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Background: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the zoonotic protozoa parasites. It can prevalently infect humans and warmblooded animals, causing human health problems and substantial economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Chicken is one of the potential sources of toxoplasmosis, but there is no report of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and their genotypes in free-range chickens in Libya.Aim: This study aims to conduct a survey of molecular prevalence and identify the T. gondii genotype in free-range chickens and its association with the risk factors of age, gender, and region in Northeastern Libya.Methods: This study was conducted by examining a total of 315 free-range chicken organs (brain and heart) derived from three administrative districts in Northeastern Libya. The molecular prevalence was determined by PCR technique using B1 gene amplification. and the T. gondii genotype was determined by nested PCR-RFLP of GRA6 gene amplicon with restriction enzymes (MseI).Results: The overall molecular prevalence of T. gondii in free-range chicken in all three districts was 9.5% (30/315), and the highest (15.4%) was in the Al-Marj district (p = 0.01; x2 = 9.238). The highest prevalence of T. gondii by age was in chickens aged more than 2 years (p = 0.001; x2 = 15.530). The difference in T. gondii prevalence in male and female chickens was not significant (p = 0.372; x2 = 0.798). The predominant genotype I (93.3%) had identified at position 544 and 194 bp at the GRA6 marker, and only two positives were from genotype II (6.7%) at 700 and 100 bp fragments.Conclusion: The molecular prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chicken in three districts in Northeastern Libya was 9.5%, and the highest rate was shown in the Al Marj district. Chicken by age more than 2 years had more risk to transmit toxoplasmosis in human. There was no different infection risk by consuming male or female free-range chicken. It is the first report to determine the predominant genotype, which was genotype I.

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a metabolic product of various foods and beverages in which there are preservatives in the form of nitrate and nitrite. Nitrosamines are found in various products such as alcoholic beverages, processed meats, cigarettes, and cosmetic products. DEN is toxic and carcinogenic to organs such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, skin, stomach, and blood. In addition to giving DEN compounds, there are also CCl4 compounds as tumor promoter agents known as genotoxic substances that can increase the risk of genetic errors and stimulate cells to become malignant neoplasms. Administration of DEN and CCl4 induction can damage various organs of the body, one of which is the kidney. In a healthy body, angiogenesis plays a role in wound healing and the formation of new tissue. However, angiogenesis also contributes to carcinogenesis or the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells, and is malignant when the body is contaminated with toxic substances. Therefore, to determine the effect of the administration of DEN and CCl4 observations were made using the immunohistochemical method, to see differences in the histology of the kidneys of experimental animals, the positive control group, and the negative control group based on the VEGF angiogenesis factor. From these results, there are significant differences. In the negative group, there was no necrosis and high-value VEGF expression, but in the positive group, there was necrosis and a decrease in the value of VEGF expression compared to the negative control group.

AIM: This study intended to investigate the regenerate wound, due to the ointment therapy containing Gliricidia sepium leaves that has potential-induced epidermal stem cells producing. It determined its effect on the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Smad-3, β-catenin, LGR-6. MATERIALS AND METHODS: About 16 Wistar male rats aged approximately 2 months (150–200g) were used and were divided into four treatment groups (T1, positive control; T2, negative control; T3, wounds treated with G. sepium from Indonesia; and T4, wounds treated with G. sepium from the Philippines). The treatment of ointment was applied to the wound for 3 days. The expression of TGF-β1, Smad-3, β-catenin, and LGR-6 was observed by immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: G. sepium leaves significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated the expression of TGF-β1, Smad-3, β-catenin, and LGR-6 in the group treated with Indonesian G. sepium leaves were higher than that in the group treated with G. sepium leaves from the Philippines. CONCLUSIONS: Both leaves Varian contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which act as producing epidermal stem cell agents to enhance the wound healing process. It can be concluded that both Gl. sepium Varian Indonesia and the Philippines have a potential effect on wound healing.

Pembahasan Muhkam-Mutasyabih merupakan kajian yang tidak kalah pentingnya dengan kajian lainnya, dalam ranah pembahasan Ulum al-Qur’an dan Ulum al-Tafsir. Kajian tersebut memegang peranan penting dalam proses pemaknaan Al-Qur’an, atau lebih sering disebut dengan proses penafisran Al-Qur’an. Kajian tersebut erat kaitannya dengan penentuan hukum-hukum syari’at dalam agama Islam, maka dari itu, proses penentuan hukum syari’at akan terhambat apabila tidak dibekali dengan pengetahuan tentang Nasikh-Mansukh tersebut. Terkait dengan Muhkam-Mutasyabih, juga memegang peranan penting dalam pemaknaan Al-Qur’an, karena dalam kajian ini membagi mana ayat-ayat yang dapat dipahami ataupun dimaknai dengan cara yang singkat, dalam artian tidak memerlukan penafsiran-penafsiran yang dalam dan cenderung sulit. Dan juga pembagian ayat-ayat yang mana manusia tidak bisa memahaminya dengan sempurna, maka dari itu, agar dapat mengambil pemaknaan secara maksimal dibutuhkan adanya sebuah pengkajian terhadap ayat-ayat mutsyabih. Dari penjelasan diatas, terkait dengan Muhkam-Mutasyabih, salah satu mufassir ada yang memiliki keunikan yang cenderung berbeda dengan mufassir lainya, terkait pemikirannya tentang muhkam dan mutasyabih. Muqatil bin Sulaiman, penulis kitab tafsir Al-Kabir, mempunyai satu pandangan tersendiri, yang cenderung berbeda dengan pemikir lainnya. Dalam penelitian ini, pemikiran Muqatil bin Sulaiman terkait dengan Muhkam dan Mutasyabih akan dibahas, supaya menghadirkan satu pemahaman terkait dengan konsep tersebut dalam pandangan Muqatil bin Sulaiman.

Background: Staphylococcus and Aeromonas bacteria are pathogens in humans and animals. The therapy disrupts the virulence structure of the bacteria, resulting in bacterial death. Currently, chemical drugs have resulted in many resistant bacteria, so it is necessary to find alternative natural materials that are not toxic and do not quickly induce resistance.Aims: This study aimed to analyze the potential of methanol extract from Black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas through in silico and in vitro tests.Methods: The BSF prepupae methanol extract was analyzed for protein and fatty acid contents. Disc diffusion method, minimal inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration test were used for in vitro tests against Staphylococcis and Aeromonas. Molecular docking of the active ingredients (defensin, chitin, and chitosan as well as fatty acids) in BSF was downloaded from the NCBI database and docked by the Hex Cuda version 8.0 program with Correlation type parameters Shape + Electro and Grid Dimension version 0.6. Docking results were analyzed using the Discovery Studio program version 21.1.1.Results: The highest fatty acid contents in the extract were palmitic acid and myristic acid. Methanol extract from BSF prepupae acted as a bactericidal agent against S. aureus at a concentration of 320 mg/ml, in contrast to Aeromonas, which still showed bacterial growth. The results of the in silico test showed that defensin–aerolysin and defensin–hemolysin was bound to the same active site area. However, the amount of binding energy produced by 69-Defensin-83-aerolysin was higher than all defensin types in BSF against Aeromonas. Chitin and chitosan showed a bond on the active site of aerolysin and hemolysin, but chitosan had a stronger bond than chitin. In silico study also showed the strongest binding affinity of BSF fatty acids to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase of S. aureus.Conclusion: The study showed that methanol extract from BSF prepupae had potential capability as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus than Aeromonas in vitro and in silico.

Sea cucumbers or holothurians are marine invertebrates, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (kingdom Animalia). In Asia, they are commonly used as food, while they are applied in traditional medicine as well. A wide range of secondary metabolites from these animals has been reported, but triterpene glycosides are the most predominant and most studied and are considered as valuable chemotaxonomic markers. With respect to this, the genus Holothuria is an important genus of sea cucumbers, given the high number and variety of triterpene glycosides previously reported. Holothuria triterpene glycosides are typically composed of a 3β-hydroxyholost-9(11)-ene aglycon and a glycosidic moiety comprised of one up to six sugar units, connected to position 3 of the sapogenin. In the past decade (2010–2020) as much as 63 saponins were identified for the first time in the Holothuria genus, of which 36 had not been reported before. Identification was mainly carried out by LC–MS (liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry) analysis, while also NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy is often applied for structure elucidation. However, while carrying out a literature search on these compounds, various inconsistencies were observed. Therefore, this review intends to provide an overview of typical signals that can occur in NMR and MS data, accompanied with an extensive explanation of their interpretation, in order to facilitate any future research on identification/structure elucidation of Holothuria saponins. Moreover, the data published in the past decade were critically reviewed and various questionable results are discussed.

Because of the fickle nature of the renewable sources of energy production, professionals in this sector have developed hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) that offer a constant and stable load supply. This research intends to build off-grid hybrid energy systems (HES) in Malang, Indonesia, that uses a solar generator, wind turbine, and biogas to power public buildings. The HOMER program was used to construct this model. Following the computations, multiple hybrid renewable energy system models are used to analyze each component’s capital cost and also cost of energy (COE). Furthermore, energy output, gas emissions, and a thermoeconomic assessment of several HRES models have been explored. Two ideal HRES models were evaluated: one with a biogas generator and one without. According to the research, employing a generator of biogas would reduce fuel consumption and emissions by 68.3%. This HRES model is impressive in light of Malang’s severe air pollution. Switching from diesel to biogas generator decreases NPC by 6.84%, according to the data.

There is an increasing amount of evidence that oxidative stress related to hypertension can damage the function of diverse structures such as the aorta and kidney. It is a well-established fact that chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin found in purple sweet potato generates bioactive compound with antihypertensive and anti-ACE activities in RAA system. The present study sought to investigate anti-ACE activities in RAA system of extract ethanol of purple sweet potato (EP) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA–salt)–induced hypertensive rats (Rattus norvegicus). The rats were orally administrated a 95% ethanol extract of purple sweet potato (var. ayamurasaki) (EP) in a daily dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight also chlorogenic acid (CA) of 700 mg/kg bw for 4 weeks. Activity of renin, ACE, and Ang II concentration were assessed. Inhibiting activity of renin, ACE, and decreasing Ang II concentration after treatment was observed in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rats compared to normotensive group rats; (P

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by increased inflammation of synovial joint, and often associated with disability. Although several studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties of durian, little is known about the role of durian wood bark for medicinal purposes. Thus, this study investigated the anti-arthritic activity of durian wood bark extract in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods The rats were divided into five groups, including control, RA model, and RA model treated with durian wood bark extract (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day for 14 days). The effects of treatment were evaluated by clinical, as well as histological changes in the ankle joints, and the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results A complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA model in rats was successfully, characterized by the swelling of hind limbs, histopathological changes in ankle joints, and the upregulation of iNOS expression. The administration of durian wood bark extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg attenuated all parameters analyzed in CFA-induced RA model in rats. Conclusion Amelioration of hind limb swelling, histopathological changes, and iNOS expression in the RA model indicates that durian wood bark extract can be considered as a new treatment alternative that reduces joint symptoms, as well as a future area of research in humans.

Al-Qur’an, seen from different aspect of it, provides guidance and insight to its believers as their ways of life. In addition, the Al-Qur’an indeed does not merely emerge just like that. Therefore, the studies regarding Al-Qur’an is compulsory to provide an in-depth understanding and insights about it. One aspect of the Al-Qur’an is a story revealed either implicitly where the story indirectly affects the Al-Qur’an revelation or explicitly. One of the stories that is closely related to the verse in the Al-Qur’an is the story of “Women Who Prosecuted”. Khaulah binti Tsa’labah and the Prophet Muhammad play prominent role in this story prescribed in the Al-Qur’an. From this story, many interpretations occur when comprehensive readings are initiated. One of the relevant frameworks to read this story is the theory of ‘structuralism-narrative’ proposed by a linguist, A.J, Greimas. By using ‘structuralism-narrative’ theory proposed by Greimas, the story of Khaulah bint Tsa’labah will be examined comprehensively with a chronological plot to make the reading more precise. Moreover, two meaning namely physical structure meaning and inner structure meaning can be realized by using the framework of Greimas, precisely ‘structuralism-narrative’. Thus, this study aims to investigate the story of Khaulah binti Tsa’labah, seen as the nature of the verse in Surah Al-Mujadilah, by using the framework of ‘structuralism-narrative’ proposed by A.J. Greimas

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of demineralized dentin material sponge (DDMS). Material and Methods An observational study was conducted on DDMS and BPCM. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test was performed to determine the characterizations of the materials. Scanning electron microscope-electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) test was performed to observe the elements contained in the materials. Results The infrared spectrum of the DDMS and BPCM functional groups showed the same pattern in each variation, and no significant differences were found. According to SEM analysis, the cavities that make up the membrane were spotted on the surface. Besides, according to the SEM-EDX analysis, DDMS contained chlorine, carbon, and calcium, while BPCM contained carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. Conclusion DDMS has the potential to be a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering in terms of the characteristics. DDMS had a structure that almost resembles BPCM as seen from the results of the FTIR graph between DDMS and BPCM. The morphological structure of the two materials in the SEM test appeared to have porosity with various sizes.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the menu engineering data: preferences, acceptances, and popularity indexes of local food package menus with low to moderate glycemic index and how these variables affect the glycemic response of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study was a one group pre and post-test experimental study with 21 T2DM participants. A total of 1,764 menu engineering data were obtained during the two-week study period. Fifteen food service survey questions were distributed and anthropometric and glycemic responses were measured. Results: The popularity indexes of the main and snack package menus were significantly different (p=0,000). There was a significant decrease (p Conclusion: This study showed that the local food package menu can control the glycemic response of T2DM participants while having a high popularity index. This finding provides an opportunity for the foodservice industry to operate sustainably by considering the factors desired by consumers with T2DM in controlling their long-term glycemic response.

Hormonal fluctuations in livestock will affect vaginal cytology good overview on the condition of estrous until pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological condition of Ongole crossbred (PO) cow during estrous and determine pregnancy by the description of vaginal epithelial cells, progesterone, and estrogen hormone profiles. The materials were used 35 cows with physiological status (estrous, 5 th pregnancy period, 16 th pregnancy period, 22 nd pregnancy period, and 60 th pregnancy period). Samples of Vaginal smear were stained with Giemsa, then it was observed using a microscope, with 40 times magnification. The progesterone and estrogen were analyzed by the ELISA method. The parameters measured were the percentage of vaginal epithelial cells, such as (parabasal, intermediate, and superficial) started estrous phase until the time of pregnancy in cows (5, 16, 22, and 60 days), hormone concentration, as well as the presence or absence of leukocytes. The result showed the Ongole crossbred cow estrous phase percentage of superficial cells 56.27%±6.49 higher than 26.23%±7.98 intermediate cells, followed by parabasal cells 17.50%±4.74. While in Ongole crossbred that were 5t h pregnancy period until the 60 th predominantly intermediate cell 80.43%±1.31, then the superficial cells 18.09%±1.30 and 1.48%±0.04 parabasal cells. Progesterone concentration was 63.74±1.07 ng.mL -1 in estrus cows, and steadily increased 93.71±0.94 ng.mL -1 to 149.5±0.71 ng.mL -1 in pregnant cows (5-60 days). The concentration of high estrogen levels were 122.38 ± 0.63 ng.mL -1 in the estrous phase, then decreased 81.54±0.44 ng.mL -1 in the pregnancy phase. In conclusion, the concentration of hormone showed a diagnosis of pregnancy, which done by looking at changes in vaginal epithelial cells at the Ongole crossbred cow, and the cow estrous phase showed greater superficial cells compared by pregnant cows (5-60 days). Keywords: diagnosis of pregnancy, estrous, hormone, Ongole crossbred of cow, vaginal cytology.

Salmonellosis that attacks poultry, caused by Salmonella enteritidis is a cause of food borne disease in zoonotic humans. Treatment of this disease uses antibiotics but if used irrationally it can result in the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. At present many treatments use herbs which are considered to reduce the negative effects of antibiotics and are environmentally friendly, one of which is coffee. Green coffee is considered to have many active ingredients such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), alkaloids, tannin, polyphenols and polysaccharides which are useful as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and enhances the body's immune system. The study used 60 heads ISA Brown day-old chicks (layer strain) chickens artificially infected with S. enteritidis bacteria with concentration of 10 8 CFU/ml, consisting of negative controls (healthy chickens, without coffee, positive control (chickens were given), T1, T2 and T3 was given different doses of coffee extract with 500 mg/kg BW, 1000 mg/kg BW and 1500 mg kg BW, respectively. The treatments with coffee extracts were given on days 3-15, then infected with 0.5 ml bacteria on day 16 and 60 chickens were necropsied at day 18 for histopathology. Data on relative levels of CD8 Tc cells were calculated using the flowcytometer test and analyzed quantitatively using the One Way ANOVA with a confidence level of 95% while the jejunum histopathology was observed using a microscopy and analyzed descriptively. Results showed that Robusta coffee extract from Lampung can act as an antibacterial by increasing CD8 + T cells and repairing jejunum histopathology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the causative agent of tuberculosis in human. One of the major M. tuberculosis virulence factors is early secretory antigenic target of 6-kDa (ESAT-6), and EccB5 protein encoded by eccB5 is one of its components. EccB5 protein is a transmembrane protein in ESX-5 system. The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of wild-type EccB5 and its mutant form N426I. We expressed the EccB5 protein by cloning the mutant and wild-type eccB5 gene in Escherichia coli (E. coli). We compared the protein structure of wild type and mutant form of EccB5 and found changes in structure around Asn426 (loop structure) in wild type and around Ile426 (β-strand) in the mutant. The truncated recombinant protein of EccB5 was successfully cloned and expressed using plasmid pCold I in E. coli DH5α and E. coli strain Rosetta-gami B (DE3) and purified as a 38.6 kDa protein by using the affinity column. There was no detectable adenosine triphosphatase activity in truncated forms of EccB5 and its mutant. In conclusion, our study reveals successful cloning and protein expression of truncated form of eccB5 gene of M. tuberculosis. EccB5 protein in ESX-5 system may be an important membrane component involved in the transport machinery of type VII secretion system, which is essential for growth and virulence.

This study was aimed to examine energy, density, proximate, dietary fiber and macronutrients ratio on the glycemic index and glycemic load of 6 kinds Indonesian local package menus made of red rice as a staple food and several other potentially antidiabetic food ingredients. The design was a quasi-experimental with 20 participants each of which were10 non-diabetic subjects (4 males and 6 females) aged between 20.3±1.0 years old and 10 subjects with type 2 diabetes (5 males and 5 females) aged between 54.4±9.3 years old. The results showed test package menu 1 (nasi liwet) has glycemic index and glycemic load can be accepted as healthy menu package in both, non-diabetic subjects (glycemic index = 23.8±9.2; glycemic load = 11.9±4.6) and diabetes subjects (glycemic index = 17.5±8.5; glycemic load = 8.7±3.3). There is a moderate to a strong negative correlation between glycemic index and the incremental area under the curve with the content of protein, fat, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and moderate to strong positive correlation with macronutrients ratio. In conclusion, prevention of increased postprandial blood glucose in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus diet can be done by preparing a local Indonesian menu package based on red rice food ingredients by considering the type of menu, protein, fat, total and soluble dietary fiber, and macronutrient ratio.

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease, and it accounts for major cases of hyperthyroidism. Antibody against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor/TSHR (TRAb) is responsible for hyperthyroidism and is considered as a diagnostic marker for GD. Therefore, we developed a recombinant protein of human TSHR-169 (hTSHR-169), which was specifically recognized TRAb in the serum of GD patients and then compare the diagnostic performance between ELISA and dot blot of TRAb tests for their ability to diagnose GD.20 GD patients and 20 healthy individuals from the Indonesian population were enrolled. TRAb concentration and density were quantified. Comparative analysis was performed using receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis.For dot blot assay, the minimum concentration to detect TRAb requiring 100 ng of antigen with antiserum diluted at 1:60. For diagnosing GD, the ELISA yielded a higher AUC compared with the dot blot assay (0.95 and 0.85, respectively). Using the recommended cutoff values, the efficiency of both assays was examined by comparing the specificity and sensitivity of the assays to the clinical diagnosis. The ELISA showed 80% and 95%, while the dot blot assay showed 70% and 95% sensitivity and specificity, respectively.Although the dot blot assay exhibited lower performance than the ELISA method, the dot blot assay is a simple and rapid diagnostic assay that is suitable for diagnosing GD in rural areas, in which healthcare facilities sometimes are not accessible.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by increased inflammation of synovial joint, and often associated with disability. Although several studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties of durian, little is known about the role of durian wood bark for medicinal purposes. Thus, this study investigated the anti-arthritic activity of durian wood bark extract in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The rats were divided into five groups, including control, RA model, and RA model treated with durian wood bark extract (20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day for 14 days). The effects of treatment were evaluated by clinical, as well as histological changes in the ankle joints, and the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results: A complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA model in rats was successfully, characterized by the swelling of hind limbs, histopathological changes in ankle joints, and the upregulation of iNOS expression. The administration of durian wood bark extract at a dose of 40 mg/kg attenuated all parameters analyzed in CFA-induced RA model in rats. Conclusion: Amelioration of hind limb swelling, histopathological changes, and iNOS expression in the RA model indicates that durian wood bark extract can be considered as a new treatment alternative that reduces joint symptoms, as well as a future area of research in humans. RESUMEN Antecedentes: La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad inflamatoria común mediada por el sistema inmunológico que se caracteriza por una mayor inflamación de la articulación sinovial, y a menudo se asocia con discapacidad. Aunque en varios estudios se han demostrado las propiedades medicinales del durián, se conoce poco sobre el papel de la corteza de madera de durián con fines médicos. Así pues, en este estudio se investigó la actividad antiartrítica del extracto de corteza de madera de durián en un modelo de AR en ratas. Métodos: Las ratas se dividieron en 5 grupos, incluyendo el control, el modelo de AR y el modelo de AR tratado con extracto de corteza de madera durián (20, 30 y 40mg/kg/día durante 14 días). Los efectos del tratamiento se evaluaron mediante cambios clínicos e histológicos en las articulaciones de los tobillos y el nivel de expresión de la sintasa de óxido nítrico inducible (iNOS). Resultados: Desarrollamos con éxito un modelo completo de AR inducida por adyuvantes de Freund (CFA) en ratas, caracterizado por la hinchazón de las extremidades posteriores, los cambios histopatológicos de las articulaciones del tobillo y el aumento de la expresión de la iNOS. La administración de extracto de corteza de madera de durián a una dosis de 40 mg/kg atenuó todos los parámetros analizados en el modelo de AR inducida por CFA en ratas. Conclusión: La mejora de la hinchazón de las extremidades traseras, los cambios histopatológicos y la expresión de iNOS en el modelo de AR indican que el extracto de corteza de madera dura puede considerarse una nueva alternativa de tratamiento para reducir los síntomas de las articulaciones, con un futuro campo de investigación en los seres humanos.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and costly disease that has become a primary concern worldwide. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is categorized as an autoimmune disease, which results in islet cell apoptosis and insulin-dependent. GAD65 is known as a potential marker of impaired pancreatic β cell function that appears in the initial phase of type 1 DM and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). This study aimed to develop a novel rapid test of anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in human serum samples. Methods We have developed a rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies in this assay based on the reverse-flow immunochromatography method. Human recombinant-protein antigen for GAD65 was attached as the control line over the nitrocellulose membrane. On the other side, the goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) was coated on the same membrane as a control line. The positive result for GAD65 was confirmed by a colloidal gold signal on the strip. Our novel assay analyzed 276 healthy subjects and 51 type 1 diabetes individuals serum samples from several ethnicities in Indonesia for this study. Results Among the 276 healthy samples, 225 samples were identified as positive for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies, while 51 samples were negative. Interestingly, the positive results for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies were linear to the decreasing of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and inversely associated with triglyceride levels. A significant correlation with age was observed in all groups. The sensitivity and specificity test proved that this kit has higher accuracy (AUC value = 0.960). Conclusion The significant advantages of our rapid test for anti-GAD65 autoantibodies provide higher sensitivity, specificity, and stability compared to previous commercial kits. Therefore, it could be proposed as the future clinical diagnostic kit for patient management of type 1 DM., Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), Autoimmune, Rapid test.