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Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; POSHAN, PHND; A4NH; SAR, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), India comprises one-sixth of the world’s population and one-third of the global burden of undernutrition. Between 2006 and 2016, India made progress in reducing stunting among children below five years; the progress, however, has not been uniform across all its states (Menon et al. 2018). There are interstate differences in stunting reduction despite a common national policy framework for nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs. Given the paucity of insights on what factors drive successful change in nutritional outcomes such as stunting at the state level in India, we conducted studies in the four states of Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu. In this report, we document the story of change in Tamil Nadu, which is one of the exemplary states in India. With a long history of nutrition and health reforms, it stands out as a leader in social development. We aimed to update prior work on Tamil Nadu to assess more recent changes in nutritional outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. Our key goals were to: 1) examine changes in child stunting, known determinants of stunting and key health and nutrition interventions between 1992 and 2016; 2) assess the contribution of diverse determinants and intervention coverage changes to the changes in stunting between 2006 and 2016; and (3) interpret the changes in the context of policies, programs, and other changes in the state.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4; DCA; POSHAN, PHND; A4NH; SAR, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), Introduction Community health workers (CHWs) deliver services at-scale to reduce maternal and child undernutrition, but often face inadequate support from the health system to perform their job well. Supportive supervision is a promising intervention that strengthens the health system and can enable CHWs to offer quality services. Objectives We examined if greater intensity of supportive supervision as defined by monitoring visits to Anganwadi Centre, CHW-supervisor meetings, and training provided by supervisors to CHWs in the context of Integrated Child Services Development (ICDS), a national nutrition program in India, is associated with higher performance of CHWs. Per program guidelines, we develop the performance of CHWs measure by using an additive score of nutrition services delivered by CHWs. We also tested to see if supportive supervision is indirectly associated with CHW performance through CHW knowledge. Methods We used longitudinal survey data of CHWs from an impact evaluation of an at-scale technology intervention in Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Since the inception of ICDS, CHWs have received supportive supervision from their supervisors to provide services in the communities they serve. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to test if higher intensity supportive supervision was associated with improved CHW performance. The model included district fixed effects and random intercepts for the sectors to which supervisors belong. Results Among 809 CHWs, the baseline proportion of better performers was 45%. Compared to CHWs who received lower intensity of supportive supervision, CHWs who received greater intensity of supportive supervision had 70% higher odds (AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.16, 2.49) of better performance after controlling for their baseline performance, CHW characteristics such as age, education, experience, caste, timely payment of salaries, Anganwadi Centre facility index, motivation, and population served in their catchment area. A test of

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, this Data Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, thisData Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, this Data Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, this Data Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, this Data Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; DCA, SAR; PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This Data Note describes the trends for a set of key nutrition and health outcomes, determinants, and coverage of interventions. The findings here are based on data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 3 (2005-2006), 4 (2015-2016), and 5 (2019-2020). In addition to standard prevalence-based analyses, this Data Note includes headcount-based analyses aligned to the POSHAN Abhiyaan monitoring framework and uses data from NFHS-5 to provide evidence that helps identify priority districts and number of districts in the state with public health concern as per the WHO guidelines.1 The Data Note includes a color-coded dashboard to compare the coverage of nutrition interventions across all the districts in the state. It concludes with key takeaways for children, women, and men and identifies areas where the state has potential to improve.

Non-PR, IFPRI1; POSHAN; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; CRP4, PHND; SAR; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), The 41st issue of POSHAN Abstract Digest brings to you yet again a tailored set of articles on malnutrition in India. This issue features a studies examining trends in nutrition outcomes, inequities associated with anthropometric failure, and role of WASH in addressing undernutrition. In addition, this issue also features articles on the intergenerational benefits of India’s national school feeding program, effect of women’s labor force participation on nutrition, and the role of maternal empowerment and paternal gender-equitable attitudes on stunting.

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the frontline health workers/ auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated t

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the household/husband survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions : (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to the comparison groups. The survey t

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the frontline health workers/ accredited social health activist (ASHA) survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the frontline health workers/supervisors survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to the comparison gr

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the household/mothers/mothers-in-law survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions : (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to the comparison group

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; IFPRI1; Open Access, PHND; SAR, CGIAR Research Programs on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the household/pregnant women (PW) survey that was conducted to gather data for the nested cohort part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: 1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? 2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? 3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the main impact evaluation, the nested cohort surveys used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to

Alive and Thrive; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; IFPRI1; Open Access, PHND; SAR, CGIAR Research Programs on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the household/pregnant women (PW)/recently delivered women (RDW) survey that was conducted to gather data for the nested cohort part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the main impact evaluation, the nested cohort surveys used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two dis

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the household/recently delivered women (RDW) survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions : (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to the comparison group

2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; Alive and Thrive; IFPRI1; Open Access, A4NH; PHND, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), This dataset is the result of the frontline health workers/Anganwadi workers (AWW) survey that was conducted to gather data for the endline part of the impact evaluation study of the Alive & Thrive (A&T) interventions delivered through the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health (RMNCH) services in India. These include the provision of iron and folic acid (IFA) and calcium supplements, interpersonal counseling on diet during pregnancy and consumption of IFA and calcium, community mobilization, and adequate weight-gain monitoring during pregnancy. A&T is a global initiative that supports the scaling up of nutrition interventions to save lives, prevent illnesses, and contribute to healthy growth and development through improved maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Using a cluster-randomized evaluation design, the primary objectives of the A&T evaluation study in India are to answer the following questions: (1) Can the coverage and utilization of key maternal nutrition interventions be improved by integrating nutrition-focused social behavior change (SBC) communication and systems strengthening approaches into antenatal care (ANC) services under the RMNCH program? (2) What factors affect the effective integration of maternal nutrition interventions into a well-established government ANC service delivery platform under the RMNCH program? (3) What are the impacts of the program on i) consumption of diversified foods and adequate intake of micronutrient, protein, and energy compared to recommended intake; ii) intake of IFA and calcium supplements during pregnancy; iii) weight gain monitoring; and iv) early initiation of breastfeeding. As with the baseline, the endline survey used the same 26 blocks in Uttar Pradesh. Thirteen blocks from two districts (Kanpur Dehat and Unnao) were randomly allocated to receive intensified maternal nutrition interventions. Another 13 blocks from the same two districts were randomly allocated to the c