the highest versus lowest quintiles of intake was 0.75 (0.58-0.96; P-trend = 0.02) and dietary intakes of beta-carotene were significantly associated with the reduced risk of mortality from CVD, CHD, and other CVD; adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 0.88 (0.79-0.98; P-trend = 0.04), 0.78 (0.61-0.99; P-trend = 0.01), and 0.81 (0.67-0.98; P-trend = 0.04), respectively. However, after further adjusting for the dietary intakes of potassium, calcium, vitamins C, E, or K, these associations disappeared.Conclusions: -Dietary alpha- and beta-carotene intakes were not associated with risk of CVD mortality after controlling for intakes of other potential cardioprotective nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrocomia aculeata fruits are rich in monounsaturated fatty acid, β-carotene, tocopherol, and other antioxidant compounds. The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the protective effects of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil on brain oxidative damage induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) in rats (cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into six treatment groups: C, P, and M groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively. The SC, SP, and SM groups received 1 μL/g of body weight of distilled water, pulp oil, and pulp oil microcapsules by daily gavage, respectively, and were then subjected to uninterrupted 6 h of CRS. After 21 days of testing, the rats were euthanized and the brain tissue of the groups was removed for evaluation for oxidative damage markers and antioxidant enzymes. Endpoints of oxidative stress (OS) markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and reduced glutathione [GSH]) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were evaluated. By imposing chronic stress on rats, pulp oil and microcapsules of pulp oil induced positive antioxidant responses, mainly by increasing the GSH content, increasing the ability of neural tissues to deal with inherent OS, thus protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. The administration of A. aculeata pulp oil and microencapsulated pulp oil made the reversal of the oxidant parameters, which may protect the brain tissue of rats altered by CRS. The Clinical Trial Registration number: n° 1.008/2018 CEUA/UFMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to fabricate cellulose acetate (CA) nanofiber patch containing gac extract using electrospinning process, and to characterize and investigate release and stability of the patch. The patch was successfully prepared using electrospinning process from 17% w/v CA and 3.40% w/v gac extract dissolved in 2:1 v/v acetone/ dimethylacetamide. Diameter of the obtained nanofibers of the patch was 341±63 nm and the gac extract was entrapped well in the nanofibers. Burst release was observed in the release profile of beta-carotene in the extract from the patch and approximately 62 % of beta-carotene was released in an hour. The beta-carotene content in the nanofiber patch remained 50% of the initial amount after 6 months at 40°C and 75%RH, while the physical properties of nanofiber patch were unchanged. This study may enhance the use of gac-loaded CA nanofiber patch and the applications of nanofibers for cosmetic purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound vibrations as a cutting-edge technology considered for promoting the growth of microalgae. In this experiment, the authors have carried out a pilot study to observe the response of Dunaliella salina to audible sound frequencies (100, 200, 500, 1000 Hz). The growth and beta-carotene concentration as a secondary metabolite in optimal culture medium and sub-optimal medium with nitrate deficiency were investigated. The control was in an acoustic enclosure without any sound frequency exposure and cultured in the N-sufficient medium. The sound frequency of 200 Hz was found to promote biomass concentration and cell division up to 50% compared to control. Interestingly, the frequency of 200 Hz promoted growth when the nitrate concentration decreased by 75% in the culture medium. The simultaneous effect of audible sound frequency of 200 Hz and nitrate deficiency showed the amount of beta-carotene increased to 37% compared to control. In the absence of sound frequency, an increase of 18% in beta-carotene was observed. To the best of our knowledge, the frequency of 200 Hz is a good demonstration of the ability of sound stimuli to improve the growth as well as a secondary metabolite of D.salina. [Display omitted] • The frequencies of 200 Hz increased the biomass concentration of D. salina up to 50%. • The frequency of 200 Hz promoted the growth of D.salina under stress condition of nitrate deficiency. • Nitrate deficiency and 200 Hz sound frequency increased beta-carotene (37%) compared with control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Haematococcuspluvialis is a microalgae that produces astaxanthin, a beta-carotene and antioxidant widely used in industry. In order to obtain a higher production of astaxanthin, the objective was to use different stress factors, in a 5-liter laboratory-scale bioreactor. Methodology. The microalgae was cultivated in the RM medium, pH 6.8, temperature 20 ± 2°C, filtered air, illumination with white lamps 20h light/4h darkness, irradiance 70 µE m-2s-1, different concentrations of sodium acetate and chloride of sodium. Cell growth, morphological changes and quantification of astaxanthin and chlorophyll were determined by spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA (95%). Results. Using 0.299 mg/L of sodium acetate a cell growth of 2.0 x 104 Cel/mL and an astaxanthin concentration of 2.530 µg/mL were obtained, while with 1.6 mg/L of sodium acetate the cell growth It was 3.5 x 104 Cel/mL and an astaxanthin concentration of 1.9 µg/mL. The treatment to which 1.6 g L of sodium acetate and 6.4 g/L of sodium chloride were added showed the highest astaxanthin production, 7.3 µg/ml. Treatment with 0.320 g/L sodium acetate + 1.28 g/L sodium chloride showed the highest cell growth with 1.64x105 cells/ml. Conclusion. This research highlights the importance of initially cultivating the microalgae using the 5-liter Tecferm bioreactor and, after its exponential phase, subjecting it to stress factors with sodium acetate and sodium chloride, thus achieving the highest production of 7.325 µg / ml astaxanthin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parenteral application of two vitamin preparations to pregnant cows (vitamins E and A to the1st experimental group, and ß-carotene to the 2nd experimental group) in the period of 10-14 days before parturition on the following selected parameters in their serum: the levels of vitamins E, A, ß-carotene, total antioxidation status (TAS), haematological parametres, and in their colostrum: vitamins E, ß-carotene, evaluation according to the Brix scale with a refractometer. The cows' blood samples were collected three times: 10-14 days before expected calving, on the day of calving and 7 days after calving. Colostrum samples were collected once, immediately after calving. A statistically significant difference in the ß-carotene levels after parenteral application was observed in the 2nd experimental group (6.05 µmol l-1; P<0.01) at the day of calving when compared to the control group (3.61 µmol l-1), and 7 days postpartum (5.35 µmol l-1; P<0.001) when compared to the control group (3.41 µmol l-1). The level of TAS was significant (P<0.001) for this group in the second (0.51 mmol l-1) and third sampling (0.88 mmol l-1; P<0.01) when compared with the control group (0.50 mmol l-1; respectively 0.75 mmol l-1) and the 1st experimental group (0.44 mmol l-1; respectively 0.70 mmol l-1). There were no significant changes in the level of vitamin E and vitamin A in cow serum, in haematological parametres and in the quality and concetrations of vitamins in colostrum between the groups. The parenteral application of synthetic ß-carotene had an effect on the level of ß-carotene in the 2nd experimental group and was likely to affect also the level of TAS in this group. On the other hand, the level of vitamin E, A in serum and the quality of colostrum were not influenced by parenteral vitamin application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to extract oleosome from the Bene kernel as a carrier of beta-carotene (3, 5, and 10 % w/w) and then use oleosomes in the Quince seed gum (QSG) electrosprayed nanoparticles for the sustained release of beta-carotene in food simulant. Oleosomes loaded with 5 % w/w beta-carotene had the highest encapsulation efficiency (94.53 % ± 1.23 %) and were used at 1, 3, and 5 % w/w in the QSG electrosprayed nanoparticles. Electrospray feed solutions containing 5 % oleosomes loaded with beta-carotene had the highest zeta potential (−34.45 ± 0.58 mV) and the lowest surface tension (23.47 ± 1.10 mN/m). FESEM images showed that with the increase of oleosomes up to 3 % w/w, the average size of the electrosprayed particles decreases. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test proved the presence of protein in the oleosomes and their successful extraction from Bene seeds. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR proved the successful entrapment of beta-carotene in the oleosomes structure and the successful placement of oleosomes containing beta-carotene in the electrosprayed nanoparticles. The predominant driving force involving the release of beta-carotene from the designed structures in food simulants was the Fickian release mechanism. The Peleg model was introduced as the best model describing the beta-carotene release. [Display omitted] • Extraction of oleosome from Bene kernel was done. • Beta-carotene was loaded in the structure of oleosomes. • Oleosomes containing beta-carotene were electrosprayed with Quince seed gum. • Fickian diffusion was the dominant mechanism for beta-carotene in vitro release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Interactions between β-carotene and myofibrillar protein are non-covalent. • Heat-induction structural changes in proteins altered interaction forces. • Below 37 °C, the main interaction was Van der Waals force. • Above 37 °C, the main interaction was hydrophobic interaction. Beta-carotene (β-C) is a natural phytochemical with good functions, but the strong hydrophobicity and acid-base instability limit its absorption in the intestine. A well-designed heat-induced myofibrillar protein (MP) transport system can improve the bioavailability of β-C, and temperature might have a significant impact on this process. This study utilized multispectral, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the effect of temperature on the interaction between β-C and MP. The results showed that the major interaction between β-C and MP switched from Van der Waals force to hydrophobic interaction at near 37 °C. The changes in the spatial structures of proteins and the thermal motion of molecules may be the main reasons for the transformation of intermolecular interaction. These results indicated that selecting the appropriate temperature is of great significance for designing the transport system of β-C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Increasing drug resistance to antibiotics in most bacteria has led to the development of natural antimicrobial compounds. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely used herbs that has many therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. Materials and Methods: : In this study, after collecting and drying the leaves, essential oils of the plant was extracted using a solvent-free microwave extraction. The compounds of essential oil were identified by the GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The effect of antioxidant was determined by beta-carotene test and antimicrobial activity was carried using agar-dilution method also, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was evaluated. Results & Discussion: Menthol, Menthofuran, and 1S-Neomenthyl acetate were the major compounds of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. collected from Marivan, respectively; menthol is the main compound of essential oil. The essential oil was more effective on gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumonia) also had a good antioxidant activity compared to the standard BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene).Due to its relatively good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, it can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Macroalgae has a rich source of potential bioactive compounds. This study aims to identify the pigment profiles of Sargassum polycistum lipid collected from Sayang Heulang Beach, West Java, Indonesia. Lipid was isolated from Sargassum polycistum using chloroform: methanol (2:1, v/v), based on Folch method, which is the initial part of pigment extraction process. Pigment extract was identified by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with hexane: acetone (7:3; v/v) as eluent. The results showed six spots which successfully identified. Moreover, the spots were separated by using coloumn chromatography and followed characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy in range 400-900 nm. The experimental results revealed that Sargassum polycistum lipid contained four pigments namely phaeophytin a, α-carotene, β-carotene and fucoxanthin.

There remains a remarkable controversy on the anti-cancer stand of β-carotene specifically when high concentrations are used. This study aimed to examine the growth inhibitory effect of the lower concentrations of β-carotene in HepG2 cells. Beta-carotene purified from Gracillaria sp. inhibited viability of HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This growth inhibitory effect was well correlated with increased apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis induction by β-carotene was associated with increased caspase-3 activity and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2, PARP, and NF-kB protein, and an increase in the protein expression of Bax. Beta-carotene also blocked the activation of intracellular growth signaling proteins, Akt and ERK1/2. Further, it down-regulated the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, SOD-2 and HO-1, and its transactivation factor, Nrf-2. The current study emphasizes the role of β-carotene as an effective inhibitor of the growth of hepatocarcinoma cell.

The aim of this study was to develop an oxygen scavenger and antioxidant active packaging material for fried peanuts. The packaging solution, which has been made at the laboratory previously, has been developed by cast film extrusion and is composed of low-density polyethylene-ethylene vinyl alcohol-polyethylene terephthalate (LDPE/EVOH/PET)-based films containing β-carotene (CAR). In comparison with film without additive, developed film presented an orange colouring (higher L* and b* values and lower a* values) and an increase in oxygen induction time (OIt) from 4.5 to 14.1 min. The incorporation of β-carotene to the formulation also brings about a significant effect on the thermal stability as maximum degradation temperatures increased around 1%. Regarding the oxygen absorption capacity of the films, values of 1.39 ± 0.10 mL O2 per g of film at laboratory scale and 1.7 ± 0.3 mL O2 per g of multilayer (ML)/LDPE_CAR were obtained, respectively, after 3 days, proving the suitability of the packaging solutions as oxygen absorbers. To validate the packaging solution, the oxidative stability of fried peanuts packed in fabricated multilayer β-carotene bags was evaluated for 3 months at 40 °C. The hexanal content remained constant during this period. Meanwhile, peanuts packed in ML without β-carotene increased their hexanal content to 294%. This fact indicated a lower extent of oxidation in fried peanuts compared to food samples packaged in control films, suggesting the potential of ML/LDPE_CAR films as sustainable and antioxidant food packaging systems to offer protection against lipid oxidation in foods. Sensory evaluation confirmed that ML/LDPE_CAR films provided the peanut samples with an extra aroma due to the volatile degradation products of β-carotene (such as β-cyclocitral or 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol).

The antioxidant system of the human body plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis and has an important protective function. Carotenoids have pronounced antioxidant properties in the neutralization of free radicals. In human skin, carotenoids have a high concentration in the stratum corneum (SC)—the horny outermost layer of the epidermis, where they accumulate within lipid lamellae. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are optical methods that are used to non-invasively determine the carotenoid concentration in the human SC in vivo. It was shown by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that carotenoids support the entire antioxidant status of the human SC in vivo by neutralizing free radicals and thus, counteracting the development of oxidative stress. This review is devoted to assembling the kinetics of the carotenoids in the human SC in vivo using non-invasive optical and spectroscopic methods. Factors contributing to the changes of the carotenoid concentration in the human SC and their influence on the antioxidant status of the SC in vivo are summarized. The effect of chemotherapy on the carotenoid concentration of the SC in cancer patients is presented. A potential antioxidant-based pathomechanism of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and a method to reduce its frequency and severity are discussed.