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The article investigates the silage quality of various Brachiaria brizantha cultivars stored with different levels of millet meal. Results of the study indicate that the addition of millet meal improved the quality of B. brizantha silage with 15% additive providing the best nutritional values. The study also showed that piata silage had the lowest content of neutral detergent powder compared to xaraes and marandu grasses.

Pollen sources used by Centris tarsata bees were identified in an area of “caatinga” vegetation (Canudos Biological Station) in NE Bahia, NE Brazil, by analyzing the pollen residues encountered in the nests. The analysis of the pollen residues was performed by pulverizing the sediments used to construct the cells, followed by the application of the acetolysis method. Thirty-one pollen types were identified belonging to 13 botanical families (in associations of from 4 to 15 distinct pollen types per nest), indicating which plants were used by the bees to feed their offspring. The plant families most represented were Leguminosae and Malpighiaceae, while the pollen types most frequently found were Chamaecrista ramosa (46.5%), Senna rizzinii (19.7%), and Solanum paniculatum (19.6%). The identification of the pollen types and information about the resources offered by the plants indicated that many species were visited as nectar sources rather than as pollen or oil sources by C. tarsata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on vitro alternatives to titrate Clostridium septicum alpha toxin in VERO (African Green Kidney Monkey) cells and standardize seroneutralization test for evaluating the potency of alpha toxoid. Alpha toxin was produced through the use of a strain of C. septicum in a five liter capacity benchtop bioreactor. It indicates that in vitro seroneutralization of VERO cells culture is a viable alternative to the present in vivo model used for clostridial vaccine potency test with C. septicum alpha toxoid.

Clara Maria Pinheiro-Dardis,1 Vânia Ortega Gutierres,1 Renata Pires Assis,1 Sabrina Messa Peviani,2 Gabriel Borges Delfino,2 João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan,3 Tania de Fátima Salvini,2 Amanda Martins Baviera,1 Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti1 1São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physical Therapy, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Physical Therapy Division, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in biomarkers of skeletal muscle proteolysis (atrogin-1, muscle RING finger-1 protein [MuRF-1]) and inflammation (nuclear factor kappa-B) in skeletal muscles of rats under two catabolic conditions, diabetes mellitus (DM) and acute joint inflammation, and the effects of insulin therapy. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into groups without diabetes – normal (N), saline (NS), or Ɩ-carrageenan (NCa) injection into the tibiotarsal joint – and groups with diabetes – diabetes (D), plus insulin (DI), saline (DS), or Ɩ-carrageenan (DCa) injection into the tibiotarsal joint, or Ɩ-carrageenan injection and treatment with insulin (DCaI). Three days after Ɩ-carrageenan injection (17 days after diabetes induction), tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SO) skeletal muscles were used for analysis. Results: DM alone caused a significant decrease in the mass of TA and SO muscles, even with low levels of atrogenes (atrogin-1, MuRF-1), which could be interpreted as an adaptive mechanism to spare muscle proteins under this catabolic condition. The loss of muscle mass was exacerbated when Ɩ-carrageenan was administered in the joints of diabetic rats, in association with increased expression of atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and nuclear factor kappa-B. Treatment with insulin prevented the increase in atrogin-1 (TA, SO) and the loss of muscle mass (SO) in diabetic-carrageenan rats; in comparison with TA, SO muscle was more responsive to the anabolic actions of insulin. Conclusion: Acute joint inflammation overcame the adaptive mechanism in diabetic rats to prevent excessive loss of muscle mass, worsening the catabolic state. The treatment of diabetic-carrageenan rats with insulin prevented the loss of skeletal muscle mass mainly via atrogin-1 inhibition. Under the condition of DM and inflammation, muscles with the prevalence of slow-twitch, type 1 fibers were more responsive to insulin treatment, recovering the ability to grow. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, inflammation, muscle proteolysis, atrogenes, creatine kinase, NF-κB, insulin

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Thirteen healthy subjects and 20 hemodialysis patients were studied to observe the delayed hypersensitivity skin tests (DHSTs) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulating lymphocyte blastogenesis. Significant differences were observed between the groups. Controls had a higher proportion of positive skin reaction than hemodialysis patients in relation to Escherichia coli (p<0.01) and tuberculin (PPD) (p<0.05). Regarding lymphocyte blastogenesis stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), cell proliferation was more accentuated in controls than hemodialysis patients (p<0.05). On the other hand, serum zinc was elevated in controls (78 ± 8 μg/dL) in comparison to hemodialysis patients (71 ± 33 μg/dL) (p<0.05). Of the 20 hemodialysis patients, 8 patients were maintained on long-term hemodialysis before and after zinc therapy, with the aim of studying DHST and PHA-stimulating lymphocyte blastogenesis. There was a significant improvement of DHST response to E. coli antigen after 100 d of zinc treatment (p<0.01), and with the discontinuation of therapy, the DHST responses decreased back to the initial values (p<0.05). Zinc administration also increased the lymphocyte proliferation induced by PHA from 31386 ± 3974 to 42480 ± 5242 cpm (mean ± SD) (p<0.05). These results indicated that zinc therapy improved in vivo and in vitro DHST and lymphocyte function of hemodialysis patients and that its discontinuation suppressed all of the benefits observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A criopreservação seminal permite a conservação em longo prazo dos gametas de diversas espécies, inclusive as ameaçadas, como a Prochilodus brevis. Contudo, a aplicação dessa biotecnologia pode causar danos às células espermáticas, reduzindo a qualidade seminal. Assim, tem-se buscado substâncias que minimizem os danos causados por esse processo, como os antioxidantes. Deste modo, este estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre dois crioprotetores e duas vitaminas, em diferentes concentrações, sobre a qualidade do sêmen criopreservado de P. brevis. Para a criopreservação, o experimento foi realizado em duas etapas. Na primeira, o sêmen de 10 animais foi submetido a seis diferentes meios de congelação, oriundos da combinação de glicose 5%, dois crioprotetores (Dimetilsulfóxido [DMSO] ou Metilglicol) e duas vitaminas (C ou E a 0,0001 mg), para a criopreservação. Na segunda etapa, amostras de sêmen de oito animais foram diluídas em Glicose 5% e DMSO (melhor crioprotetor encontrado na primeira etapa), associados a três diferentes concentrações das vitaminas C ou E (0,01; 0,001 e 0,0001 mg). Em ambas as etapas, as amostras in natura e pós-descongeladas foram submetidas às análises de cinética, morfologia e integridade de membrana espermática. O sêmen criopreservado com DMSO apresentou resultados significativamente superiores (p < 0,05) comparado ao congelado com Metilglicol, independente da vitamina utilizada. A taxa de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais foi superior (p < 0,05) nas amostras contendo vitamina, contudo a vitamina E reduziu as taxas de motilidade espermática, independente do crioprotetor utilizado. Quanto às concentrações das vitaminas, obtiveram-se maiores taxas de motilidade quando se criopreservou sêmen com 0,01 e 0,0001 mg de qualquer uma das vitaminas. Entretanto, a maior concentração teve efeito deletério sobre a morfologia espermática de P. brevis. Portanto, a glicose associada ao DMSO e à menor concentração de vitamina C proporciona boa qualidade ao sêmen pós-descongelado de P. brevis.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of meat of castrated and non-castrated Santa Ines lambs submitted to food restriction. Were used 30 lambs, 15 castrated and 15 non-castrated, about two months of age and average initial body weight of 13.00 ± 1.49 kg. The lambs were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 (restriction level x sex class), according to the amount of food provided. The duration of the experiment was determined by the time required for the animals in the one of the groups achieved 28 kg of body weight. There was interaction between food restriction levels and sex class to the variables intensity of yellow color and pH in the longissimus lumborum muscle and the shear force in the semimembranosus muscle. In non-castrated animals, the intensity of yellow color was higher in the longissimus lumborum muscle at the level of 30% of food restriction. There was no significant interaction between food restriction levels and sex class for the quality aspects related to color saturation, color tone, luminosity, red intensity, water holding capacity and cooking losses in longissimus lumborum and semimembranosus muscles. Although food restriction and sex class have influenced the variables related to the quality of meat of the animals evaluated, the mean values are considered acceptable by the literature. The feeding restriction levels and sex class influence some important features of quality of Santa Ines lamb meat.

This study was carried out to verify the effects of different hay: concentrate ratios on body, testicular and epididymal development and metabolic profile of hair sheep lambs. Twenty-nine Santa Ines lambs were used. Treatments consisted of diets with different hay: concentrate ratios (100:0-Control, 80:20- T1, 60:40-T2, 40:60-T3 and 20:80-T4). The characteristics evaluated were: body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG), body length (BL), height at withers (HW), height at rump (HR), rump width (RW), chest width (CW), scrotal perimeter (SP), testis length (TL) testis width (TW), testis thickness (TT), cauda epididymal length (CEL), cauda epididymal width (CAW), cauda epididymal thickness (CET), scrotal skin thickness (SST) and testicular volume (TV). Blood samples were collected to analyze glucose, urea, albumin, total cholesterol, total proteins, inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentrations. The body and testicular-epididymal measurements increased linearly with increases in the energy concentration in the diet. BW, BL, CW, RW, HG and BCS showed positive high correlations (r = 0.71 to 0.94) with all testis-epididymal measurements. The results of the metabolic profile study showed interactions between the addition of the concentrated feed and time of blood collection on total proteins, albumin, urea, cholesterol, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations. At the beginning of the trial, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were verified in T3 and T4. However, the indices returned to normal over time with the continuity in the diet supplied. Hypomagnesaemia was verified in all treatments. The plasmatic phosphorus concentration was sufficiently high at the end of all treatments, except control. In conclusion, the BL, HG, CW, RW as well as the BCS may be used to estimate the development of the testes and epididymis. The metabolic profile results verified that adjusts are necessary in the amount of concentrated feed given to the lambs when Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp) is provided to the animals.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a challenge for the veterinary practitioner since its etiology and treatments are still undefined. The present paper investigated the role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the severity of the FCGS. Oral mucosal biopsies obtained from 19 cats with FCGS were divided into two groups according to their FIV serology status. Later, the clinical lesion score was correlated with the histopathological grade of FCGS lesions and the degree of immunostaining in both groups. Most of the animals had significant histological changes; however, no correlation with FIV immunostaining intensity was observed. It was concluded that the presence of FIV infection or the animal’s seropositivity status does not seem to interfere with the severity of clinical signs nor the degree of histopathological changes when compared to the seronegative group.

Introdução: Tanto o ultrassom terapêutico quanto o laser de baixa potência são utilizados para o controle da dor musculoesquelética, apesar de controvérsias. Ainda, a literatura é pobre e também apresenta resultados controversos sobre efeitos cumulativos da associação de técnicas. Assim, o objetivo foi comparar os efeitos antinociceptivos do laser, do ultrassom e da associação destes. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 24 ratas, divididas em: GPL - indução de hiperestesia no joelho direito, e não tratadas; GUS - ultrassom terapêutico (1 MHz, 0,4 W/cm2); GL - laser de baixa potência (830 nm, 8 J/cm2); GL+US - tratadas com as duas técnicas. Para a hiperestesia foram injetados no espaço tíbio-femoral 100 μl de solução de formalina 5%, e avaliada por filamento de von Frey digital, antes (AV1), 15 (AV2), 30 (AV3) e 60 (AV4) minutos após a indução. Resultados: Na comparação dentro dos grupos, para o limiar de retirada quando o filamento foi aplicado nos joelhos, foi possível observar volta aos valores basais apenas para GUS. Nas comparações entre os grupos houve diferenças em AV3, sendo que GL foi maior do que PL. Em AV4 os três grupos tratados apresentaram valores maiores que o placebo. No limiar de retirada na superfície plantar GL mostrou retorno dos valores basais em AV3, e GUS e GL+US retornaram em AV4. Na comparação entre os grupos, em AV3 havia um limiar menor em GPL ao comparar com GL e GUS (p

Determinou-se a eficácia de doze vacinas contra clostridioses comercializadas no Brasil que contêm em sua composição Clostridium sordellii, pelo método de desafio em cobaias imunizadas. Como referência dos testes, empregou-se uma bacterina monovalente padrão. Duas vacinas (16,6%), codificadas como T6 e T8, apresentaram resultado igual à bacterina padrão, protegendo todos os animais desafiados. Uma vacina (8,3%), codificada como T10, não atendeu aos requisitos mínimos exigidos no primeiro teste, mas após o reteste foi considerada eficiente. As demais vacinas (75%), codificadas como T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T7, T9, T11 e T12, não foram eficientes.

A viabilidade de uma formulação do fungo Monacrosporium thaumasium (Drechsler, 1937) foi avaliada no controle biológico de nematóides parasitos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Dois grupos de sete bezerras cada, mestiças Holandês ´ Zebu, de quatro a seis meses de idade, foram colocados em pastagens de Cynodon dactilon. No grupo A, cada animal recebeu 20g de pellets (formulação granulada) de M. thaumasium via oral, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro meses, com início na estação chuvosa (outubro, 2001). No grupo B (controle), as bezerras não receberam nenhum tratamento. As contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e das larvas infectantes encontradas na pastagem do grupo B foram significativamente maiores (P

Com o objetivo de isolar mecanicamente folículos pré-antrais caprinos, 52 ovários de cabras sem raça definida (SRD) foram coletados em matadouros ou extraídos por ovariectomia. O protocolo utilizado para o isolamento dos folículos, denominado procedimento mecânico direto (PMD), consistiu no corte do tecido ovariano em pequenos fragmentos, utilizando-se um cortador de tecidos. Em seguida, os fragmentos obtidos foram dissociados mecanicamente com pipetas de pasteur (1600mim e 600mim de diâmetro) e a suspensão resultante, contendo os fragmentos ovarianos, foi sucessivamente filtrada em malhas de náilon (500mim e 100mim). A realização deste procedimento permitiu isolar um número médio (± EP) de 1.067 ± 160 folículos por ovário. Com a finalidade de aumentar o número de folículos pré-antrais isolados por ovário, foi utilizado um procedimento mecânico complementar (PMC), que consistiu em submeter os fragmentos retidos nas malhas de 500mim e 100mim às etapas descritas no PMD. A utilização desses fragmentos resultou em um incremento médio de 5,2% no total de folículos isolados por ovário. O número médio (± EP) de folículos isolados por ovário, utilizando-se o procedimento mecânico (PMD + PMC), foi 1.126 + 163. Independentemente do procedimento utilizado, observou-se uma grande variação individual no número de folículos isolados por ovário. Os limites mínimo e máximo desta variação foram 53 e 7.482 folículos, respectivamente. O tamanho dos folículos isolados variou de 15,0mim a 92,7mim. É viável a utilização do procedimento mecânico, descrito pela primeira vez, para o isolamento de folículos ovarianos pré-antrais caprinos.For mechanical isolation of caprine preantral follicles, ovaries from 52 undefinined breed type goats were collected at a local slaughterhouse or cirurgically extracted. The method used for preantral follicle isolation was a direct mechanical procedure (DMP). Briefly, ovaries were cut into small fragments using a tissue chopper adjusted to 500mum. The ovarian fragments were suspended 80 times with a pasteur pipette and then, the suspension was filtered successively through 500 and 100mum nylon mesh filters. The DMP resulted in a large number of isolated preantral follicles. On average, 1,067 ± 160 (mean number ± SEM) preantral follicles were isolated per ovary. To increase the number of preantral follicles recovered per ovary, the ovarian fragments remaining in the 500 and 100mum nylon mesh filters were transferred to the tissue chopper, and the procedure was repeated (complementary mechanical procedure - CMP). The use of CM P resulted in a mean increment of 5.2% of the total preantral follicles isolated per ovary. The mean number (mean ± SEM) of follicles isolated per ovary using the mechanical procedure (DPM + CPM) was 1,126 + 163. Irrespective of the procedure used, the number of preantral follicles isolated was characterized by extreme individual variation. The limits minimum and maximum of this variation were 53 and 7,482, respectively. The diameter of follicles isolated showed a range from l5.0mum to 92.7 mum. In conclusion, these results showed, for the first time, that preantral follicles can be successfully isolated from caprine ovary by applying a mechanical procedure.

O presente trabalho descreve os efeitos do estágio reprodutivo (animais impúberes, adultos não-gestantes e gestantes), posição anatômica do ovário (direito e esquerdo) presença de corpo lúteo funcional, peso do ovário e número de folículos antrais superficiais (FAS) sobre o número de folículos pré-antrais (FPA) isolados mecanicamente. Os FPA isolados foram divididos em 3 classes a saber: primordiais, primários e secundários. O número médio (± EP) de FPA isolados por ovário foi de 1.324 ± 193; 866 + 170 e 779 ± 139, respectivamente para ovários oriundos de animais impúberes, não-gestantes e gestantes, sendo observada diferença significativa somente entre animais impúberes e gestantes. A posição anatômica do ovário (exceto para os animais não-gestantes) e a presença ou ausência de corpo lúteo não exerceram nenhum efeito sobre o número e distribuição dos FPA isolados. De um modo geral, o número de folículos primários e secundários foi negativamente correlacionado com o peso ovariano. Já o número de folículos primordiais e secundários foi, respectivamente, positiva e negativamente correlacionado com o número de FAS. Analisando as categorias de animais isoladamente, observou-se que, nos animais impúberes, o número de folículos primordiais foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de FAZ, enquanto que o número de folículos primários e secundários foi negativamente correlacionado com o número de FAS. No tocante à categoria de animais gestantes, o número de folículos primários foi negativamente correlacionado com o peso ovariano. Dependendo da categoria de ovários estudada, foram observadas associações significativas entre o número de folículos primordiais, primários e secundários.The aïm of this study was to describe the effects of reproductive stages (pre-pubertal, non-pregnant and pregnant adult animals), ovarian anatomic position (left or right), presence of functional corpus luteum, ovarian weight and number of superficial antral follicles on the number of preantral follicles mechanically isolated. The mean number (mean ± SEM) of isolated preantral follicles per ovary was 1,324 ± 193, 866 ±170 and 779 ± 139, respectively for prepubertal, non-pregnant and pregnant adult animals. Anatomic position (except for nonpregnant animals) and the presence or absence of corpus luteum dia nof affect the number and distribution of isolated preantral follicles. In general, the number of primary and secondary follicles was negatively correlated with the ovarian weight. The numbers of primordial and secondary follicles were, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with the number of superficial antral follicles. Analyzing animal categories separately, it was observed that in prepurbetal animals, the number of primordial follicles was positively correlated with the number of superficial antral follicles. However the numbers of primary and secondary follicles were negatively correlated with the number of superficial antral follicles. In the category of pregnant animals, the number of primary follicles was negatively correlated with the ovarian weight. According to ovary category analyzed, were observed significant correlation between the number of primordial, primary and secondary isolated follicles.

Este relato descreve um surto de carbúnculo sintomático em Nova União, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com ênfase no uso de diferentes técnicas laboratoriais. Clostridium chauvoei foi isolado em cultura pura, bem como detectado por uma técnica de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e por uma técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) a partir de cultura pura obtida do tecido muscular esquelético lesado de um animal necropsiado.

A forty eight year old woman, who had undergone mitral comissurotomy and subsequently developed early restenosis, presented with major comissural fusion and verrucous lesions on the cuspid edges of the mitral valve, with normal subvalvar apparatus. Patient did well for the first six months after surgery when she began to present dyspnea on light exertion. A clinical diagnosis of restenosis was made, which was confirmed by an echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. She underwent surgery, and a stenotic mitral valve with verrucous lesions suggesting Libman-Sacks' endocarditis was found. Because the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had not been confirmed at that time, a bovine pericardium bioprosthesis (FISICS-INCOR) was implanted. The patient did well in the late follow-up and is now in NYHA Class I .

Presents a letter to the editor about an outbreak of clostridial myonecrosis in sheeps after a caseous lymphadenitis vaccine.

Vaccines are an essential tool to significantly reduce pathogen-related morbidity and mortality. However, our ability to rationally design vaccines and identify correlates of protection remains limited. Here, we employed an immune organoid approach to capture human adaptive immune response diversity to influenza vaccines and systematically identify host and antigen features linked to vaccine response variability. Our investigation identified established and unique immune signatures correlated with neutralizing antibody responses across seven different influenza vaccines and antigens. Unexpectedly, heightened ex vivo tissue frequencies of T helper (Th)1 cells emerged as both a predictor and a correlate of neutralizing antibody responses to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs). Secondary analysis of human public data confirmed that elevated Th1 signatures are associated with antibody responses following in vivo vaccination. These findings demonstrate the utility of human in vitro models for identifying in vivo correlates of protection and establish a role for Th1 functions in influenza vaccination., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests L.E.W. is the co-inventor of a patent on immune organoid technology assigned to Stanford University, “Systems and Methods to Model Adaptive Immune Responses.”, (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pollution from road runoff is a complex environmental issue involving a mixture of gases, hydrocarbons, metals, and plastics released by vehicles traveling along roads. In this pioneering study, male specimens of lesser treefrogs (Dendropsophus minutus) were sampled from highway margins (n = 18) and a conserved area (n = 20) in the central Cerrado region of Brazil to evaluate the ecotoxic potential of highway pollution. To this end, we applied the micronucleus test, comet assay, leukocyte profiling, histopathological analyses of the liver and gonads of anurans, as well as chemical analysis of water and collection of atmospheric particulate matter. On the highway, levels of Al, Fe, Mn, and PM2.5 exceeded the recommended limits. Frogs collected from road margins showed a significant increase in DNA damage, as evidenced by the comet assay (55% tail DNA) and the micronucleus test (622% increase) compared to frogs from the conserved area (p < 0.05). Additionally, roadside frogs exhibited a higher lymphocyte:neutrophil ratio (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of the liver revealed a lower amount of hepatic melanin in frogs from the highway area. In the gonads, frogs from highway margins had a smaller locular area, as well as reduced diameters of secondary spermatocytes and spermatogonia (p < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that the frogs inhabiting areas adjacent to the highway were more susceptible to a range of disorders in comparison with those from protected, natural habitats, which likely reflected the increased environmental stress resulting from the runoff of pollutants produced by the traffic on the highway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Just exactly which tree(s) should we assume when testing evolutionary hypotheses? This question has plagued comparative biologists for decades. Though all phylogenetic comparative methods require input trees, we seldom know with certainty whether even a perfectly estimated tree (if this is possible in practice) is appropriate for our studied traits. Yet, we also know that phylogenetic conflict is ubiquitous in modern comparative biology, and we are still learning about its dangers when testing evolutionary hypotheses. Here we investigate the consequences of tree-trait mismatch for phylogenetic regression in the presence of gene tree-species tree conflict. Our simulation experiments reveal excessively high false positive rates for mismatched models with both small and large trees, simple and complex traits, and known and estimated phylogenies. In some cases, we find evidence of a directionality of error: assuming a species tree for traits that evolved according to a gene tree sometimes fares worse than the opposite. We also explored the impacts of tree choice using an expansive, cross-species gene expression dataset as an arguably "best-case" scenario in which one may have a better chance of matching tree with trait. Offering a potential path forward, we found promise in the application of a robust estimator as a potential, albeit imperfect, solution to some issues raised by tree mismatch. Collectively, our results emphasize the importance of careful study design for comparative methods, highlighting the need to fully appreciate the role of accurate and thoughtful phylogenetic modeling., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)

To assess the healing of acute bilateral muscle injury in cases of bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) after tendon graft removal. The study included 12 cases of bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus and gracilis (STG) grafts. In the right knee, the STG graft was removed, and saline solution was applied; in the left knee, the graft was removed, and PRP was applied. Patients were evaluated using the visual analog scale, pre and postoperative isokinetic tests (5 months), and muscle area analysis. A slight difference in results was observed at 15 and 30 days on the PRP-treated side, but there was no variation in circumference and muscle strength. Due to the small sample size, the study will be continued to increase the number of cases, aiming for the publication of results., Competing Interests: None declared., (Published by Oxford University Press and JSCR Publishing Ltd. © The Author(s) 2025.)