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Relevance. Electric power steering of vehicles successfully competes with hydraulic boosters of similar purposes, showing high efficiency, energy saving and environmental friendliness. Aim. To study and research electromechanical processes of electric power steering system based on permanent magnet synchronous motor. Methods. Mathematical and numerical modeling using the Matlab/Simulink software package. Results. The article discusses the operating modes of an electric power steering based on an electric motor with permanent magnets. The authors analyzed two classic schemes for constructing steering systems with electric power steering – with the electric motor placed on the steering column and on the steering rack. Block diagrams of the mechanical and electrical parts of the steering system have been developed. Based on mathematical dependencies characterizing the operating modes of the steering system, a complete dynamic simulation model of the electric power amplifier was obtained on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Based on a preliminary analysis of control methods and algorithms in the system to solve the problem of control stability, PI controllers with low-pass filters are implemented to regulate the current and voltage of the electric motor depending on the speed of the vehicle and the angle of rotation of the steering wheels. The simulation results were used to design a real electric power steering for a specific vehicle. Conclusions. The complete simulation model of an electric booster based on a synchronous motor with permanent magnets in a car steering system obtained by the authors adequately reflects the dynamic control processes and can be used in the design of automotive vehicles.

Abstract Accurate trajectory prediction of autonomous vehicles is crucial for ensuring road safety. Predicting precise and accurate trajectories is still considered a challenging problem because of the intricate spatio-temporal dependencies among the vehicles. Our study primarily focuses on resolving this issue by introducing a comprehensive system called “TrajectoFormer”, which can effectively represent the spatio-temporal dependency between vehicles. In this system, we have conducted preprocessing on the NGSIM dataset by constructing an 8-neighborhood for each vehicle that represents the spatio-temporal dependency between vehicles effectively. Second, we have deployed a transformer network that captures dependencies between the target vehicle and its neighbor from the constructed neighborhood and predicts future trajectories for the target vehicle with notably reduced training times and significant accuracy compared to existing methods. Experiments on both NGSIM US-101 and US-I80 show that our proposed approach outperforms the other benchmarks in terms of showing low RMSE value for the 5-s prediction horizon of trajectory prediction. Our conducted ablation study also underscores the effectiveness of each component of our proposed TrajectoFormer model relative to traditional time-series prediction models.

The scientific paper presents in a concrete and elegant manner a comparative study of two existing propulsion sistems on ecological automobiles. It is made by the author with the aim of implementing some concepts in wich technical aspects are presented, carried out through SWOT analyses, wich highlight the qualities of propulsion systems that use hydrogen fuel cells and electric accumulators. In this way, those interested can learn about the advantages offered by these propulsion systems of current automobiles, wich are defined by the source that electrical energy necessary to drive the electric motor (motors) existing in their propulsion systems. Finally, the conclusions in the addressed field are presented.

The automobile workshop queue system has been optimized using various approaches, such as queuing theory, simulation, and probability. The utilization of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing automobile workshop queue systems is not yet established. The utilization of RSM with direct observation enables the detection of patterns of correlations between variables and responses, which are then represented through mathematical equations. The optimization process involves numerous factors that impact queue performance, which can be categorized into two parts. The number of servers, number of phases, number of workers, worker experience, and layout are classified in inner design. This study examines the relationship between two components of the outer design, specifically the arrival rate and the interarrival time. The responses analyzed are queue cost, service time, average customer waiting time, and number of customers. The findings indicate that queue costs are not reliable for establishing the optimum value due to the significant impact of the cost structure on the structure of the optimal location. This study discovered that the number of leaving customers is related to queue costs and is relevant in selecting the optimal point. This study also formulates mathematical equations for predicting the optimal point. This study emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to uncover alternative mathematical equations that can precisely predict the optimal conditions for various types of services.

The paper presents the results of a study of the stages of development and current trends in the development and production of automobile electric gear motors. Conclusions and recommendations regarding further development of the field of design and production of automobile electric gear motors are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents rooftop automobile antennas designed for Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and navigation system applications. The proposed antennas are housed within a shark-fin structure on the car's roof, and comprise a main antenna and a diversity antenna. The main antenna and diversity antenna combine for spatial diversity, receiving and processing the same signal to optimize signal quality. To accommodate the limited space within the shark-fin housing, various miniaturization and multiband techniques are utilized. The hexagonal substrate is more closely fitted to the shape of the shark fin, thus making full use of the space of the shark-fin shell. The main antenna and the diversity antenna are perpendicular to each other, which saves the space of the overall antenna and improves the utilization rate of the overall antenna space. The proposed main antenna, compactly sized at 50 mm × 20 mm × 1.59 mm, maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.19–2.8 GHz, enabling support for LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, 40, and 41, as well as WLAN 2400 bands. The diversity antenna maintains a VSWR value below 2 across the frequency range of 1.5–2.6 GHz, which can cover BeiDou B1-1, LTE 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 34, 39, and 40, and WLAN 2400 bands. The main antenna and the diversity antenna both demonstrate favorable radiation patterns on the azimuth plane. Simulation and measurement results exhibit a high level of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the automobile played a significant role in the transformation of how we see and experience landscapes. Likewise, motor cars were key to defining the shape of twentieth-century tourism. In colonial settings, cars can be understood as a technology of speed and power which helped to control people and space. Looking at early twentieth century Africa, this study analyses the arrival of the motor car in Mozambique and the role it played in shaping motorised landscapes and in tourism development. This article looks at a collection of photographic albums depicting the colony of Mozambique. Published in 1929, the volume contains more than 100 photographs that include cars. This article highlights three main narratives: (i) the illusion of 'motoring landscapes'; (ii) the car's contribution to the invention of the beach and scenic roads; and (iii) the role of the car in safaris and the domination of nature. These three narratives are aligned with wider official discourses and contribute to the idea of conquering African landscapes, critical both to colonialism as well as to tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overview is provided of behavioral research into human steering and collision avoidance including the processing of optic flow, optical looming and the role of the human mobile gaze system. A consideration is then made of the issues that may occur for autonomous vehicles (AV) when they move from gridtype road networks into complex inner-city streets and interact with human drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. Comparisons between human processing and AV processing of these interactions are made. This raises issues as to whether AV control systems need to mimic human visual processing more closely and highlights the need for AV systems to develop a "theory of road users" that allows attribution of intent to other drivers, cyclists or pedestrians. Guidelines for the development of a "theory of road users" for AVs are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on survey data from Chinese households, this study uses a fixed effects model to examine the impact of car ownership on household energy consumption. The results show that car purchases lead to a significant 46% increase in household energy consumption costs. Purchasing cars leads to a 108% increase in household transportation expenditure (including gasoline expenditure), showing a significant direct effect, while heating costs increase by 17.1%, 12.0%, and 23.3%, respectively, representing an indirect effect. Furthermore, in regions with rapid EV growth, EVs have alleviated the promotion of cars in energy consumption, which is conducive to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. This study helps provide measures to reduce future household energy consumption and promote the realization of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics / Jisuan Lixue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics Editorial Office, Dalian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By using information on the geographical locations of exporting firms, we transform a national‐level dataset into a quasi‐firm‐product‐level dataset. First, by restricting the dataset to the two exporting ports out of over 100 ports, consistent with the multiproduct exporter model, we find heterogeneity in the exchange rate pass‐through (ERPT) among the auto models of a single automaker. We find weak evidence that the core product has a lower ERPT. Second, coupled with the manufacturer's suggested retail price in the US market, we find that the sales margins of US distributors have shrunk substantially, particularly when the US dollar depreciated after the global financial crisis. We find supporting evidence that a higher‐quality product has a lower ERPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of wastes generated from the activities at automobile workshops leads to heavy metals' contamination of such soils which can be harmful to human health considering Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 3 of good health and well-being in mind. The study is aimed at investigating the physiochemical and heavy metal contamination of soils from three automobile workshops at Super, Jankara and Kola areas located at Alimosho, Ifako-Ijaiye and Agege Local Government areas of Lagos state. Twenty (20) samples were collected from residential houses near the automobile workshops, at 20–35 cm depth, and taken to the Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO) laboratory at Oshodi, Lagos. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) with mean values 28.45 μs/cm, 6.5, 33.37 and 0.014 mg/L respectively were measured onsite using a 107 model pH metre. The samples were analysed for lead, magnesium, manganese, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and mercury using atomic absorption spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer Model Analyst 3000). Samples at the Super area gave the highest mean concentrations of lead (28.42 mg/kg), cadmium (0.65 mg/kg), arsenic (0.54 mg/kg) and chromium (11.70 mg/kg) while the highest mean concentrations of manganese (1.7282 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.4451 mg/kg) were high in the Kola area. The mean concentrations of metals in the soil samples were in the order Mn > Pb > Cr > Cd > As (AAS). The soil contamination degree was determined from the calculated values of the contamination factor and geo-accumulation index. The outcome of this research shows that heavy metals' concentration in the soil existed within tolerable limits of all the standards compared with as summarised by the pollution load index. However, if the contamination continues, the concentration of the heavy metals will surpass the tolerable limits, and this could make it toxic to plants and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary contributors to automobile exhaust pollution is the significant deviation between the actual and theoretical air-fuel ratios during transient conditions, leading to a decrease in the conversion efficiency of three-way catalytic converters. Therefore, it becomes imperative to enhance fuel economy, reduce pollutant emissions, and improve the accuracy of transient control over air-fuel ratio (AFR) in order to mitigate automobile exhaust pollution. In this study, we propose a Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) Hydrogen Doping Compensation Controller (HDC) to achieve precise control over the acceleration transient AFR of gasoline engines. By analyzing the dynamic effects of oil film and its impact on AFR, we establish a dynamic effect model for oil film and utilize hydrogen's exceptional auxiliary combustion characteristics as compensation for fuel loss. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can rapidly regulate the AFR close to its ideal value under three different transient conditions while exhibiting superior anti-interference capability and effectively enhancing fuel economy.

Aiming at the large weight of automobile steel solid shaft, this paper innovates aluminum alloy hollow shaft. The rolling process of automobile hollow shaft was simulated by using the short process flexible precision forming process and the Finite Element Method (FEM). The variation of the shape and inner hole of the rolled piece, the roundness of the outer surface and the wall thickness during the rolling process were analyzed. The numerical results verify the feasibility of rolling aluminum alloy automobile hollow shaft by this process, and provide a theoretical basis for forming aluminum alloy automobile hollow shaft in China.

The advancement of Intelligent vehicle is leading to a growing prevalence and importance of automotive interactive interfaces, attracting considerable research focus. With the increasing trend of global aging, the number of elderly drivers is on the rise. Research on the search performance of the automobile interactive interface for elderly users has yet to be carried out. Based on this, this research adopts eye tracking technology to explore the effects of varying icon colors on the preferences and perceptions of elderly drivers within car-human interfaces, employing eye-tracking technology to gauge their impact. This work aims to improve driving experience by enhancing drivers’ information processing capabilities and interaction comfort with in-car interfaces. In this study, we examined six distinct foreground colors against two background colors in icon designs, conducting eye-tracking experiments in standard indoor lighting. The analysis results show that elderly drivers have faster search speeds for orange icons and the slowest search speeds for yellow icons. Additionally, the variation in search times for different icon colors is more pronounced on a white background. These conclusions hold significant implications for future automotive interface designers. They can leverage these results to optimize the background and icon designs of interactive interfaces, thereby enhancing drivers’ safety and driving experience, and contributing efforts to the transportation industry.

Safe driving is related to the choice of speed by automobile drivers according to atmospheric conditions, as well as when driving in zones of both reduced visibility and of limited visibility. Reduced visibility is associated with natural phenomena, such as fog, rain, snow, darkness, etc. Limited visibility is related to objects located on the traffic lane and near it, as well as topography of the area that obstruct the visibility of the driver. This paper outlines a dynamic study of a significant problem in driving connected with limited visibility from the driver’s seat due to automobile interior equipment. The research was done implementing experimental and numerical study, obtaining the relative motion of a zone of partially limited visibility from the front left and right car pillars in relation to the trajectory of the pedestrian. At the moment of pedestrian detection, they fall into the danger zone for the car.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to solve the problem of operational management of the current technical condition of the rolling stock. Based on this, technical diagnostics activities become important because they allow you to quickly identify the current technical condition of the vehicle in question. At the same time, it is important, even at the stage of planning diagnostic measures, to choose such operational modes of movement along the test section that would ensure the best information content of the test runs. The theoretical substantiation of the choice of speed modes of arrivals of the studied vehicles along the test section of the road during express diagnostics was the purpose of this work. Research methods: analytical mechanics, differential methods, matrix calculus methods, mathematical numerical methods. The main results are in the proposal of a dynamic model of the vehicle transmission, which takes into account the disturbing effects from the engine and from the support base of the test section, where diagnostic runs are carried out. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of vibration accelerations of the vehicle body are calculated when it moves at given speeds along the simulated test diagnostic section. The practical significance of the study is confirmed by the results of the analysis of the obtained graphs, during which a conclusion was made about the most vibration-dangerous frequency ranges. This is important, since vibrations that occur at certain frequencies, which are directly dependent on the speed of movement, as a rule, cause the most intense responses in specific components and parts of transmission units. Further research is related to the theoretical substantiation of the choice of rational ranges of speed modes of the studied vehicles on the test diagnostic section of the support base, taking into account the characteristics and features of its surfaces. The results of the work are aimed at improving the system of maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of motor vehicles, namely, its diagnosis to determine the presence and degree of development of operational defects and damage, as well as the current technical condition of the transmission units.

This paper explores some of the basic similarities and differences between fault-based and no-fault systems of automobile accident insurance from the perspective of a U.S. state and the laws of Macedonia. The majorities of U.S. states have adopted an at-fault system of compensation and therefore share more similarities with Macedonia than the laws of a dozen U.S. states that have adopted a no-fault system. Whereas Macedonia employs a system of nearly universal health care, such is not the case in the United States. The respective states have adopted either a fault-based system or a no-fault system, but in either case issues of coverage for automobile accidents is more complicated for the lack of a nationalized health care system that at minimum acts as a safety net for treatment of injuries related to automobile accidents. It is posited that complications relating to the lack of universal health care coverage in the United States has led to significantly heightened regulatory intervention by the several states such that the similarities between the free-market approach of the states and of civil law (code) systems are greater than the differences. The paper is not based on empirical data of the legal systems or the medical systems, nor is the undeniable interrelation between a medical system and the corresponding legal system with regard to insurance coverage of primarily health-based issues considered other than to highlight how both may play a part in regulation of the automobile accident insurance industry in light the involvement of public health, safety and welfare.

Introduction. Forensic fire and technical examination of a car is of high demand, and at the same time it is one of the most complicated examinations, because of its complicated nature and need in involvement of experts of various specialties. The design of automobiles and their components is continually improving. In this connection the methodological base of fire and technical examination should be duly adapted to present-day requirement. The safety requirements for prevention of fuel ignitions in a motor cabinet of a car have been analyzed during the research.Materials and Methods. Under the conditions of an accredited laboratory specializing in testing automobile fuels and oils, we have carried out the experiments in ignition of K4-class petrol being fed in drops and stream-like fed on a hot surface. We have also undertaken the experimental studies in order to find out an actual temperature of elements of engine exhaust systems of М1 and М1G automobiles of various models under the actual operating conditions. A thermal imaging camera and a thermocouple have been used to measure the surface temperature of the engine exhaust system parts. An elemental composition of a film formed on a hot steel surface upon contact with petrol has been determined with the use of a scanning electron microscopeResults. We have received the actual results on the temperature of the elements of light car exhaust systems under the various operating conditions. There are the results of experiments on the discharge of the petrol in the form of drops and stream on a hot surface presented in the article. An elemental composition of a film formed on a hot steel surface upon contact with petrol has been analyzed, and secondariness of film formation towards the fire cause has been proved.Conclusion. The results of the research could be used in the conduct of fire and technical examination of vehicles of М1 and М1G categories, what could increase reliability and validity of its conclusions.