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This report summarizes the results of an archaeological mitigation project for a 30-ft-wide right-of-way for an access road to Tucson Water's new reservoir at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM). This project uncovered a cluster of five pithouses and 36 related extramural features that date to the transition between the Middle and Late Rincon subphases in the Tucson Basin Hohokam chronology, about A.D 1070 to 1150. The cluster of pithouses is probably part of a larger house group arranged around a common courtyard and occupied by a single extended household. A mixed subsistence strategy of farming, foraging, and hunting is represented in the macrobotanical, pollen, and faunal remains, and occupation from at least spring through fall is indicated by the seasons of wild plant resources that were exploited. Maize, beans, and squash were cultivated, probably in the floodplain with canal irrigation, while agave was probably dry farmed on the bajada above. Materials for chipped and ground stone tools were directly procured from local sources. The chipped stone assemblage reflects a largely expedient technology, but with some conservation of tools, flakes, and cores to extend artifact uselife. The ground stone assemblage indicates intensive processing of plants and minerals for food and pigments. Tire limited number and variety of shell artifacts indicate down-the-line exchange of marine shells from the Gulf of California and on-site manufacture of shell ornaments. Identification of pottery temper sources indicates that the pottery was not manufactured at this site; most of it was produced at nearby contemporaneous settlements at the West Branch and St. Mary's sites. Analysis shows that the design styles on the pottery from these two production centers became increasingly distinctive from tire Middle to Late Rincon subphases.

Between January 24 and 30, 1996, archaeologists Sam Baar, Rob Ciaccio, Allison Cohen, and Jon Shumaker of Desert Archaeology, Inc., conducted testing of the parcel of land. The archaeological testing was requested by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) to determine if any subsurface cultural resources would be impacted by the construction of a new interstate on-ramp and was carried out under the Arizona Department of Transportation Blanket Permit No. 71343. Specifically, previous research had identified one site, AZ BB:13:158 (ASM) in the area. Testing resulted in the discovery of a second site, AZ BB:13: (ASM), a trash deposit dating from the 1920s to early 1930s. This report includes the project area location and description, prehistoric and historic background, past archaeological work, project methods, results, and recommendations. Site AZ BB:13:514 (ASM) is an early twentieth century trash deposit. It is about 150 m long north-south and an estimated 30 m wide, east-west. Only the southern extent of the site was identified (it was not possible to locate the northern and eastern extent due to the existing roads and the western extent may have been truncated by the post-1940s trash area).

The City of Tucson has plans to renovate and re-landscape Sunset park, located in downtown Tucson. The park, which was built between 1904 and 1909, lies over a portion of the Spanish/Mexican period Presidio. A portion of the Presidio wall is purported to run north-south through this location. Concern over the potentially destructive impacts resulted in revisions to the architect's plans. Impacts were expected in two areas, and archaeological testing was recommended. Archaeological test excavations were conducted by Desert Archaeology in July, August, and September 1995. Trenches 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were located in a gravel-covered portion of the park. An east west rock wall foundation is present about 21 inches below the modem ground surface in Trenches 1, 5, and 6. An outhouse pit, depicted on the 1883 Sanborn map, was located in Trench 6. The wall is believed to date to before 1862. Construction of a parking area at this location would destroy this wall and any other cultural resources above grade in this area. The outhouse pit originates at the approximate depth of the proposed construction. Once the parking area has been paved, it should be protected from impacts related to this project. Trench 2 was excavated in the grass lawn along the west side of the park, where a light pole will be placed. Intact cultural resources, which are believed to include a floor, sheet trash, and a courtyard surface, were located in this area. Placement of the light pole in the excavation unit will prevent damage to the cultural resources present. Desert Archaeology recommends that the gravel park area be stripped of dirt down to the level of the rock foundation, that the rock foundation be mapped, and that the remaining sediments be stripped down to the level shown on construction plans. An archaeologist would then map any additional features uncovered, collect diagnostic artifacts visible in the upper fill of the features, and record the features on forms. These measures will mitigate impacts to the cultural resources in this area of Sunset Park.

Excavations at the large Hohokam ballcourt settlement of Los Morteros, AZ AA: 12:57 (ASM), in 1987 and 1988 resulted in the identification of 770 prehistoric cultural features, including 349 structures, an adobewalled compound enclosure, and at least five discrete cemeteries in the northern and southern portions of the kilometer-long site. Ninety-eight of the structures were fully or partially excavated. Also identified were a historic canal and evidence pointing to the location of the historic Point of the Mountains stage station, the Francisco Ruelas homestead, and a small Yaqui settlement dating to the 1920s. Research focused on the delineation of prehistoric settlement structure over time. The occupation was found to date from the Rillito, Rincon, and Tanque Verde phases of the Tucson Basin sequence. A large number of the structures excavated had burned with substantial floor assemblages, providing a large set of whole or restorable artifacts from well-dated contexts for evaluation. In addition, many large trash deposits were identified and excavated. Analyses of ceramics from unmixed, stratigraphically overlapping deposits led to a refinement of the ceramic chronology, with the Middle Rincon subphase split into Middle Rincon 1, Middle Rincon 2, and Middle Rincon 3 (MR1, MR2, and MR3). Some unusual types of artifacts were recovered, including painted and etched shell, painted bone, a copper bell, three fulgurites, and portions of two macaw skeletons. During the Rincon phase, the settlement was composed of a series of discrete residential loci, each including two to four courtyard groups with one to four structures apiece. Each residential locus appeared to have its own cemetery, horno, and trash disposal area(s). The residential loci were abandoned during the Late Rincon subphase, and a completely different settlement structure was established immediately thereafter, partly overlapping the previous occupation. This Late Rincon and the Tanque Verde phase occupation may have been at least partly seasonal, based on architectural and paleobotanical evidence. A shift in the use of agave accompanied this change in settlement. The compound enclosure, built in the latter portion of the Late Rincon subphase, may have been razed and supplanted in the Tanque Verde phase by two or more adobe structures that lacked an enclosing wall. New data are presented on the Linda Vista trincheras and on a masonry wall that blocks access to the hillside village. Alternatives to current models of community cohesion are presented that consider the possibility of conflict and greater mobility in settlement placement over time.

Two primarily historic period sites were tested within the 1-10 corridor improvement right-of- way. The Embankment site, AZ BB:13:159 (ASM), is literally eroding out of the 1-10 embankment on the east side of the interstate. It was found to contain a basalt foundation with a possible preserved basement, and it may be the remains of a historic habitation. The El Dumpé site, AZ BB:13:110 (ASM), is a large mounded trash deposit located on both sides of the interstate, dating from the 1930s through the 1940s. For most of its use-life, El Dumpé served as a neighborhood dump for surrounding habitation areas, including nearby Hispanic and Yaqui communities. The majority of the trash deposit is located on the west side of 1-10. Evidence for small underlying prehistoric components was encountered within each site, though at present the extent of these components has not been determined. Further mitigation is recommended in the case of both sites, and a work plan is presented in this report.

Historic Block 94 was a scene of controversy in the late 1980s as the City of Tucson planned the demolition of the historic Catalina Hotel. An elevated highway was to pass the block, and the Catalina Hotel was in its path. This building served as housing for many of the town's indigent population, and its inexpensive rooms and sparse surroundings were much better than life on the streets. Advocates wanted to know what was to become of these people. At first, the preservationists failed. The Catalina Hotel was not structurally strong enough to sustain a movement of the entire building to a new location farther back on its lot, and so it was demolished. However, archival research indicated that subsurface archaeological resources might be present on the property. After the hotel's demolition, archaeologists from Desert Archaeology tested and excavated portions of Lots 2 and 3 of Block 94. The uncovered features related to the pre-1920s occupation of the block. The first structures appeared on the property in the late 1880s and early 1890s, doubtlessly spurred by Tucson's growth after the arrival of the railroad. Block 94 became home to a long series of working-class individuals, most of whom were employed by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Two trash-filled pits yielded cheap ceramics, low quality/high quantity meat cuts, and other discarded items. The artifacts were found to date from about 1915 to 1920, and despite Prohibition, contained many alcoholic beverage bottles. Documentary research suggested that the block was exclusively lower-income Euro-American for this time period, and few non-Euro-American artifacts were recovered. Many of the women living on the block were single mothers and were employed as boarding-house keepers prior to World War I. After the war, employment opportunities grew for women as Tucson experienced changes sweeping over the nation, The period following the war also saw an increase in the number of people living in the residences; the crowded conditions would be deployed today. The Catalina Hotel was built around 1929, and the structures on the remainder of Lots 2 and 3 were gradually torn down. In 1990, the Catalina Hotel was the sole surviving structure. Community reaction finally prevailed, and in 1992 a replica of the Catalina Hotel was built, once again serving the lower-income individuals who have traditionally made Block 94 their home. This study serves to document a set of people who are not well-known because their contemporaries rarely wrote about the lives of lower-income individuals. Archaeology is one method for reclaiming the history of these people. This report chronicles the archaeological excavation of Lots 2 and 3 of historic Block 94. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the volume, discussing past archaeological work in Tucson, and reviews the research questions that guided the study of the recovered artifacts. Documentary resources are detailed in Chapter 2, and the archaeological features are described in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 provides data on artifacts recovered from Features 1 and 4, whereas Chapter 5 supplies information on food remains. Chapter 6 presents the conclusions reached in this study. The name of the site, the Hotel Catalina site, reflects the original usage of the hotel's name. Over the years, however, it has become known as the Catalina Hotel. Either usage appears to be correct.

Shelltown and The Hind Site were excavated as part of the construction of the Santa Rosa Canal, a large distribution aqueduct intended to bring water to several irrigation districts and two American Indian communities in central Arizona, and also as part of the fabrication of the delivery canals for the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District, which is one of those recipient districts. The Santa Rosa Canal originates at the Tucson A Division of the main CAP aqueduct a little southeast of Picacho Reservoir in Pinal County, Arizona. At its origin point, the Santa Rosa Canal is almost as large as the main aqueduct that feeds it. From there, the canal runs westwards, more or less, until it reaches Santa Rosa Wash and turns northwest, extending to Vekol Wash southwest of the small unincorporated community of Maricopa, Arizona. The final length of the canal traverses due north, then east to end at the southwest comer of the Ak Chin Indian Community, which is the final user of CAP water served by the Santa Rosa Canal. Loci 1, 2, and 3 of Shelltown and all of the excavated area at The Hind Site were struck by the Santa Rosa Canal; Locus 4 at Shelltown was impacted by a smaller distribution canal of the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation District that connects with the Santa Rosa Canal northwest of the main site area. Test excavations and data recovery at Shelltown and The Hind Site were conducted from the spring of 1985 through to the spring of 1986. Intensive data recovery at The Hind Site had to endure the ferocious summer heat in 1985; the excavations at Shelltown were conducted comfortably over the following winter. The Bureau of Reclamation designated the investigations in Loci 1, 2, and 3, of Shelltown and all of The Hind Site as Task 23; the work in Locus 4 at Shelltown, impacted by the Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage District canal, was Task 33. Poor weather conditions resulted in the loss of only a few days, but caused some significant losses of data at both sites. An unusually severe summer "monsoon" deluge effectively destroyed The Hind Site in the final days of our work, before some critical information on newly uncovered structures could be recorded. A similarly calamitous downpour hit Shelltown just as data recovery operations were commencing, washing out the walls of several exploratory trenches and obliterating numerous features exposed within them. Data was also lost to vandals during the early stages of investigations at Shelltown, to the extent that we were forced to hire a security guard for the site until completion of the dig. The vandalism losses consisted of several shell caches and a reconstructible vessel exposed in the walls of exploratory trenches. This is Volume 2 of 2. Composed of the appendices, Volume 2 discusses artifact analysis and physical site descriptions.

In August, 1990, archaeologists from Desert Archaeology, Inc. monitored the excavation of a water pipeline trench through the northeastern edge of a multiple-occupation archaeological site sitting upon and buried within an alluvial fan at the western edge of the Santa Cruz River terrace. Several prehistoric cultural features in a buried occupation horizon were identified. Mesquite wood charcoal from the floor of a pithouse yielded a conventional radiocarbon date of 3040 ± 1 1 0 B.P. (radiocarbon years before A.D. 1950), confirming a Late Archaic date for this phase of site occupation. Charred maize cupules and kernels identified in samples of sediment from the pithouse floor represent, therefore, new evidence of the earliest phase of agricultural settlement along the river valleys of the Sonoran Desert.

This report describes the results of the archaeological testing of site, which is situated along a minor tributary of Rye Creek within the Upper Tonto Basin of central Arizona. The project area is located approximately 7.5 miles south of the town of Payson, Arizona. The site was tested to determine its cultural significance prior to the purchase of a 1.1275 acre parcel containing the Haught family cemetery from the Tonto National Forest by Mr. Ken Haught. Mr. Haught sponsored the testing program. This project was undertaken for the Arizona Department of Transportation in anticipation of the widening and realignment of State Route 87 between the junction of State Route 188 and the town of Rye. Data from the State Route 87/Rye Creek Project provides a comparative base to evaluate the significance of the current site. The site consists of a somewhat irregularly shaped surface artifact scatter covering an area of approximately 85 m north-south by 97 m east-west (8245 square meters). Surface artifact density was generally low to moderate; the lowest density areas (0.01 to 0.1 artifacts per square meter) were in the southern portion of the site, while the northern portion of the site had a more moderate density (0.25 to 0.50 artifacts per square meter). South of grid line N180, the artifact assemblage consisted almost exclusively of lithics. Lithics, sherds, and ground stone were present north of this area. Two small concentrations of higher artifact density were also present; the western concentration measured 18 m north-south by 26 m east-west (468 square meters), while the northern concentration measured 9 m north-south by 15 m east-west (135 square meters). These areas contained an average artifact density of 1.25 artifacts per square meter with a range of 1.0 to 10.0 artifacts per square meter. The areas of highest density (ie. 10 artifacts per square meter) were artificially clustered within the numerous small drainage and rills that cross the site. The parcel boundaries lie roughly between the N140 and N200 grid line in the north and south, and the E140 to E200 grid line in the east and west. The eastern one-third of the site and the northern artifact concentration are not within the parcel. The site did not contain any apparent prehistoric surface features. Historic surface features include the remains of two cemeteries (Haught and Shackleford families) containing eight grave sites; the Shackleford cemetery which contains two of the grave sites is outside of the project area. No subsurface features were uncovered through the archaeological testing.

The Institute for American Research, while under contract with the City of Tucson, conducted a program of archaeological testing within the Santa Cruz Industrial Park. The Santa Cruz Industrial Park, which is currently under development by the city, covers 186 acres of city owned land in southwestern Tucson. The purpose of the testing program within the Industrial Park was to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts that construction of a road segment would have on cultural resources within the proposed right-of-way. Assessment was made by excavating a series of backhoe trenches along the proposed alignment and mapping and testing a small historic site [A Z BB:13:105 (ASM )] which will be directly impacted. In addition, two small ceramic period sites [A Z BB:13:103 (ASM) and AZ BB :13:223 (ASM )] located on land adjacent to the proposed right-of-way were intensively surface collected and tested for subsurface features. This testing provided the information for assessing the significance of archaeological sites located on land east of the proposed alignment for which land sales and future industrial development are anticipated. This report describes the results of the testing program, evaluates the significance of cultural resources investigated, and makes recommendations for avoidance and preservation of sites located within the Santa Cruz Industrial Park. The environmental setting, culture history, previous archaeological research within the Industrial Park, and field methodology utilized are briefly discussed prior to describing results of the project.