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Social cognition is concerned with the study of the thought processes, both implicit and explicit, through which humans attain understanding of self, others, and their environment. Its basic assumption is that the experience of the world is constructed by the perceiver, and that the mental representations one uses for assimilating and making sense of information develop over a lifetime of experience to provide a framework for organizing incoming information, creating expectations and predictions regarding future events, and (re) processing information stored in memory. Such cognition serves (1) as the foundation for social interaction, or in the service of producing appropriate action, and (2) to allow the individual to maintain a coherent understanding/narrative of the world despite an unending stream of stimuli, new experiences, and evidence that might contradict already existing beliefs. Social cognition’s research focus spans from higher-order cognition such as reasoning, ruminating, and deliberation among options to low-order processes such as perception, attention, categorization, memory (encoding, retrieval, reconsolidation), and spreading activation among concepts in networks of associated mental representations. Typical questions focus on how affect and motivation interact with the cognitive system in shaping the type of processing engaged in and the output of that processing, thus determining what we think and feel (and ultimately how we act). In this regard there is an emphasis on the data present in the external world (e.g., whether someone is displaying anger) as an influence on behavior, and on the inherent ability of the features embedded in stimuli to capture attention and trigger specific meaning (such as what combination of facial muscles aligned in a specific way convey anger to people from all cultures). However, perhaps more importantly there is an emphasis on the subjective nature of construing such data (whether we are prepared to perceive the person as displaying anger) and on how the bias to perception and judgment that is introduced from our affect, motives, emotions, moods, values, mind-sets, and prior learning impacts what we believe we see and how the current situation is interpreted. Thus, while what one thinks about a person and what goals one adopts when interacting with that person are influenced by how one categorizes that person (which is based on attention and memory retrieval), it is also true that attention, memory, and categorization are determined by goals, context, attitudes, values, etc. Recent research has introduced concerns with dissociating the implicit from the explicit components of social cognition, as well as understanding the neural basis for cognition relating to the social world, and how this may differ from non-social cognition.

Patients with Fontan palliation and single-ventricle physiology encounter multiple comorbidities including plastic bronchitis, a disease characterised by the plugging of small and large airways by rubbery, white casts. To date, no controlled clinical trials have demonstrated effective treatment of plastic bronchitis. We report the application of aerosolised heparin, which has published success in non-cardiac-related pulmonary disease, for this complication in a Fontan patient.

Recent π − π − correlation measurements and deuteron to proton yield ratio measurements for AuAu collisions from Brookhaven E866 are presented. These measurements allow us, with some interpretation, to deduce the size of the participant region in a heavy ion collision. An unpredicted rise of the apparent source size is seen in the π − π − data at midrapidity. No corresponding drop in the deuteron to proton yield ratio is seen. Further experimental study is needed to improve the statistical significance of the correlation result and to determine whether it can be explained by conventional hadronic means.

In this article, we present recent results on particle production from Au+Au collisions at 11 A GeV/c obtained by the E866 experiment. The experiment studies the particle production in high baryon density matter created in central Au + Au collisions. Preliminary results of proton and pion production have been reported in previous Quark Matter conferences. Two particle correlation data for Au + Au collisions in this experiment are presented in another paper in this conference.

A search for the production of direct photons in S + An collisions at 200A GeV has been carried out in the CERN-WA80 experiment. For central collisions the measured photon excess at each pr, averaged over the range 0.5 less than or equal to p(T) less than or equal to less than or equal to 2.5 GeV/c, corresponded to 5.0% of the total inclusive photon yield with a statistical error of sigma(stat) = 0.8% and a systematic error of sigma(syst) = 5.8%. Upper limits on the invariant yield for direct photon production at the 90% C.L. are presented. Possible implications for the dynamics of high-energy heavy-ion collisions are discussed.

Three experiments obtained evidence that spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) occur on-line, at encoding. In each, participants read many sentences on a computer screen. After each paragraph, they indicated whether it included a test probe word. Paragraphs that imply but do not contain traits should increase errors or reaction times (RTs) to trait probes. In Experiment 1, trait-implying paragraphs produced more errors than control paragraphs, supporting the hypothesis. In Experiments 2 and 3, with feedback on each trial, longer RTs supported the hypothesis. STIs had the same effects as McKoon and Ratcliff's "predicting inferences. " Unexpectedly, participants gained control over STIs and predicting inferences, so that RT differences (and error differences in Experiment 1) declined over trials. Analyses of reading times in Experiment 3 ruled out several alternative explanations. Results demonstrate that social inferences can occur spontaneously at encoding and suggest that immediate feedback may make control possible.

Minority influence research has focused on behavioural factors that lead to successful social influence, such as acting in a consistent manner, but has tended to ignore the psychological processes that may mediate successful influence. Moscovici (1976) posited that such psychological mediators include attributions concerning the causes for the minority's behaviour and a validation process in which subjects carefully consider the issues raised by the minority position. The current article examines the links between social cognition theories of stereotyping and attitudelimpression formation and minority influence by delineating the role of both attributions and systematic message appraisal in minority influence. Successful minority influence was predicted to be dependent on the types of attributions formed towards the minority because such attributions influence the manner in which we attend to and think about a minority position. The data reveal that subjects with positive attributions were more influenced by the minority message than subjects with negative attributions. More importantly, this difference in persuasiveness was shown to be mediated by different cognitive processing strategiessubjects with positive attributions were more likely to systematically process the minority message. In addition to exploring the cognitive underpinnings of successful minority influence, the impact of social pressure and power struggles between social groups is considered in evaluating the applied value of such process-otiented research. Finally, it is suggested that while consistent behaviour is one way in which the minority can draw attention to its position and increase the likelihood of influence, recent models and stereotyping and impression formation suggest another approach. Instead of the minority accepting the burden for instigating a validation process in members of the majority, such attention and validation can be instilled in those perceiving the minority through adopting goals that promote individuated and systematic information processing; through rejecting stereotypic and schematic processing strategies that promote biased impressions.

A blood pump specifically designed to augment flow from the great veins through the lungs would ameliorate the poor physiology of the failing univentricular circulation and result in a paradigm shift in the treatment strategy for Fontan patients. This study is the first to examine mechanical cavopulmonary assistance with a blood pump in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic blood flow. Five numerical models of mechanical cavopulmonary assistance were investigated using a three-dimensional, reconstructed, patient-specific Fontan circulation from magnetic resonance imaging data. Pressure flow characteristics of the axial blood pump, energy augmentation calculations for the cavopulmonary circulation with and without pump support, and hemolysis estimations were determined. In all of the pump-supported scenarios, a pressure increase of 7-9.5 mm Hg was achieved. The fluid power of the cavopulmonary circulation was also positive over the range of flow rates. No retrograde flow from the IVC into the hepatic circulation was evident during support cases. Vessel suction risk, however, was found for greater operating rotational speeds. Fluid shear stresses and hemolysis predictions remained at acceptable levels with normalized index of hemolysis estimations at 0.0001 g/100 L. The findings of this study support the continued design and development of this blood pump technology for Fontan patients with progressive cardiovascular insufficiency. Validation of these flow and performance predictions will be completed in the next round of experimental testing with blood bag evaluation.

This paper presents recent results from Experiment 859 at the BNL AGS, focussing on strangeness ( K ± , Λ, Λ ), rare probes ( p , φ) and two-particle correlations. Highlights of the paper include an analysis of the centrality dependence of K ± yields in terms of the number of participants, a brief review of the current status of the E859 Λ and Λ data, an analysis of the target dependence of p yields in terms of p K − ratio's, results of a re-analysis of Λ feed-down contamination of p 's, a comparison of the cenal SiAu and pp φ yields through the φ K − ratio, an extremely preliminary study of the centrality dependence of the φ line-shape, a summary of the centrality dependence of two-π correlation source sizes, and a comparison of results from two-dimensional analyses of the two-π and two-K + correlation functions.

The E866 experimental setup has been upgraded by addition of a forward spectrometer to handle the large multiplicities in central Au+Au collisions at AGS. Furthermore new global detectors have been added to gain insight into the reaction dynamics and enable studies of flow effects. The report presents preliminary rapidity distributions for protons and produced mesons in central collisions. The shape of m{sub t}-spectra of pions is discussed. Examples of the measurements which can be done with a new multiplicity array are presented.

This research investigated the association of two individual difference moderators of psychological phenomena with the time of semester students choose to participate in experiments. The Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale and the Stein Self-Description Questionnaire were administered to the students in an introductory psychology class at the beginning of a university semester. Students' responses on these measures were related to their chosen dates of required participation in psychological research. Higher levels of PNS predicted earlier experiment participation and quicker completion of the experiment requirement once started. Personality types distinguished by the Stein Self-Description Questionnaire revealed that those indifferent or hostile to authority participate in experiments later in the semester than do the curious or more conforming types. Implications of these findings for external validity of social psychological research at different points in the semester are discussed

What follows is a reaction to the articles of Javier and Rendon, Herron, and Thompson. They are varied and complex and I cannot hope to adequately touch on the richness of any one of them. Even though this article is divided into three sections, each section only very roughly corresponds to a particular proceeding paper. The three sections are : 1. The ethnicity of psychoanalysis. 2. Blackness. 3. There is no ethnicity.

The heuristic-systematic model (HSM) provides a general theory of social information processing. It features two modes of social information processing, a relatively effortless, top-down heuristic mode and a more effortful, bottom-up systematic mode. The model assumes that social perceivers strike a balance between effort minimization and achieving confidence in their social judgments. The HSM emphasizes three broad motivational forces: accuracy, defence, and impression motivation. Both heuristic and systematic processing can serve either of the three motives and are capable of co-occurring in an additive or interactive fashion under specified conditions. In this chapter, we describe the HSM and present illustrative research based on the model in the areas of mood and persuasion as well as minority influence.

This numerical study examined the performance of an intravascular axial flow blood pump for mechanical hemodynamic support of patients in the setting of Fontan failure, which presently has few treatment options. Three anatomically accurate geometries of the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) were generated using patients' magnetic resonance imaging data. These patient-specific geometries, as well as an idealized version with cylindrical vessels, were computationally analyzed with and without a pump in the inferior vena cava. Pressure flow characteristics, energy gain calculations, and blood damage analyses were performed for each model. The pump produced pressures of 1-14 mm Hg for 1500-4000 revolutions per minute, flow rates of 1-4 L/min, and pulmonary artery pressures of 8-24 mm Hg. Comparison of pump performance among the four models showed minimal intermodel differences (5% deviation) in the pressure rise generated by the pump, the IVC pressure, and the energy imparted to the system by the pump. Blood damage analysis showed maximum fluid scalar stress values of 372 Pa or less, and the blood damage index was less than 2% in all of the models. These results suggest that this axial flow blood pump performs consistently in a variety of TCPC vessel geometries with low risk of blood trauma.

The ideomotor theory of action posits that the cognitive representation of an action includes the learned perceptual effects of the action. Support for this theory has come from studies demonstrating how perceptual features that match the outcome of a response can facilitate selection of that response. We investigated another, complementary implication of ideomotor theory: would a bias toward selecting a response result in a perceptual bias toward the known effect of the response? In other words, would an action tendency direct attention to the anticipated perceptual features? Through an initial acquisition phase, participants learned that two possible responses (left/right keypress) consistently produced two distinct colors. Next, in a test phase, we manipulated response bias at the beginning of each trial, using an uninformative spatial prime presented at the left or right periphery. We then examined the extent to which color transients that either matched or mismatched the induced response bias can orient participants’ visual attention. Results revealed a perceptual bias toward the color effect of the primed response, manifested in a stronger visual orienting toward this color. Thus, biasing response selection can bias perception. These findings extend the scope of the ideomotor theory to visual perceptual processes.

Cardiac asthma describes symptoms of airflow obstruction due to heart failure. Chronic heart failure is associated with decreased FEV 1 , and FEV 1 improves after heart transplantation. Fibrotic remodeling of the heart and airways is mediated, in part, through transforming growth factor (TGF)- β . Blood TGF- b 1 concentration correlates with ventricular remodeling in cardiac disease, and TGF- β decreases after repair.We established a coculture of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface with submerged basal cardiomyoblasts. Airway cells were immunostained with cytokeratin, actin, and involucrin. TGF- β synthesis was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation of Smad in NHBE cells was determined by Western blotting.Mice given doxorubicin developed cardiac failure, and their airways were histologically examined.Coculture induced involucrin-positive squamous metaplasia of NHBE cells, and this was attenuated by TGF- β antibody. Total TGF- β 1 was increased in coculture conditioned medium( P.001). After 14 days of exposure to recombinant TGF- β 1 , there was squamous transformation of NHBE cells. One week after removing cardiomyoblasts from culture, squamous metaplasia resolved into normal ciliated epithelia. Smad was phosphorylated in NHBE cells with cardiomyoblasts or with recombinant TGF- β 1 exposure. The airways of mice with heart failure also demonstrated involucrin-positive squamous transformation.TGF- β from cardiomyoblasts or from the failing heart can cause airway squamous metaplasia via Smad signaling, and this is blocked by anti-TGF- b antibody and reversed when cardiac cells are removed from culture. This appears to be an important mechanism for airflow obstruction with heart failure, sometimes described as cardiac asthma.

The AGS spectrometer experiment E-802 has measured transverse mass spectra for charged hadrons over a wide rapidity interval in Si+Au, Si+Cu, and Si+Al reactions at 14.6A Gev/c. These results are compared for two different trigger conditions: central collisions corresponding to 7% of the inelastic cross section selected on multiplicity of charged particles and peripheral collisions corresponding to roughly 50% of the inelastic cross section selected on high kinetic energy at zero degrees. The invariant spectra are well described by exponentials in transverse mass allowing the extraction of rapidity distributions and inverse slope parameters for each specie emitted in the different reactions.

Measurements of the global transverse energy distributions dσ / dE T and dE T / dη using the new AGS beam of 197 Au at 11.6 A GeV/ c on a Au target, as well as a beam of 28 Si at 14.6 A GeV/ c on Al and Au targets, are presented for a leadglass detector with acceptance 1.3 ≤ η ≤ 2.4 and 0 ≤ φ π . The dσ / dE T spectra are observed to have different shapes for the different systems and simple energy rescaling does not account for the projectile dependence. The Au+Au dσ / dE T spectrum is satisfactorily constructed from the upper edge of Si+Au by the geometric Wounded Projectile Nucleon Model after applying a correction for the beam energy.

Three studies tested the hypothesis that assimilation of impressions to primed constructs is a product of relatively superficial processing and is unlikely to occur when behavioral information about a target person is processed systematically. In Study 1, the impressions of accuracy-motivated Ss did not assimilate to covertly primed trait constructs, although the impressions of unmotivated Ss did. Studies 2 and 3 showed that when Ss become accuracy motivated after exposure to target information, both retrieval of that information and opportunity for effeortful processing of it were necessary to eliminate assimilation effects. In addition, accuracy-motivated Ss showed no special attention to primes or awareness of their influence on judgment

Three studies investigated unintended effects of goals on spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). Ss read trait-implying sentences to memorize them, to analyze sentence features, or to make social judgments. Cued recall revealed unintended (spontaneous) trait and behavioral-gist inferences. They were equally frequent with all the social judgment goals and absent or infrequent with feature analysis goals. Memorizing the sentences while ignoring their meaning reduced, but did not eliminate, STIs. Goals also affected whether traits were linked directly to actors in explicit memory. Social inferences can occur without intentions or awareness, even when meanings are intentionally ignored, as incidental results of analyzing stimulus details, and as intermediate but unnoticed results of other social judgments. Goals affect these inference likelihoods.

We present preliminary results for the emission of target rapidity protons in minimum bias and central 11.7 A.GeV/c Au+Au collisions. The data span the pseudo-rapidity range {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} {le} 0.76 and proton kinetic energy range of 50 {le} E {le} 200 MeV. The slopes of the kinetic energy spectra and dN/d{eta} values for central and minimum bias collisions are strikingly similar. Comparison of the results to results for Si+Au and p+A shows that the shape of the dN/d{eta} distribution is independent of the reaction system or centrality suggesting that the spectator matter does not play a decisive role in determining the shape of the proton distributions at back angles for these systems at AGS energies.

Neutral pi0 and eta spectra have been obtained over a wide transverse momentum range for various centralities of S + Au collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon. The analysis was done of the full statistics of the WA80 experiment at CERN using the two-photon invariant mass spectra. Compared to the previous analysis [1, 2] the pi0 and eta spectra were obntained over an extended p(t) range of 0.2

[Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5] A 10-year-old female patient presented with dyspnea during play with peers. She had been diagnosed with a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect neonatally but had since been lost to follow-up. On

When people infer traits unintentionally and unconsciously from actors' behaviors, in what senses might these spontaneous traits refer to the actors? Spontaneous trait inferences “manifestly” refer to the actors if there are direct links in explicit memory from traits to actors. They “tacitly” refer to the actors if trait-irrelevant features of the actor influence their frequency. Three studies examined whether more realistic presentations of trait-implying sentences affect either type of spontaneous trait reference. In each study, sentences were accompanied by photos of either actors, behavior settings, or abstract patterns. Subjects memorized the sentences (Experiment 1), and then to test boundary conditions, read them as distractors (Experiment 2) or visualized them (Experiment 3). These conditions did not affect manifest reference, for which there was no evidence. But tacit reference occurred in Experiments 1 and 3. Other effects, possible underlying processes, vividness and attention, and implication...

Recent research on impression formation has demonstrated that perceivers can categorize the action of target actors in terms of the traits that those behaviours represent, and that they do so in a spontaneous fashion, with neither the intent of categorizing nor the awareness of categorizing. This has resulted in a discussion about what these inferences refer to. Are they simple summaries of the behaviour without implications for the personalities of the people enacting those behaviours, or are they inferences about the target's disposition? The current experiment uses a procedure from the person memory literature to establish that these inferences are in fact references to the qualities of the target actors. Set size effects demonstrate that perceivers are organizing their inferred traits in person nodes; the person serves as the superordinate cue to which inferences are attached. This not only provides evidence that inferences formed spontaneously refer to the personality characteristics of the target, but also provides the first evidence of person organization under simple instructions to memorize stimulus information. The implications of the richness of the target information for spontaneously forming person inferences and for person organization in general are discussed.

Using a 3790 module lead glass photon spectrometer π° and η mesons have been measured in 200 A · GeV S + Au collisions by invariant mass reconstruction. Centrality selected transverse momentum π° spectra have been obtained for 0.5 ≤ pT ≤ 4.0 GeV/c displaying a much flatter slope for central compared to peripheral data. The problems of extracting single photon to π° yields from the data are discussed and the total error of their determination is given for present and future experiments. It is concluded that an accuracy of about 7 % can be obtained in the γπ° ratio.

This study evaluated the performance of an intravascular, percutaneously-inserted, axial flow blood pump in an idealized total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) model of a Fontan physiology. This blood pump, intended for placement in the inferior vena cava (IVC), is designed to augment pressure and blood flow from the IVC to the pulmonary circulation. Three different computational models were examined: (i) an idealized TCPC without a pump; (ii) an idealized TCPC with an impeller pump; and (iii) an idealized TCPC with an impeller and diffuser pump. Computational fluid dynamics analyses of these models were performed to assess the hydraulic performance of each model under varying physiologic conditions. Pressure-flow characteristics, fluid streamlines, energy augmentation calculations, and blood damage analyses were evaluated. Numerical predictions indicate that the pump with an impeller and diffuser blade set produces pressure generations of 1 to 16 mm Hg for rotational speeds of 2000 to 6000 rpm and flow rates of 1 to 4 L/min. In contrast, for the same flow range, the model with the impeller only in the IVC demonstrated pressure generations of 1 to 9 mm Hg at rotational speeds of 10,000 to 12,000 rpm. Influence of blood viscosity was found to be insignificant at low rotational speeds with minimal performance deviation at higher rotational speeds. Results from the blood damage index analyses indicate a low probability for damage with maximum damage index levels less than 1% and maximum fluid residence times below 0.6 s. The numerical predictions further indicated successful energy augmentation of the TCPC with a pump in the IVC. These results support the continued design and development of this cavopulmonary assist device.

Our objective was to compare the efficacy of selenium sulfide shampoo 1% and ciclopirox shampoo 1% as adjunctive treatments for tinea capitis in children. Forty children aged 1-11 years with clinically diagnosed tinea capitis were randomized to receive selenium sulfide shampoo 1% or ciclopirox shampoo 1% twice a week as adjuncts to an 8-week course of ultramicronized griseofulvin dosed at 10-12 mg/kg/day. At weeks 2, 4, and 8, subjects returned to the clinic for evaluation and scalp cultures. Subjects then returned for follow-up visits 4 weeks after completing treatment. Overall, by 8 weeks, 30 of 33 (90.9%) treated children demonstrated mycological cure. Selenium sulfide shampoo 1% and ciclopirox shampoo 1% were equally effective as adjunctive treatments for tinea capitis in children in our study.

Currently available mechanical circulatory support systems are limited for adolescent and adult patients with a Fontan physiology. To address this growing need, we are developing a collapsible, percutaneously-inserted, axial flow blood pump to support the cavopulmonary circulation in Fontan patients. During the first phase of development, the design and experimental evaluation of an axial flow blood pump was performed. We completed numerical modeling of the pump using computational fluid dynamics analysis, hydraulic testing of a plastic pump prototype, and blood bag experiments (n = 7) to measure the levels of hemolysis produced by the pump. Statistical analyses using regression were performed. The prototype with a 4-bladed impeller generated a pressure rise of 2–30 mmHg with a flow rate of 0.5–4 L/min for 3000–6000 RPM. A comparison of the experimental performance data to the numerical predictions demonstrated an excellent agreement with a maximum deviation being less than 6%. A linear increase in the plasma-free hemoglobin (pfHb) levels during the 6-h experiments was found, as desired. The maximum pfHb level was measured to be 21 mg/dL, and the average normalized index of hemolysis was determined to be 0.0097 g/100 L for all experiments. The hydraulic performance of the prototype and level of hemolysis are indicative of significant progress in the design of this blood pump. These results support the continued development of this intravascular pump as a bridge‐to‐transplant, bridge‐to‐recovery, bridge-to-hemodynamic stability, or bridge-to-surgical reconstruction for Fontan patients.

Control typically is conceived of as a set of conscious responses to an activated goal and the subsequent attempts at goal pursuit. Control includes the self-regulatory steps one initiates by conscious willing to address a selected goal and to allow one to pursue that goal. However, these attempts to compensate for a desired end state that is not yet achieved are not limited to conscious acts of deliberation, planning, and the resulting behavior. Implicit cognition plays an important role in preparing the individual to act, in allowing the individual both to detect goal-relevant stimuli in the environment and to process goal-relevant stimuli in a fashion that will facilitate goal achievement and shield one from distractions that could potentially derail attempts at self-control. Such automatic thought includes processes of spreading activation and inhibition as well as attentional selectivity. Evidence in support of such automatic processes of self-control is provided from the domain of stereotype control and the preconscious cognitive operations that result when one attempts to regulate the goal to be egalitarian and non-stereotypic in one's dealings with others.

BACKGROUND In subjects of all ages, those who weigh the most often have the highest blood pressure. Thus, in epidemiological studies, weight is the most important correlate of blood pressure. Using the data from the Medical College of Virginia Twin Study, we asked these questions: 1) Do the same genetic paths that regulate body size also regulate systolic and diastolic blood pressure? 2) Are there distinct genetic pathways that regulate each of these variables? 3) Does environment play a major regulatory role? 4) Are the correlations among these variables mainly due to genetic or environmental effects? 5) Do genetic paths that regulate body size mediate the correlation between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure? METHODS AND RESULTS We ascertained 253 Caucasian twin pairs living in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The average age was 11.2 +/- 0.2 years. We used multivariate path analyses to investigate the genetic relations among systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and body size. We found that there was a highly significant genetic relation between systolic blood pressure and body size and between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There are genetic paths that are shared within these two sets of variables, but in each case, the paths for each pair appear to be separate from one another. CONCLUSIONS These analyses provide a method to partition correlation coefficients found in epidemiological studies into genetic and environmental components. The correlations found among these three variables are in large part due to these genetic relations. We found no genetic relation between diastolic blood pressure and body size.

K + and π + multiplicities have been measured in magnetic spectrometer for Si++ Al, Si+ Cu and Si + Au collisions at 14.6 A GeV/ c incident momentum. The multiplicities were obtained for five different windows of forward kinetic energy as detected in a zero degree calorimeter. The K + / π + multiplicity ratio ranges from ≈9% in peripheral interactions to 19% in central Si+Au. The largest K + / π + ratios are observed for those events for each target that leave the least energy in the zero degree calorimeter and the ratio increases with target mass. The observations suggest that multiple interactions are important in the particle production mechanism.

We have studied one and two-dimensional intermittency in S+S collisions at 200 GeV/nucleon in a high statistics electronic measurement at the CERN SPS using pad-readout streamer tubes. We observe no intermittency signal beyond that produced by folding the Fritiof event generator with a detailed model of our detector. Even though the observed signal contains significant distortions due to experimental effects, we show that we are sensitive to intermittency in the collision.

Recent single-particle inclusive measurements and two-particle correlation data from E802 and its succesor, E859, are presented. The K + / π + ratio observed for collisions of 14.6 A·GeV 28 Si ions on various targets is presented as a function of both forward and transverse energy. Source sizes are determined via interferometry using π + , π − , K + and proton pairs.

Preliminary results are presented for the production of protons in 14.6 A{center dot}GeV/c Si+Al and Si+Au collisions measured by the E859 Phoswich Array at the BNL AGS. The proton data presented cover the laboratory angles of 50--130 degrees and kinetic energies of 40--180 MeV. Slopes and integrated distributions are extracted and comparisons with other experimental data are discussed.

Purkinje cell axonal swellings ("torpedoes"), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify torpedoes Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains. Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age-matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20 x 25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue/Hematoxylin and Eosin. The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12x higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5x higher than in AD (5) or PD/DLBD (5) (all Por = 0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer's-type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio(cerebellar ET vs. control) = 2.57, P = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer's-type changes. Although torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology.

Forward and transverse energy spectra and the correlation between these two global variables have been measured for the interaction of 14.6{ital A} GeV/{ital c} {sup 28}Si ions with {sup 27}Al and {sup 197}Au. The energy in produced particles near midrapidity is observed to be negatively correlated with forward energy. There is minimal target mass dependence of this correlation for peripheral and semicentral interactions (forward energies{gt}80 GeV). However, the fact that transverse energies for more central collisions in Au become increasingly larger than those in Al ({similar to}50% greater in the limit of zero forward energy), provides evidence for multiple interactions of projectile nucleons in the larger target. The experimental results are discussed in terms of calculations based on a model for nucleus-nucleus interactions.

Umbilical arterial and venous catheters, endotracheal tubes, and nasogastric tubes are routinely used in treating premature infants, and radiologists play a critical role in evaluating proper catheter and tube placement and recognizing potential complications. Ideally, an umbilical venous catheter should be positioned in the right atrium; an umbilical arterial catheter, between T-6 and T-10 (high position) or between L-3 and L-5 (low position); an endotracheal tube, 1.5 cm above the carina, with the infant's head in a neutral position; and a nasogastric tube, in the body of the stomach. Catheters and tubes can be malpositioned in a variety of vessels and the main stem bronchi, respectively. Complications include extraluminal placement of catheters (which can result in death), thrombi in the aorta and pulmonary artery, aortic aneurysm, subglottic stenosis, intubation granuloma, and perforation of the esophagus and stomach.

The production of {pi}{sup {plus minus}},{ital K}{sup {plus minus}},{ital p} has been measured in {ital p}+Be and {ital p}+Au collisions for comparison with central Si+Au collisions. The inverse slope parameters {ital T}{sub 0} obtained by an exponential fit to the invariant cross sections in transverse mass are found to be, {ital T}{sub 0}{sup {ital p},}{ital K+},{pi}{sup {pi}}{similar to}140--160 MeV in {ital p}+{ital A} collisions, whereas in central Si+Au collisions, {ital T}{sub 0}{sup {ital p},}{ital K+}{similar to}200--220 MeV {gt}{ital T}{sub 0}{sup {pi}{pi}}{similar to}140--160 MeV at midrapidity. The {pi}{sup {plus minus}} and {ital K}{sup +} distributions are shifted backwards in {ital p}+Au compared with {ital p}+Be. A gradual increase of ({ital dn}/{ital dy}){sub {ital K}}{sup +} per projectile nucleon is observed from {ital p}+Be to {ital p}+Au to central Si+Au collisions, while pions show no significant increase.