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Context Health care provider education is an effective strategy to improve knowledge and competencies in opioid-prescribing practices. However, there are very few studies regarding this among providers of patients with cancer pain and nonmedical opioid use (NMOU). The aim of our study was to assess participants' attitudes, beliefs, and self-perceived confidence in caring for patients with cancer pain and NMOU before and after attending an opioid educational seminar on the use and nonmedical use of opioids in patients with cancer. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted among health care providers who attended an opioid educational event in April 2018 and May 2019. Results The overall response rate was 63% (129 of 206). Approximately 72% of participants had concerns about NMOU in patients with cancer, 69% felt that such patients are frequently underdetected, and 63% felt that cancer pain is frequently undertreated. At baseline, only 23% reported adequate knowledge and 35% reported confidence in caring for patients with cancer with NMOU-related issues. Among those who completed both the preseminar and postseminar surveys, these numbers improved significantly at the end of the seminar (26% vs. 71% and 43% vs. 84%, respectively; all P Conclusion Most health care providers expressed concerns about underdetection of NMOU and undertreatment of pain among patients with cancer. Many self-reported knowledge and confidence deficits in caring for patients with cancer with NMOU. Seminar participation was associated with an increase in the number of participants with self-perceived knowledge and confidence. Future studies are needed to ascertain the impact of such opioid educational events on patient care practices.

Age stereotypes are complex and multifaceted: individuals can demonstrate and embody numerous and varied positive and negative stereotypes. Therefore, solutions to combat age stereotypes must also be complex and multifaceted. Additionally, both social and physical forms of age segregation are common in our society. This causes fewer and fewer opportunities for younger and older people to interact. Intergroup Contact Theory suggests age stereotypes can be reduced through increased intergenerational contact. One way to encourage contact between younger and older populations is through intergenerational programming. However, there is a lack of literature investigating the effects of intergenerational programs on perceptions of aging. The purpose of this paper was to critically review and explore literature on intergenerational programs to understand how they influence age stereotypes and ageist attitudes. The available literature suggests that intergenerational programs involving young children (ages 4-8), adolescents (ages 11-18), or emerging adults (ages 19-26) interacting with older adults (ages 65+) can significantly reduce age stereotypes towards older adults. Additionally, older adults (ages 65+) negative beliefs and attitudes towards younger people (ages 4-26) can also be deconstructed after participation in intergenerational programs. Intergenerational programs act to break down age barriers and promote connections and understandings between generations. These programs challenge the belief that older and younger people should live and participate in spaces that are separate from one another. Providing opportunities for younger and older people to participate in intergenerational programs is one way to promote respectful relationships and enhance the quality of life and health of all generations.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and is linked to cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. In the U.S. territory of Guam, the incidence of cervical cancer is six times higher in Micronesians and over three times higher for CHamorus than the U.S. population. Though nasopharyngeal cancer has other contributing factors beyond HPV infection such as smoking and drinking, the CHamorus, who are the Indigenous people of Guam, have an incidence rate of nasopharyngeal cancer 20 times that of the U.S. population. In Guam, HPV vaccination rate is sub-optimally short of the National Healthy People 2020 goal to have at least 80% of females and males between the ages 13-15 years complete the HPV vaccine series. In 2016, 55.8% females and 33.2% males completed the HPV vaccination. Objective Our study sought to analyze a representative sample of Guam residents to examine their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices regarding HPV, and barriers to HPV vaccination. Methods The cross-sectional survey of 776 respondents included 38% males and 62% females. The three major ethnic groups in the sample were CHamoru (48%), Filipino (26%), and Micronesians (11%). Sixty-eight percent of the respondents had at least one child. The aggregated scores were calculated for the following scale items: attitude (A), knowledge (K), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) regarding HPV. Results Almost 45% of respondents admitted that they do not have enough knowledge to have their children vaccinated. However, 88% of those respondents stated that they would have their children vaccinated if the doctor told them. Women had significantly higher mean scores than men for A, K, and PBC/SN. Participants with more than high school education and higher incomes have significantly higher mean scores for all three measures. There were significant differences among different ethnic groups, with Micronesians having the lowest average score for all three measures. There were no significant differences between participants who had their children vaccinated and those who did not. Only 48% of respondents with children reported having their children vaccinated. Only ethnicity and having insurance were significant predictors of HPV vaccination. The respondents with medical insurance were almost three times as likely to have their children vaccinated for HPV (OR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.4, 5.2) Conclusions The results highlighted the significance of the physician’s role in having the HPV vaccination. Our results will serve as a guide to implement effective strategies for the development of targeted behavioral interventions and to develop appropriate interventions to increase the HPV vaccination uptake on Guam. Citation Format: Ana Joy Mendez, Lilnabeth Somera, Grazyna Badowski, Angelina Mummert, Lucy Castro, Angrenilda Antolin. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices regarding human papillomavirus (HPV), and barriers to vaccination against HPV infection: A cross-sectional survey of Guam residents [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-070.

This study aims to explore in-service preschool teachers’ attitudes towards and beliefs about geometry and its teaching and to investigate their knowledge of shapes and solids. The study uses a mixed descriptive approach employing quantitative and qualitative research methods. Thirty-four Israeli preschool teachers of children aged 3-6 from 34 different preschools and kindergartens participated in the study and responded to a questionnaire comprised of closed and open items. Regarding their attitudes and beliefs, the preschool teachers were asked about: the meaning of geometry; affinity for geometry, importance of geometry; need to use accurate mathematical language, and about their enjoyment of engaging young children in activities connected with learning geometry. As to the knowledge of shapes and solids, the preschool teachers were asked to describe or define shapes and solids, name shapes and solids and distinguish between rectangles and other shapes. The results illustrate that most of the preschool teachers like geometry or expressed a neutral position towards geometry, but some hate geometry. Most of the preschool teachers comprehend the importance of engaging in activities that relate to geometry in preschool and enjoy involving young children in activities connected with learning geometry. As to the use of accurate language, most of the preschool teachers maintain that accurate mathematical language should be applied when preschool children aged 3-6 deal with shapes and solids. Yet, only about half of them believe that it is necessary to use accurate language when the children are at an earlier age. Certain preschool teachers lack the knowledge to name shapes and solids, even those which are part the mathematics curriculum for ages 3-6. They exhibited difficulties in using accurate mathematical language when describing shapes and solids, and were influenced by the shapes’ visual appearance rather than by their definitions and properties. It is recommended that preschool teachers attend further development programs so they can appropriately involve young children in activities connected to learning geometry, as required by the curriculum.

ObjectiveTo explore football coaches’ beliefs and attitudes about injury prevention and the 11+ injury prevention programme, and to investigate factors that may influence adherence to the 11+ injury prevention programme.MethodsA total of 538 football coaches who had completed an injury prevention education workshop were invited to participate in a web-based nationwide survey. The survey questions explored beliefs and attitudes about injury prevention and the 11+ injury prevention programme, self-reported adherence to the 11+ programme, as well as perceived barriers and facilitators to the use of the 11+ programme.ResultsThere were 158 respondents. The majority believe that injury prevention is part of their coaching role (94%) that a structured warm-up is an important part of their team’s preparation for training and games (96%), and that the 11+ is effective (92%). While most respondents (95%) use the 11+, modifications are common. Participants with greater coaching experience are more likely to use the programme. Time constraints are the main barriers to adherence, while knowing that the programme enhances performance is seen as a major facilitator.ConclusionsCoaches who attended an injury prevention workshop have positive attitudes towards injury prevention and the 11+ programme. However, coaches with less coaching experience may be less likely to use the 11+ and could therefore be the target population for future education workshops. Promoting the performance enhancing effects of the 11+ and encouraging modifications could improve acceptability and adherence.

Background Healthcare providers play a critical role in facilitating patient access to medical cannabis. However, previous surveys suggest only a minority of providers believe that medical cannabis confers benefits to patients. Significant new knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of medical cannabis has recently emerged. Understanding current attitudes and beliefs of providers may provide insight into the ongoing challenges they face as states expand access to medical cannabis. Methods We conducted an electronic survey of primary care providers in a large Minnesota-based healthcare system between January 23 and February 5, 2018. We obtained information about provider characteristics, attitudes and beliefs about medical cannabis, provider comfort level in answering patient questions about medical cannabis, and whether providers were interested in receiving additional education. Results Sixty-two providers completed the survey (response rate 31%; 62/199). Seventy-six percent of respondents were physicians and the average age was 46.3 years. A majority of providers believed (“strongly agree” or “somewhat agree”) that medical cannabis was a legitimate medical therapy (58.1%) and 38.7% believed that providers should be offering to patients for managing medical conditions. A majority (> 50%) of providers believed that medical cannabis was helpful for treating the qualifying medical conditions of cancer, terminal illness, and intractable pain. A majority of providers did not know if medical cannabis was effective for managing nearly one-half of the other state designated qualifying medical conditions. Few believed that medical cannabis improved quality of life domains. Over one-third of providers believed that medical cannabis interacted with medical therapies. One-half of providers were not ready to or did not want to answer patient questions about medical cannabis, and the majority of providers wanted to learn more about it. Conclusions Healthcare providers generally believe that medical cannabis is a legitimate medical therapy. Provider knowledge gaps about the effectiveness of medical cannabis for state designated qualifying conditions need to be addressed, and accurate information about the potential for drug interactions needs to be disseminated to address provider concerns. Clinical trial data about how medical cannabis improves patient quality of life domains is desperately needed as this information can impact clinical decision-making.

Objective To analyze the relationship between the maternal attitudes, beliefs and practices and the children’s food consumption and nutritional status. Methods A cross-sectional study of 563 mother-child pairs. Mothers answered an online questionnaire that collected the following information: sociodemographic data, maternal nutritional status, the child’s food consumption (evaluated through the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the School Child Diet Index), and maternal attitudes, beliefs and practices about the schoolchildren’s eating (assessed through the Child Feeding Questionnaire). Children had their anthropometric measurements evaluated for the interpretation of the nutritional status. Results Mothers who considered their children to be bigger (ORaj=6.60) and who worried more about their children’s weight (ORaj=3.47) presented greater chances of having overweight children. Mothers with a greater perception of responsibility (ORaj=0.57) and who put more pressure in their children to eat (ORaj=0.38) presented lower chances of having overweight children. The majority of children consumed high-quality food (77.4%). Mothers who more closely monitored their children’s food consumption were 2.79 times more likely to have their children eating high-quality food. Conclusion Nutritional interventions should focus on stimulating the parents’ sense of responsibility for the child’s nutrition, as well as on promoting the frequent monitoring of the child’s food intake. RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a relação entre as atitudes, crenças e práticas maternas e o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional da criança. Métodos Estudo transversal com 563 pares mães-crianças. Mães responderam questionário online que coletava as seguintes informações: dados sociodemográficos, estado nutricional materno, consumo alimentar da criança (avaliado a partir do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e do Índice de Alimentação do Escolar), e atitudes, crenças e práticas maternas sobre a alimentação de crianças em idade escolar (avaliadas a partir do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança). As crianças tiveram suas medidas antropométricas aferidas para interpretação do estado nutricional. Resultados Mães que percebiam os corpos de suas crianças maiores (ORaj=6,60) e que se preocupavam mais com o peso da sua criança (ORaj=3,47) apresentavam maior chance de terem filhos com excesso de peso. Mães com maior percepção de responsabilidade (ORaj=0,57) e que pressionavam mais a criança para comer (ORaj=0,38) apresentavam menor chance de terem crianças com excesso de peso. A maioria das crianças possuía uma alimentação de alta qualidade (77,4%). Mães que monitoravam mais a alimentação de sua criança tiveram a chance 2,79 vezes maior de ter criança com alimentação de alta qualidade. Conclusão As intervenções nutricionais devem focar em estimular o senso de responsabilidade dos pais pela nutrição da criança, bem como em promover o monitoramento frequente do consumo alimentar da criança.

Lack of advance care planning conversations with physicians often leaves the decisions of informal caregivers (e.g., with regard to end-of-life or other significant treatment decisions) vulnerable to their own biases, such as religious beliefs or mistrust in health care. The purpose of this study is to explore attitudes and beliefs about advance care planning, palliative care, and end-of-life care among predominantly African American parishioners. Participants were recruited to participate in qualitative interviews from two urban churches in the southeastern United States. Barriers to soliciting advance care planning conversations with physicians or family members include a lack of knowledge about advance care planning, a trusted source to obtain information, religious beliefs, and fear of dishonoring family members. Results indicate that religious belief and lack of trust may serve as explanatory factors for differences in attitudes and beliefs about advance care planning, desire for end-of-life care, and perceptions about health and illness.

The goal of this research was to examine adults’ and children's perceptions of participating in a family science night event, especially in the context of parental belief about children's science abilities. Family science nights are becoming increasingly popular and are used in a wide range of settings. During family science nights, adults and students jointly engaged in a variety of science activities. Results revealed that adults, 90% of whom were parents of attending students, reported learning more about children's interests and abilities in science. Students also agreed that that the adults had learned more about their abilities and interests. Personal characteristics of adults and children, such as gender and ethnicity, were not found to have any relationship to ratings.

Construction workers (CWs) are both more exposed to tetanus and at higher risk to be inadequately immunized. Our aim was to evaluate tetanus immunization status and knowledge/attitudes towards tetanus vaccination in CWs in Italy. In this field report, the immunization status of 554 unskilled CWs (i.e. labourers). Immunization status was assessed recalling immunization booklets/certificates. Attitudes and knowledge were collected through a standardized questionnaire. In 240/554 CWs, immunization status was inadequate/not documented: in 184 subjects (33.2%), the last vaccination shot was older than 10 years, whereas basal immunization was incomplete in 20 cases, more frequently in foreign-born people (FBP) than in Italian born (IBP) (OR=7.116). In 198 cases (35.7%), an Occupational Physician (OPh) performed last booster, usually with monovalent (T, n=173) vaccine. The main reason for inadequate immunization was having forgotten the periodic booster (148/554; 26.7%), whereas 42 subjects (7.6%) deliberately avoided tetanus vaccine because of personal/religious beliefs, more frequently in FBP than in IBP (OR=3.182). In summary, the prevalence of inadequate immunization status was relatively high (43.4%): the high prevalence of “forgotten boosters” enlightens the key role of OPh in recalling and promoting vaccination policies. Moreover, the inappropriate use of Td vaccine points out the opportunity for educational campaigns in OPh.

Background: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)-associated mortality is considered high and still raising, where outcomes can be improved through immediate treatment initiation. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived risk are cognitive factors that can affect patient’s decision to seek care immediately. Therefore, this study aimed to explore knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived risk for future ACS event among Jordanian ACS patients. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational design was used to conveniently recruit 160 ACS patients from CCUs and medical floors at three Jordanian hospitals using the Modified ACS Response Questionnaire. Results: Almost, 65% of participants had low level of ACS knowledge, specifically regarding untraditional ACS symptoms. Some negative attitudes and beliefs toward ACS were found. There was a moderate positive correlation between knowledge score and all of attitudes, beliefs and perceived risk score (r = 0.549, p < 0.01, r = 0.563, p < 0.01, r = 0.545, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Inadequate ACS knowledge, negative attitudes and beliefs toward ACS were associated with low perceived risk for future ACS event. Therefore, it is a priority to develop strategies that consider improving ACS patients’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived risk. This could be effective to enhance patient’s decision to seek care and reduce ominous outcomes.

In Canada, rotavirus vaccine is recommended for all infants, but not all provinces/territories have publicly funded programs. We compared public and healthcare provider (HCP) knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in a province with a public health nurse-delivered, publicly funded rotavirus vaccination program to a province with a publicly funded, physician-delivered program. A third province with no vaccination program acted as a control.Information about knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of parents whose children were eligible for the universal program and healthcare providers responsible for administering the vaccine were collected through the use of two validated surveys distributed in public health clinics, physicians' offices, and via e-mail. Early and postvaccine-program survey results were compared.A total of 722 early implementation and 709 postimplementation parent surveys and 180 early and 141 postimplementation HCP surveys were analyzed. HCP and public attitudes toward rotavirus vaccination were generally positive and didn't change over time. More parents postprogram were aware of the NACI recommendation and the vaccination program and reported that their healthcare provider discussed rotavirus infection and vaccine with them. Prior to the program across all sites, more physicians than nurses were aware of the national recommendation regarding rotavirus vaccine. In the postprogram survey, however, more nurses were aware of the national recommendation and their provincial universal rotavirus vaccination program. Nurses had higher knowledge scores than physicians in the postprogram survey (p0.001). Parents of young infants were also more knowledgeable about rotavirus and rotavirus vaccine in the two areas where universal programs were in place (p0.001).Implementation of a universal rotavirus vaccination program was associated with an increase in knowledge and more positive attitudes toward rotavirus vaccine amongst parents of eligible infants. Nurses involved in a public health-delivered vaccination program were more knowledgeable and had more positive attitudes toward the vaccine than physicians in a jurisdiction where vaccine was physician-delivered.

Background. Falls are the leading cause of injury death, nursing home placement, and hospital trauma admissions in older adults. Although guidelines to reduce falls have been available for over a decade, routine implementation by healthcare providers is less than optimal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes/beliefs and current practices of Kansas physician assistants (PAs) regarding fall assessment/prevention strategies in older adults and barriers to implementing strategies into daily practice. Methods. A 67-item survey was mailed to all 760 Kansas PAs in 2009; 152 responded. Logistic regressions were performed on current fall prevention practices (exercise, home safety, medications, and vision) to determine attitudes, beliefs, and barriers associated with implementation. Results. Most PAs believe falls are preventable (87%) and implementation of various prevention strategies are their professional responsibility (88% - 96%); yet, less than 50% routinely implement them. Barriers included lack of time (27%), lack of staff (26%), and feeling illprepared (18%). Multiple logistic regressions revealed correlations among implementing the medication review strategy and lack of time as well as practicing the exercise strategy and lack of time and awareness of local exercise programs. Conclusions. PAs are aware of the importance of fall prevention, believe falls are preventable, and believe it is their professional responsibility to implement fall prevention strategies with their older adult patients. However, most do not implement strategies in their practice due to a variety of internal and logistical barriers. Fall prevention materials/tools that are practical, simple, inexpensive, and require little implementation time may overcome barriers. KS J Med 2015;8(4):135-142.

Farm-level tree planting has been suggested to have potential to decrease pressures on natural forests and, consequently, contribute towards reducing deforestation and forest degradation. However, the scientific evidence for such a link is limited. We examined farmers’ beliefs, attitudes and behaviours in relation to tree planting on farms and cutting down trees from the forest, as one way of establishing this link. A household survey was administered to 200 farmers in two rural districts in Malawi, which included an attitude scale based on the theory of planned behaviour. The results showed that farmers in Malawi recognise the benefits of planting trees, feel encouraged by fellow farmers, and feel capable of planting trees on their land. In addition, they believe cutting down trees from the forest will result in mainly negative outcomes, and feel discouraged by others and hindered by control factors to cut down trees from the forest. In total, 76 % of respondents planted trees in the past 5 years, 50 % collected firewood from the forest and 21 % collected poles. There was no evidence for a direct relationship between attitudes towards planting trees and cutting down trees, nor were the behaviours in relation to tree planting and cutting down trees from the forest significantly associated. However, there was evidence for an indirect relationship between tree planting behaviour and cutting down trees from the forest, as respondents who had planted trees had more negative attitudes towards cutting down trees from the forest. Future research should further explore the direct relationship between agroforestry and deforestation to establish if and under what conditions such a relationship might exist.

Bird-window collisions are an important cause of bird mortality worldwide. Reducing collisions requires understanding of the costs and benefits perceived by stakeholders. I consulted two focus groups, conducted 18-semi-strcutured interviews and applied surveys to 58 residents of Monteverde, Costa Rica, to understand their perception of the problem. Many reported collisions in their houses but there is a lack of information about the magnitude of the situation. Black silhouettes are the most frequent method of prevention, even though they are mostly ineffective. The main factors for selecting methods include unblocked views, aesthetics, effectiveness, ease of installation and removal, and ease of maintenance. The preferred effective method was cords (Acopian Bird Savers), and painted dots was the least liked. I recommend education about effective methods for Monteverde and similar communities. Las colisiones de aves con ventanas son una causa importante de mortalidad de aves en todo el mundo. La reducción de colisiones requiere la comprensión de los costos y beneficios percibidos por los tomadores de decisiones. Consulté dos grupos focales, realicé 18 entrevistas semi-estructuradas y apliqué encuestas a 58 residentes de Monteverde, Costa Rica, para comprender su percepción del problema. Muchos reportaron colisiones en sus casas, pero hay una falta de información sobre la magnitud de la situación. Las siluetas oscuras de aves son el método más frecuente de prevención, aunque en su mayoría son ineficaces. Los factores principales para seleccionar métodos incluyen que no bloqueen la vista, estética, efectividad, facilidad de instalación y eliminación, y facilidad de mantenimiento. El método preferido son las cuerdas colgantes (Acopian Bird Savers), y los puntos pintados eran los menos apreciados. Recomiendo educación sobre métodos efectivos para Monteverde y comunidades similares.

There is a widespread concern that relatively few students, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, continue to study chemistry and other science subjects after compulsory education. Yet it remains unclear how different aspects of students’ background and home context, their own attitudes and beliefs, and their experiences of particular teaching approaches in school might limit or facilitate their studying aspirations; concurrently, less research has specifically focused on and surveyed disadvantaged students. In order to gain more insight, 4780 students were surveyed, covering those in Year 7 (age 11–12 years) and in Year 8 (age 12–13) from schools in England with high proportions of those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Predictive modelling highlighted that the students’ aspirations to study non-compulsory science in the future, and to study the particular subject of chemistry, were strongly associated with their extrinsic motivation towards science (their perceived utility of science, considered as a means to gain particular careers or skills), their intrinsic interest in science, and their engagement in extra-curricular activities. Additionally, their self-concept beliefs (their confidence in their own abilities in science), some teaching approaches, and encouragement from teachers and family alongside family science capital had smaller but still relevant associations.

Background: Although sex lives of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are affected in various ways and degrees, nurses working with these patients refrain from talking about sexual matters with their patients or encounter barriers trying to do so. Objective: The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify attitudes and beliefs of cardiovascular nurses regarding talking to their patients about sexual problems, perceived barriers, and proposed solutions. Methods: The sample included 170 nurses working for the cardiology and cardiac surgery departments of 1 university hospital, 2 ministry of health hospitals, and 2 private hospitals in Turkey. Data were collected between April and August 2015 through a 4-section questionnaire including the Sexual Attitude and Beliefs Scale. Descriptive, parametric, and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Most (73.5%) reported not talking to their patients about sexual issues, and only 35.9% stated that they had been educated on how to do so. The major reason for nurses avoiding discussions about sex with their patients was not considering sexuality as a patient care priority (86.4%). Establishing privacy for the patient (91.2%) was the solution proposed by most nurses. The average score of the nurses on the Sexual Attitude and Beliefs Scale was only medium. Conclusion: Most of the nurses were untrained about how to talk about sexual problems with their patients and therefore were unable to talk about it freely. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

The goal of the present study was to examine preschool teachers’ attitudes, beliefs, and emotional reactions in response to vignettes depicting a range of children's peer group behaviors. Participants were N = 405 female preschool teachers, aged 20–65 years ( M = 41.54, SD = 10.50), recruited from childcare centers and preschools located primarily in Ontario, Canada. Participants read a series of short scenarios depicting hypothetical children engaging in a range of peer-group behaviors at preschool, including: (1) physical aggression; (2) relational aggression; (3) shyness; (4) unsociability; (5) rough-and-tumble play; and (6) exuberance. Following each vignette, teachers responded to a series of items assessing their attitudes (e.g., intent to intervene, tolerance), beliefs (e.g., implications for children's social and academic functioning), and emotional reactions (e.g., anger, worry) toward each child behavior. Results indicated that preschool teachers expressed more negative views in response to child aggression as compared to social withdrawal. Exuberance and rough-and-tumble play elicited comparatively positive, but also somewhat mixed responses. However, clear differences were also evidenced among sub-types of both aggression and social withdrawal. Findings are discussed in terms of the implications of teachers’ distinctions among different types of young children's peer-group behaviors at preschool.

Just as the behavioral effects have behavioral mechanisms, the cognitive effects of television have cognitive mechanisms based on the structure of attitudes, beliefs, and judgments, and on the way in which these cognitive structures are acquired. A series of studies provide evidence for a small but significant influence of television's content on attitudes and beliefs about the real world. Violence is not the only distortion of the content of television, and so the "mean world syndrome" is not the only kind of influence we would expect on attitudes and values. The effects of mainstreaming, of the content of television influencing the beliefs of real people about the world, are not confined to the characterization of violence. Personal and societal level judgments are independent of one another, and that a media intervention, such as watching a television show about nursing home abuse, changed societal level judgments but not personal level judgments.

Summary: Introduction: The Scholar population of the public sector of Calicity has been object of actions of promotion, prevention and treatment, through the program of theHealthy Student, we decided to make a Bucodental epidemiologist profile with the Analysis of theKnowledge, Attitudes/Beliefs and Practices analysis to know the bucodental status of children andthe actions to achieved. Methodology: A systematic and cluster sample was made. A cross-sectionalsurvey was undertaken among 204.181 children from 47 scholar institutions, the clinic staff wasstandardize for using the survey and the information was analyzed by the ACCESS® program. Results:43,5% of children associate the mouth with functions like speaking and eating. 95% of childrenreported to be in agreement with their teeth. 60% of children consider teeth must stay in mouth forall life . 32.3% of sample goes to dentist when pain appears. Discussion: According to the resultsobtained in the Municipal oral health survey compared with Departmental study made in 1998; resultswere similar in most of the answers of the survey; we concluded that the children’s knowledge inthese last years have not varied in a significant way. Recommendations: It is recommended tocontinue fortifying the component of self-esteem and self body acceptance within the Education inoral health. Key words: Oral Health. Knowledge. Attitudes. Belief. Practices.

Objective: To evaluate the beliefs of medical university students regarding male circumcision (MC), as well as attitudes and the predictors of its promotion in the case of adults at risk of HIV. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 2013–2016 at the Medical University in Szczecin, Poland, among final year Polish/foreign students from Northern Europe, using a standardized questionnaire. Results: There were 539 participants, median age 25 years, 40.8% males, and 66.8% were Polish nationals. The MC rate was 16.7%. Regarding HIV/AIDS knowledge, 66.6% of the students scored more than 75%; and, 34.2% knew that MC reduces the risk of HIV infection. One in eleven respondents (9.1%) believed that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure. More than half of the respondents (54.8%) declared that they would recommend MC to adult patients at risk for HIV. The belief that circumcised men felt more intense sexual pleasure, and knowledge on MC regarding HIV risk reduction was associated with greater odds of recommending adult MC (OR = 3.35 and OR = 2.13, respectively). Conclusions: Poor knowledge of its benefits and a low willingness to promote the procedure—strongly dependent on personal beliefs—suggest that medical students may need additional training to help them to discuss MC more openly with adult men at risk for HIV infection. Knowledge may be an effective tool when making decisions regarding MC promotion.

Objective To evaluate the conduct and reporting of views of pregnant women on the acceptability, attitudes, beliefs and their experiences in randomised trials on diet and lifestyle interventions. Study design We undertook a systematic review of literature of randomised trials identified from our previous search in major electronic databases (until February 2017) without language restrictions. We included trials on diet and lifestyle interventions that reported acceptability, attitudes, beliefs and experiences of pregnant women. The quality of papers was evaluated using the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP) framework. Data were extracted for the following domains: acceptability, intention, behaviour, attitudes and factors influencing participation. The proportion of studies that reported the various components in each domain was reported in percentages. Results Of the 110 trials on diet and lifestyle in pregnancy, 24 reported on views of pregnant women. Acceptability of the provided information to the woman was reported in 84% (20/24), compared to 12% (3/24) on acceptability to partner or to family. Mother’s intention to adhere to intervention in pregnancy was reported in 68% (17/24) of studies vs.only 16% (4/24) on family’s intentions to support adherence. Changes in mother’s behaviour were reported for consuming specific components of diet such as nuts (8%, 2/24), olive oil (12%, 3/24) and fruit (40%, 10/24) vs. 16% (4/24) of trials reporting changes in family’s behaviour. While knowledge of food ingredients (72%, 18/24), and attitude to gestational weight gain were commonly reported (66%, 16/24) in over two-thirds of studies, only half assessed attitude to participation in research (45%, 11/24). All studies reported facilitators for uptake of intervention such as personalised support (100%, 24/24), with half (52%, 13/24) on beliefs about weight, and less than 10% (2/24) about baby’s health. Conclusion The focus on studies is mainly on the mother, and less on family. Further studies are needed with a holistic approach to ensure that such interventions when implemented are accepted by women and their families.

Background: Widespread waterpipe smoking (WPS) is reported worldwide. Although remarkable numbers of waterpipe smokers do not smoke cigarettes, very few studies have explored the phenomenon of WPS in people who smoke water pipes exclusively. The aim of this study was to assess levels of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and patterns of WPS among Jordanian waterpipe-only smokers. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used; with 247 participants who were recruited through convenience sampling from 23 cafés offering waterpipes. An interview and self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The average age for starting WPS was 19.4 ± 5.6 years, of whom 71% started as teenagers. Participants like WPS because they like its flavor and social environment (46.3% and 29.5% respectively). The majority of participants reported that they smoked a waterpipe for the first time with their friends (66.8%), they usually smoke in the company of others (63.2%), and believe that quitting cigarettes smoking is harder than quitting WPS (61.6%). More than half (56.7%) of participants have extremely poor knowledge about the health effects of WPS. Participants who had smoked cigarettes in the past, were more knowledgeable than those who had never smoked cigarettes. The majority of participants, and specifically women, have high positive feelings and emotions (attitude) toward WPS, and 88.3% of them reported that it is a socially acceptable behavior. Conclusions: Waterpipe smoking participants started WPS at an early age, and are attracted to the social environment that accompanies WPS. Participants have high positive attitude about WPS however they lack knowledge about harmful health effects of WPS.

Sexuality is one area of human occupation that spans across the lifespan and is identified as an activity of daily living. Barriers to engagement in this occupation fall under the occupational therapists’ scope of practice. Teaching that fosters self-reflection about attitudes and perceptions has the power to shape the practice methodology of future practitioners. This paper presents a curriculum module that aims to go beyond basic delivery of content related to human sexuality to instead show how the teaching methodology developed competency in practitioners, changed perceptions that would serve as barriers to empathetic care, and followed the guidelines of best practice. The authors further present the setting of academia as a practice setting and, as such, one that must adhere to the same standards of evidence-based, science-driven protocols as clinical practice.

Objective: The objective of this study was to access the effect of athletes' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge on doping and dietary supplementation in Saudi sports clubs so that the Saudi Arabian Anti-Doping Committee (SAADC) might be better prepared to address these issues with athletes. Methods: A cross-sectional prevalence type of study was conducted in Saudi sports clubs in six cities: Almadinah Almunawwarah, Jeddah, Abha, Tabuk, Dammam, and Riyadh. Athletes aged between 20 and 35 years were randomly selected by a systematic random sampling technique. We used a questionnaire that consisted of 55 questions divided into four categories: use of doping and dietary supplements, reason for consumption of doping and dietary supplements, personal beliefs about doping and dietary supplements, and behavior. Results: Of the 650 athletes surveyed, 155 were excluded due to incomplete data. The total number of completed questionnaires was 445 (68.5%). The survey results showed a high number of athletes reported that the main purpose of physical activity was for the health (n = 292; 65.6%), followed by to increase muscle size (n = 282; 63.5%), and weight loss (n = 100; 22.4%). Of the participants, 294 (66.1%) did not take dietary supplements, while 151 (33.9%) took supplements. Data also indicated that the highest percentage of respondents (n = 376; 84.5%) did not use doping, yet a small percentage (n = 33; 7.4%) still use doping. Conclusion: A majority of Saudi athletes in sports clubs indicated that the reason for their use of doping products and dietary supplements was to improve their health, increase muscle size, and improve their performance.

Objective Little is known about the risky sexual behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and sources of information regarding sexual health among young adult Indian males. Currently, students in Indian secondary schools do not receive a structured comprehensive sexual health education. This qualitative study explored the sources of information, knowledge, and attitudes around sexual behaviors among young men in Mysore, India. Materials and methods Between May and June 2011, 23 semi-structured qualitative in-depth interviews with males aged 18-25 years were conducted to explore their views on sexual norms, attitudes, and their sources of information to gain knowledge about sexual health. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analyses were conducted. Results Participants shared a desire for quality sex education in schools but described their current sexual health curriculum as inadequate. Since social taboos dictated the space in which students gained awareness on sexual topics, the participants resorted to the outside information from both reliable and unreliable sources. Conclusions These findings have important implications for laying the groundwork for culturally specific sexual health education interventions to meet the needs of a growing youth population in India.

Objective To determine attitudes, beliefs, and barriers related to adequate milk consumption in low-income women ages ≥ 60 years. Methods Nine focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of 59 women at congregate meal sites in a metropolitan area. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, focus group questions were used to explore personal, behavioral, and environmental factors associated with milk consumption. Results Key response themes indicated a positive attitude for the taste of milk (except for low-fat), a primary belief that milk was important for bones and health, and a primary barrier of gastrointestinal side effects. Conclusions and Implications Knowledge regarding the benefits of milk and the dislike of its taste were not the primary reason for the lack of consumption. Instead, gastrointestinal side effects seemed to be the major barrier to adequate consumption. Future nutrition campaigns should test strategies for lactose intolerance management when communicating with low-income older women.

Purpose: This study assessed the attitude, beliefs, and practices of integrative medicine (IM) among nurses in the Netherlands. Design: Subscribers of a Dutch nursing journal were asked to fill in an anonymous, structured, online survey related to the topic under study. Results: A total of 355 people responded, of which 37% were familiar with the concept of IM in advance. On completion of the survey, the majority (83%) considered IM as a (very) important innovation in health care. Familiarity (odds ratio = 3.20; 95% confidence interval [1.48, 6.94]) and organization (nursing home compared to hospital (odds ratio = 5.98; 95% confidence interval [1.36, 26.23]) were characteristics associated with a positive attitude toward IM. Between 23% and 46% of respondents encountered obstacles regarding implementation of IM. The main obstacles were lack of support (69% to 78%), means (57% to 85%), and time (63% to 70%). Conclusions: Dutch nurses seem to have relatively positive attitudes and beliefs regarding IM. The outcome of this survey may contribute an increased awareness of the key role that nurses can play in the development and implementation of IM.

Based on five studies with a total of 993 married, heterosexual male participants, we found that marriage structure has important implications for attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to gender among heterosexual married men in the workplace. Specifically, men in traditional marriages—married to women who are not employed—disfavor women in the workplace and are more likely than the average of all married men to make decisions that prevent the advancement of qualified women. Results show that employed men in traditional marriages tend to (a) view the presence of women in the workplace unfavorably, (b) perceive that organizations with higher numbers of female employees are operating less smoothly, (c) perceive organizations with female leaders as relatively unattractive, and (d) deny qualified female employees opportunities for promotions more frequently than do other married male employees. Moreover, our final study suggests that men who are single and then marry women who are not employed may change their attitudes toward women in the workplace, becoming less positive. The consistent pattern of results across multiple studies employing multiple methods (lab, longitudinal, archival) and samples (U.S., U.K., undergraduates, managers) demonstrates the robustness of our findings that the structure of a man’s marriage influences his gender ideology in the workplace, presenting an important challenge to workplace egalitarianism.

Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is necessary to improve the practice of physical therapy. However, a lack of knowledge and skills among physical therapists and the presence of barriers may hinder the implementation of EBP in the State of Kuwait. Objective: The objectives of this study were to extensively (1) investigate attitudes toward EBP, (2) assess the current level of knowledge and skills necessary for EBP, and (3) identify the barriers to EBP among physical therapists in the State of Kuwait. Methods: The following methods were used: (1) a previously validated self-reported questionnaire and (2) a face-to-face semistructured interview. The questionnaire, which was distributed to 200 physical therapists, examined the attitudes and beliefs of physical therapists about EBP; the interest in and motivation to engage in EBP; educational background, knowledge, and skills related to accessing and interpreting information; the level of attention to and use of the literature; access to and availability of information to promote EBP; and the perceived barriers to using EBP. The interview explored the factors that promote or discourage EBP. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. Results: Of the 200 nonrandomly distributed questionnaires, 92% (184/200) were completed and returned. In general, the physical therapists had positive attitudes, beliefs, and interests in EBP. Their educational background, knowledge, and skills related to assessing and interpreting information were well-founded. The top 3 barriers included insufficient time (59.2%, 109/184), lack of information resources (49.4%, 91/184), and inapplicability of the research findings to the patient population (40.7%, 75/184). Conclusions: EBP lacks support from superiors at work. Thus, identifying methods and strategies to support physical therapists in adopting EBP in the State of Kuwait is necessary.

Economic growth depends more and more on the potential of the society and economy to build and use knowledge. Fast and effectively learning people are needed. Two main problems were identified with the optimal usage of human capital as far as education is concerned: students who devote minimum effort and time to learning and acquiring qualifications, and students who learn compulsively, driven by dysfunctional perfectionism. This study tests relationship between financial resources and home environment and students' learning related attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Results demonstrate that having more financial resources and better home environment is related to positive learning-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.

Objective This study examined weight bias among students training in health disciplines and its associations with their perceptions about treating patients with obesity, causes of obesity, and observations of weight bias by instructors and peers. Methods Students (N = 107) enrolled in a post-graduate health discipline (Physician Associate, Clinical Psychology, Psychiatric Residency) completed anonymous questionnaires to assess the above variables. Results Students reported that patients with obesity are a common target of negative attitudes and derogatory humor by peers (63%), health-care providers (65%), and instructors (40%). Although 80% of students felt confident to treat obesity, many reported that patients with obesity lack motivation to make changes (33%), lead to feelings of frustration (36%), and are non-compliant with treatment (36%). Students with higher weight bias expressed greater frustration in these areas. The effect of students' weight bias on expectations for treatment compliance of patients with obesity was partially mediated by beliefs that obesity is caused by behavioral factors. Conclusions Weight bias is commonly observed by students in health disciplines, who themselves report frustrations and stereotypes about treating patients with obesity. These findings contribute new knowledge about weight bias among students and provide several targets for medical training and education.

Young adults who smoke are often nondaily users who either quit or transition into dependent smokers. Further, this age group often has been considered an extension of the adult population. This study aims to examine young adult former ever smokers to understand factors associated with their stopping smoking.Telephone interviews were conducted in 2010 with 4401 young adults in Florida. We examined the association between former ever smokers and sociodemographics, smoking behavior, quit attempts, quit aids, and attitudes/beliefs about smoking.Thirty-seven percent of young adults were former smokers, 20% were current smokers, and 43% were never smokers. Former smokers were more likely to be female, situational smokers (compared to occasional or established), more likely to have stopped smoking without acknowledging making a quit attempt, less likely to have used a quit aid, and less likely to display pro-tobacco attitudes/beliefs.Young adult former and current smokers have unique patterns of smoking and stopping smoking. Young adults may require novel intervention techniques to promote prevention and cessation based on these unique smoking patterns. Future research is needed to understand motivations to quit smoking among young adults.

Background:Overweight and obesity among Aboriginal women is a growing concern, with increasing prevalence rates linked to a sedentary lifestyle. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for unhealthy body weight; however before addressing health enhancing behaviors, understanding lifestyle practices, attitudes and beliefs are important.Methods:A mixed methods approach assessed physical activity (PA) practices (n = 58), and attitudes and beliefs (n = 19) among First Nations women. The Modifiable Activity Questionnaire assessed PA, and a focused ethnography explored attitudes and beliefs.Results:Self-reported PA was highest in the youngest age group. Both total and leisure-time PA decreased when house-related activities were not accounted for. Younger participants reported sport-related activities, while older participants reported traditional activities (eg, berry picking, fishing). Participants’ believed PA promoted good health, yet personal (ie, lack of time), community-specific (ie, lack of opportunities/encouragement) and environmental (ie, inclement weather, safety) factors acted as barriers. Age-specific, women-only programs were highlighted as potential enablers.Conclusions:The findings highlight the need to assess cultural specific practices, attitudes and beliefs as PA programs that focus on reducing barriers identified in the community and are designed based on expressed interest and preferences may improve leisure-related PA levels among all age groups.

Objectives To develop a model of heart failure patients’ attitudes, beliefs, expectations, and experiences based on published qualitative research that could influence the development of self-management strategies. Methods A synthesis of 19 qualitative research studies using the method of meta-ethnography. Results This synthesis offers a conceptual model of the attitudes, beliefs, and expectations of patients with heart failure. Patients experienced a sense of disruption before developing a mental model of heart failure. Patients’ reactions included becoming a strategic avoider, a selective denier, a well-intentioned manager, or an advanced self-manager. Patients responded by forming self-management strategies and finally assimilated the strategies into everyday life seeking to feel safe. Discussion This conceptual model suggests that there are a range of interplaying factors that facilitate the process of developing self-management strategies. Interventions should take into account patients’ concepts of heart failure and their subsequent reactions.

Although the use of exercise as punishment appears to be pervasive among physical education teachers and coaches, it has not been systematically examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences, attitudes, intentions, and beliefs of college physical education majors regarding the use of exercise as punishment, using the framework of the theory of reasoned action. Surveys were completed by 345 students enrolled in 35 physical education classes. More than 90% of the study participants reported that their coaches used exercise as punishment, and 43% indicated their physical education teachers used exercise to punish or manage behavior. The constructs of the theory of reasoned action explained nearly 70% of the variance in participants' intentions to use exercise as punishment.

This study explores perceptions of mental illness in a sample of Ethiopian community members, healthcare workers and traditional healers. Specifically, the attitudes, beliefs and practices associated with the symptoms, causes and treatment of mental illness were investigated. A total of 115 participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to explore their perceptions of depression, anxiety and psychosis. Qualitative analysis of the interview responses indicated a range of beliefs about the recognition and etiology of mental illness. Nine themes were identified in response to the questions how do you identify and what causes mental illness: Psychocultural appropriateness, Religious/spiritual, Social difficulty, Behavioral disturbance, Cognitive-emotional impairment, Disaster and economic deprivation, Adaptive functioning, Substance abuse and Physical/medical. The most frequent response for how to identify depression and anxiety was negative emotions, while the most frequent answer for re...

Background: Palliative care encompasses holistic management of patients and families facing life-threatening and life-limiting conditions. There is currently little known about South African physiotherapists’ palliative care knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experience and training needs.Objectives: To describe the amount and adequacy of palliative care training received by South African physiotherapists, and their interest, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and experiences of palliative care.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey study of a convenience sample of physiotherapists, using an adapted Physical Therapy in Palliative Care-Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Experiences Scale (PTiPC-KABE Scale). Likert scale scores were converted to continuous data for analysis, presented as median (IQR). Seven universities were contacted to determine undergraduate palliative care curriculum content.Results: A total of 303 participants (8.4% response rate) completed the questionnaire, and 289 responses were included (5.35% margin of error with 95% CI). Participants had 16 (6–27) years of experience, with 85.5% in private practice. About 66.7% and 79% of participants reported not receiving any training at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, respectively, with more than 80% expressing that training was inadequate at both levels. Universities (n = 4/7; 57.1%) reported a maximum 3 hours undergraduate palliative care training. Seventy-nine percent of respondents had clinical experience in providing palliative care; however ‘knowledge’ was the lowest scoring domain (56.3% (43.8%–62.5%). The ‘beliefs’ domain scored highest at 82.6% (69.6%–91.3%).Conclusion: Many South African physiotherapists manage patients requiring palliative care, despite inadequate training and limited knowledge in this field. More under- and postgraduate learning opportunities should be made available for physiotherapists in the area of palliative care.