Author: "Arild C. Rustan" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

164 results on '"Arild C. Rustan"'

101. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism by hypolipidemic sulfur-substituted fatty acid analogues

Author: Jon Skorve, C A Drevon, Rolf K. Berge, Daniel K. Asiedu, Ayman Al-Shurbaji, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Triglyceride, Chemistry, Fatty liver, Phospholipid, Fatty acid, Tetradecylthioacetic acid, QD415-436, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Biochemistry, Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Lipogenesis, medicine, Beta oxidation
Abstract: The mechanisms behind the hypotriglyceridemic effect of 1,10-bis(carboxymethylthio)decane (3-thiadicarboxylic acid) and tetradecylthioacetic acid and the development of fatty liver caused by 3-tetradecylthiopropionic acid (Aarsland et al. 1989. J. Lipid Res. 30: 1711-1718.) were studied in the rat. Repeated administration of S-substituted non-beta-oxidizable fatty acid analogues to normolipidemic rats resulted in a time-dependent decrease in plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. This was accompanied by an acute reduction in the liver content of triglycerides and an increase in the hepatic concentration of phospholipids. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was stimulated, whereas lipogenesis was inhibited. The activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase decreased while the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase increased. These results suggest that the observed triglyceride-lowering effect was due to increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation accompanied by a reduction in the availability of the substrate i.e., free fatty acid, along with an enzymatic inhibition (phosphatidate phosphohydrolase). Administration of 3-tetradecylthiopropionic acid led to a drastic increase in the hepatic triglyceride content. Levels of plasma triglyceride phospholipid and free fatty acid also increased. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity was stimulated whereas CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase was inhibited. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was decreased. These data indicate that the development of fatty liver as an effect of 3-tetradecylpropionic acid is probably due to accelerated triglyceride biosynthesis, which is mediated by an increase in the availability of fatty acid along with stimulation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. The results of the present study speak strongly in favor of the hypothesis that phosphatidate phosphohydrolase is a major rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Furthermore, they point out that the biosynthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids might be coordinately regulated. Such regulation is possibly mediated via phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. Whether the increase in hepatic phospholipids via increased CDP-pathway accounts for an increase of lipid components for proliferation of peroxisomes (3-thiadicarboxylic acid and tetradecylacetic acid) should be considered.
Published: 1990
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102. Effect of rapeseed oil and dietary n-3 fatty acids on triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes

Author: Tor Gjøen, Marijana Todorčević, Anne Vegusdal, Marte Avranden Kjær, Arild C. Rustan, and Bente Ruyter
Subjects: Salmo salar, Intracellular Space, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Tritium, Commercial fish feed, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Animals, Plant Oils, Food science, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, RNA, Messenger, Molecular Biology, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Cell Biology, Peroxisome, Fish oil, Diet, Mitochondria, Vegetable oil, chemistry, Biochemistry, Gene Expression Regulation, biology.protein, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Hepatocytes, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Apolipoprotein A1, Composition (visual arts), Rapeseed Oil, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Fish oil (FO) has traditionally been used as the dominating lipid component in fish feed. However, FO is a limited resource and the price varies considerably, which has led to an interest in using alternative oils, such as vegetable oils (VOs), in fish diets. It is far from clear how these VOs affect liver lipid secretion and fish health. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanioc acid (DHA), reduce the secretion of lipoproteins rich in triacylglycerols (TAGs) in Atlantic salmon, as they do in humans. The mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids (FAs) in the diet reduce TAG secretion is not known. We have therefore investigated the effects of rapeseed oil (RO) and n-3 rich diets on the accumulation and secretion of (3)H-glycerolipids by salmon hepatocytes. Salmon, of approximately 90 g were fed for 17 weeks on one of four diets supplemented with either 13.5% FO, RO, EPA-enriched oil or DHA-enriched oil until a final average weight of 310 g. Our results show that the dietary FA composition markedly influences the endogenous FA composition and lipid content of the hepatocytes. The intracellular lipid level in hepatocytes from fish fed RO diet and DHA diet were higher, and the expressions of the genes for microsomal transfer protein (MTP) and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) were lower, than those in fish fed the two other diets. Secretion of hepatocyte glycerolipids was lower in fish fed the EPA diet and DHA diet than it was in fish fed the RO diet. Our results indicate that EPA and DHA possess different hypolipidemic properties. Both EPA and DHA inhibit TAG synthesis and secretion, but only EPA induces mitochondrial proliferation and reduce intracellular lipid. Expression of the gene for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) was higher in the DHA dietary group than it was in the other groups.
Published: 2007

103. Electrical Pulse Stimulation Induced Changes On Lipid, Mitochondrial, Glut4 And Ampk Content In Human Myotubes

Author: Daniel Conde, Jeffrey D. Covington, Arild C. Rustan, George A. King, Cecilia Gamboa, Armando Varela, and Sudip Bajpeyi
Subjects: biology, Chemistry, Pulse (signal processing), Myogenesis, biology.protein, AMPK, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Stimulation, GLUT4, Cell biology
Published: 2015
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104. Electrical Pulse Stimulation Increases Mitochondrial Content In Lean, But Not In Type 2 Diabetic Myotubes

Author: Jeffrey D. Covington, Sudip Bajpeyi, Armando Varela, Cecilia Gamboa, George A. King, Arild C. Rustan, and Daniel Conde
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Pulse (signal processing), Chemistry, Myogenesis, Internal medicine, medicine, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Stimulation, Surgery
Published: 2015
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105. 22-Hydroxycholesterols regulate lipid metabolism differently than T0901317 in human myotubes

Author: G. Hege Thoresen, Eili Tranheim Kase, Arild C. Rustan, Bård Andersen, and Hilde I. Nebb
Subjects: Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, CD36, Response element, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Gene Expression, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Biology, Ligands, Transfection, Gene expression, polycyclic compounds, Animals, Humans, RNA, Messenger, fas Receptor, Liver X receptor, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, Diacylglycerol kinase, Liver X Receptors, Sulfonamides, Lipid metabolism, Cell Biology, Lipid Metabolism, Orphan Nuclear Receptors, Hydroxycholesterols, Rats, DNA-Binding Proteins, Fatty acid synthase, Biochemistry, Lipogenesis, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins)
Abstract: The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRα and β) are regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols are known LXR ligands, but the functional role of hydroxycholesterols is at present unknown. In human myotubes, chronic exposure to the LXR ligand T0901317 promoted formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG), 22-R-hydroxycholesterol (22-R-HC) had no effect, and 22-S-hydroxycholesterol (22-S-HC) reduced the formation. In accordance with this, 22-HC and T0901317 regulated the expression of fatty acid transporter CD36, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) differently; all genes were increased by T0901317, 22-R-HC did not change their expression level, while 22-S-HC reduced it. Transfection studies confirmed that the FAS promoter was activated by T0901317 and repressed by 22-S-HC through an LXR response element in the promoter. Both 22-R-HC and T0901317 increased gene expression of LXRα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, while 22-S-HC had little effect. In summary, 22-R-HC regulated lipid metabolism and mRNA expression of some LXR target genes in human myotubes differently than T0901317. Moreover, 22-S-HC did not behave like an inactive ligand; it reduced synthesis of complex lipids and repressed certain genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid handling.
Published: 2006

106. Skeletal muscle lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetes may involve the liver X receptor pathway

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Andreas J. Wensaas, Klaus Levin, Henning Beck-Nielsen, Eili Tranheim Kase, Vigdis Aas, Michael Gaster, Kurt Højlund, and G. Hege Thoresen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, CD36, medicine.medical_treatment, Gene Expression, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Biology, Carbohydrate metabolism, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Obesity, Liver X receptor, Muscle, Skeletal, Cells, Cultured, Liver X Receptors, Sulfonamides, Insulin, Anticholesteremic Agents, Glucose transporter, Skeletal muscle, Lipid metabolism, Middle Aged, Lipid Metabolism, Orphan Nuclear Receptors, DNA-Binding Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), GLUT1, Glycogen
Abstract: Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol and lipid metabolism and are also involved in glucose metabolism. However, the functional role of LXRs in human skeletal muscle is at present unknown. This study demonstrates that chronic ligand activation of LXRs by a synthetic LXR agonist increases the uptake, distribution into complex cellular lipids, and oxidation of palmitate as well as the uptake and oxidation of glucose in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Furthermore, the effect of the LXR agonist was additive to acute effects of insulin on palmitate uptake and metabolism. Consistently, activation of LXRs induced the expression of relevant genes: fatty acid translocase (CD36/FAT), glucose transporters (GLUT1 and -4), sterol regulatory element–binding protein-1c, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, and uncoupling protein 2 and 3. Interestingly, in response to activation of LXRs, myotubes from patients with type 2 diabetes showed an elevated uptake and incorporation of palmitate into complex lipids but an absence of palmitate oxidation to CO2. These results provide evidence for a functional role of LXRs in both lipid and glucose metabolism and energy uncoupling in human myotubes. Furthermore, these data suggest that increased intramyocellular lipid content in type 2 diabetic patients may involve an altered response to activation of components in the LXR pathway.
Published: 2005

107. Differential utilization of saturated palmitate and unsaturated oleate: evidence from cultured myotubes

Author: Michael, Gaster, Arild C, Rustan, and Henning, Beck-Nielsen
Subjects: Male, Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Palmitic Acid, Humans, Insulin, In Vitro Techniques, Middle Aged, Lipid Metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction, Oleic Acid
Abstract: We recently described a primarily reduced palmitate oxidation in myotubes established from type 2 diabetic subjects, whereas triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation seemed to be adaptive. However, it is still uncertain whether these changes are similar for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and whether high concentrations of glucose and/or insulin may change this picture. Studies of palmitic acid and oleic acid metabolism in human myotubes established from control and type 2 diabetic subjects under conditions of acute high concentrations of insulin and/or glucose may solve these questions. Total oleic acid and palmitic acid uptake in myotubes was increased during acute insulin stimulation (P0.01) but not under acute, high-glucose concentrations, and no differences were found between the groups. Type 2 diabetic myotubes expressed a reduced palmitic acid oxidation to carbon dioxide (P/= 0.04), whereas oleic acid oxidation showed no differences between myotubes from both groups. High glucose concentrations decreased oleic acid oxidation (P/= 0.03). Lipid distribution was not different in diabetic and control myotubes when palmitic acid and oleic acid incorporation into cellular lipids was compared. Myotubes that were exposed to palmitic acid showed an increased palmitic acid incorporation into diacylglycerol (DAG) and TAG compared with myotubes that were exposed to oleic acid (P0.05) expressing an increased intracellular free fatty acid (FFA) level (P0.05). Lipid distribution was not affected by high glucose, whereas insulin increased FFAs, DAG, and TAG (P0.05). De novo lipid synthesis from glucose in both diabetic and control myotubes was of the same magnitude independent of glucose and insulin concentrations. These results indicate that palmitic acid and oleic acid are utilized in the same pattern in diabetic and control myotubes even though palmitic acid oxidation is primarily reduced in diabetic cells. Palmitic acid and oleic acid are handled differently by myotubes: Palmitic acid seems to accumulate as DAG and TAG, whereas oleic acid accumulates as intracellular FFAs. These observations indicate that oleic acid is preferable as fatty acid as it accumulates to a lesser extent as DAG and TAG than palmitic acid. Neither acute hyperglycemia nor de novo lipid synthesis from glucose seems central to the TAG accumulation in obesity or type 2 diabetes.
Published: 2005

108. Enzyme activities of intestinal triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Author: Bente E. Torstensen, Arild C. Rustan, Rolf E. Olsen, and Anthony Oxley
Subjects: food.ingredient, Physiology, Dietary lipid, Salmo salar, Biology, Biochemistry, food, Linseed oil, Intestinal mucosa, Lipid droplet, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Microsomes, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Animals, Plant Oils, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Intestinal Mucosa, Molecular Biology, Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase, Triglycerides, Lipid metabolism, Fish oil, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids, Diet, Enzymes, Monoacylglycerol lipase, Enterocytes, Diacylglycerol Cholinephosphotransferase, Phosphatidylcholines, Acyltransferases
Abstract: The substitution of fish oil with plant-derived oil in diets for carnivorous fish, such as Atlantic salmon, has previously revealed the potentially deleterious supranuclear accumulation of lipid droplets in intestinal cells (enterocytes) which may compromise gut integrity, and consequently, fish health. This suggests that unfamiliar dietary lipid sources may have a significant impact on intestinal lipid metabolism, however, the mode of lipid resynthesis is largely unknown in teleost fish intestine. The present study aimed at characterising three key lipogenic enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in Atlantic salmon enterocytes: monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). Furthermore, to investigate the dietary effect of plant oils on these enzymes, two experimental groups of fish were fed a diet with either capelin (fish oil) or vegetable oil (rapeseed oil:palm oil:linseed oil, 55:30:15 w/w) as the lipid source. The monoacylglycerol (MAG) pathway was highly active in the intestinal mucosa of Atlantic salmon as demonstrated by MGAT activity (7 nmol [1-(14)C]palmitoyl-CoA incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)) and DGAT activity (4 nmol [1-(14)C]palmitoyl-CoA incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)), with MGAT appearing to also provide adequate production of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol for potential utilisation in PC synthesis via CPT activity (0.4 nmol CDP-[(14)C]choline incorporated min(-1) mg protein(-1)). Both DGAT and CPT specific activity values were comparable to reported mammalian equivalents, although MGAT activity was lower. Nevertheless, MGAT appeared not to be the rate-limiting step in salmon intestinal TAG synthesis. The homology between piscine and mammalian enzymes was established by similar stimulation and inhibition profiles by a variety of tested cofactors and isomeric substrates. The low dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio presented in the vegetable oil diet did not significantly affect the activities of MGAT, DGAT, or CPT under optimised assay conditions, or in vivo intestinal mucosa lipid class composition, when compared to a standard fish oil diet.
Published: 2004

109. Chronic hyperglycaemia promotes lipogenesis and triacylglycerol accumulation in human skeletal muscle cells

Author: Rigmor Solberg, Arild C. Rustan, Eili Tranheim Kase, Vigdis Aas, and Jørgen Jensen
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Glucose uptake, Muscle Proteins, Deoxyglucose, Carbohydrate metabolism, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Muscle, Skeletal, Glycogen synthase, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, DNA Primers, Glucose Transporter Type 1, Glucose Transporter Type 4, Base Sequence, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, biology, Glycogen, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Biological Transport, Lipids, Endocrinology, chemistry, Hyperglycemia, Lipogenesis, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), GLUT1, GLUT4
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hyperglycaemia in itself on glucose and lipid metabolism in human skeletal muscle cells.Satellite cells were isolated from biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis muscle and differentiated into multinucleated myotubes in cultures. Metabolism studies were performed using isotopes ([3H]deoxyglucose, [14C]glucose, [14C]oleic acid and [14C]palmitic acid), and mRNA and protein levels were analysed by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting respectively.Exposure of myotubes to 20 mmol/l glucose for 4 days reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis to 57+/-5% (p0.0001) and 56+/-5% (p0.0001) of normoglycaemic (5.5 mmol/l glucose) controls respectively. Basal glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were both reduced, whereas glucose oxidation was unaltered. Total cell content of glycogen and expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 mRNA were not affected. There was a significant increase in the incorporation of glucose into cellular NEFA (88+/-17% increase, p=0.006), triacylglycerol (44+/-21% increase, p=0.04) and cholesterol ester (89+/-36% increase, p=0.02) in hyperglycaemic myotubes compared with controls. Diacylglycerol tended to be increased though not significantly, and phospholipid formation were unchanged. Relative to controls, total cell content of triacylglycerol was increased by 25+/-7% (p=0.02) and acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 activity was increased by 34+/-4% (p=0.004), whereas acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 mRNA expression was unchanged. Total cellular uptake of palmitic acid was reduced by 18+/-3% (p=0.006) in hyperglycaemic cells compared with controls, while uptake of oleic acid was unchanged. Oxidation of palmitic acid or oleic acid was not affected by hyperglycaemia.Chronic hyperglycaemia increased triacylglycerol accumulation and the incorporation of carbohydrate into triacylglycerol (i.e. de novo lipogenesis) concomitantly with a reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Enhanced acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 activity supported the increased triacylglycerol synthesis during hyperglycaemia.
Published: 2004
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110. Leukemia inhibitory factor reduces contractile function and induces alterations in energy metabolism in isolated cardiomyocytes

Author: Vigdis Aas, Nadine Straumann, Kristin B. Andersson, Arild C. Rustan, Hilde Dishington, Geir Christensen, Geir Florholmen, Per Kristian Lunde, Annlaug Ødegaard, and Hilde M.A. Eid
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Gene Expression, Biology, Carbohydrate metabolism, Creatine, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Internal medicine, medicine, Myocyte, Animals, Myocytes, Cardiac, Rats, Wistar, Molecular Biology, G alpha subunit, Interleukin-6, Interleukin, Metabolism, Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases, NAD, Mitochondria, Rats, Cytokine, Endocrinology, Glucose, chemistry, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Energy Metabolism, Leukemia inhibitory factor, Muscle Contraction, Oleic Acid
Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-6 related cytokines may be involved in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is an IL-6 related cytokine, and elevated levels of LIF have been found in failing hearts. The aim of our study was to investigate how LIF may influence isolated cardiomyocytes. Adult cardiomyocytes were isolated from male Wistar rat hearts and treated with 1 nM LIF for 48 h. Contractile function was measured using a video-edge detection system. Fractional shortening was reduced at 0.25 Hz in LIF treated cells (7.4% +/- 0.5%) compared to control cells (9.0% +/- 0.7%). Gene expression analysis showed that expression of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase F(1) alpha subunit was reduced in cells exposed to LIF. The activity of the enzyme was also reduced in these cells (0.10 +/- 0.05 mumol/min per mg protein) compared to controls (1.23 +/- 0.40 mumol/min per mg protein). The levels of ATP and creatine phosphate were reduced by 15.0% +/- 3.0% and 11.2% +/- 2.7% in LIF treated cells. LIF increased both (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake and lactate levels, suggesting an increase in anaerobic energy metabolism. Beta-oxidation of (14)C-oleic acid was increased by 51.2% +/- 14.1% following LIF treatment, but no changes were found in cellular uptake or oxidation of (14)C-oleic acid to CO(2). In conclusion, LIF induces contractile dysfunction and changes in energy metabolism in isolated cardiomyocytes.
Published: 2004

111. Reduced lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic subjects may be of genetic origin: evidence from cultured myotubes

Author: Michael, Gaster, Arild C, Rustan, Vigdis, Aas, and Henning, Beck-Nielsen
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Middle Aged, Lipid Metabolism, Diglycerides, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Reference Values, Humans, Insulin, Muscle, Skeletal, Oxidation-Reduction, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides
Abstract: Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in vivo is associated with reduced lipid oxidation and lipid accumulation. It is still uncertain whether changes in lipid metabolism represent an adaptive compensation at the cellular level or a direct expression of a genetic trait. Studies of palmitate metabolism in human myotubes established from control and type 2 diabetic subjects may solve this problem, as genetic defects are preserved and expressed in vitro. In this study, total uptake of palmitic acid was similar in myotubes established from both control and type 2 diabetic subjects under basal conditions and acute insulin stimulation. Myotubes established from diabetic subjects expressed a primary reduced palmitic acid oxidation to carbon dioxide with a concomitantly increased esterification of palmitic acid into phospholipids compared with control myotubes under basal conditions. Triacylglycerol (TAG) content and the incorporation of palmitic acid into diacylglycerol (DAG) and TAG at basal conditions did not vary between the groups. Acute insulin treatment significantly increased palmitate uptake and incorporation of palmitic acid into DAG and TAG in myotubes established from both study groups, but no difference was found in myotubes established from control and diabetic subjects. These results indicate that the reduced lipid oxidation in diabetic skeletal muscle in vivo may be of genetic origin; it also appears that TAG metabolism is not primarily affected in diabetic muscles under basal physiological conditions.
Published: 2004

112. 40(th) EASD Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes : Munich, Germany, 5-9 September 2004

Author: S. Artigas, A V Dreval, Mark I. McCarthy, C Watson, Peter H. Bennett, M Quint, Y Ikeda, E Alpert, F Schiele, H Sekihara, Erik Gylfe, P Lowe, J Kuhlmann, Alain Golay, V Longo, Shahidul Alam Khan Akm., L G Mantovani, M Zawodniak-Szalapska, G Winkler, T Harrity, L Virág, U Johne, Kuo S-W., Linda C Tapsell, J Rodriguez, Michel Komajda, K Kankova, Carole A. Cull, M Sporna, E Estilles, U Ribel, M C Spruce, E Buzzigoli, T Prazak, J K McLaughlin, M K Lingohr, M Lim, F Calara, A Siebenhofer, G Meregalli, Roberto Anichini, A D Baron, R Kurashvili, P C Butler, G I Fantus, T. E. De Gooyer, Park Y-M., R. Walther, S Heinrich, Agnieszka Zawiejska, S Mukherjee, Nikolaos Papanas, G Wong, Ian D. Caterson, David M. Maahs, Shuichi Kaneko, Alexandra E. Butler, Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco, O N Kong, Attali J-R., C A Hedman, K Oshinyemi, Nicolle Müller, I C Cranston, N Okumus, M V Vlaiculescu, Balasubramanian Ravikumar, W W Cheatham, K Mukasa, K B Biswas, Annunziata Lapolla, Phil McEwan, G Mader, Gilles Chassot, Dragi Anevski, Werner A. Scherbaum, M Donath, C Hesselmann, R A Gandhi, David E. Moller, Ezio Bonifacio, C Garcia, V Ifandi, P Hornnes, Nieuwenhoven Fav., C Puech, S Pérez-Del-Pulgar, Kim S-R., G Hines, C Rubio Terrés, Michael Gaster, N. Hosszufalusi, A Scholze, Andrew A. Young, Stavros Liatis, F Hariri, S Tan, Paul Valensi, Allan E. Karlsen, J Kim, E. Moberg, J Kaiser, L Berman, G Nelson, A Altkrüger, P Kothare, D B Cook, S Doran, G. van Dijk, Shahnaz Shahinfar, Kim C-S., P Stahl, M Manousaki, S Sigrist, S K Lim, M. P. Stern, A Guberti, C Rezzani, J McKenney, Karl Thomaseth, Sofia Carlsson, M Julia, R Brillante, I Rubesova, T Darkow, E Matsumoto, Wendy M. Macfarlane, M Di Martino, G Bardini, Rossella Menghini, D Duhot, E Farcasiu, Annalisa Natalicchio, I Lindner, J Buvat, Christian L. Brand, Harry Dorchy, Iwona Pietrzak, Z T Luo, P Home, M Ekelund, Jesper Gromada, Kristine Færch, F Piarulli, H Kim, R Mentel, Zsuzsanna K. Zsengellér, Dullaart Rpf., Anton Luger, Thomas A. Pearson, V Manicardi, P Rösen, Feng Y-M., R Morganti, Lars Hansen, Demuth H-U., Haruo Kasai, A Shostak, Rudi Steffensen, G Taylor, Markolf Hanefeld, C Santini, E Hamaguchi, Roberto Miccoli, F Storms, M Cooper, Y Lee, Allison E. Aiello, P Smith, T Suehiro, K Treece, M Waluś, Timothy A Welborn, Simone Baltrusch, E Kontela, S Chai, J Crean, H Yokoyama, Johan G. Eriksson, Rafael Hernández Hernández, J Rodríguez-Saldaña, M P Tornero, G Formoso, D. Lovell, E Bingham, A Mylonakis, M Manteghetti, D Fedele, Antonio Martín-Duce, Ralph A. DeFronzo, D Salcedo, Kurt Højlund, Antonio Petrone, Sheu Whh., C Gutierrez, Flavia Pricci, S Kurita, Z G Abbas, M M Benedetti, Philippe A. Halban, Daniel J. Cox, O Ljungkvist, Justine Davies, J Palsgaard, Lars Sjöström, E Bosi, L Janin-Manificat, W. F. Kelly, M. Fernandez, E Colak, O V Mulyarchik, B Kronshage, F Lang, M Erfurth, Takashi Kadowaki, N Jendrike, U Walter, J Wishart, Y. Neye, D Kim, N Furuhashi, M Barsotti, D Florow, L Ke, L Borgquist, N C Jackson, Ffolliott M. Fisher, V Baskar, K Yoshioka, Bryan A. Wolf, G Chabrier, R Skoumal, Livio Luzi, H Kose, I Pharisien, B. Klein, H Winiarska, M C Johnson, L Griffiths, Nonna Kravchun, C Combe, Baptist Gallwitz, J Zdychova, L Skorda, Jorma Ilonen, W Gao, I N Steen, A Terrinoni, P D Ambery, W Kern, C M Kusminski, Cho M-H., Paolo Pozzilli, Louise G. Grunnet, E Schönle, David R Matthews, Robert W. Taylor, Y Cohen, Kim H-S., M P Eccles, N B Tutuncu, D McDowell, Richard M. Bergenstal, K Takamatsu, T Steiner, Jaan Palgi, Valdemar Grill, N Niculescu, G Federici, S Lehto, P. M. McKeigue, M Barone, Michael E. Trautmann, S Smirnov, J Mannion, M Eto, C Rousseau, M Conti, C S Ernest, Antonio Ceriello, D H Schweitzer, Jung E-D., Andreas Festa, Avijit Lahiri, A Shepelkevich, A Murro, A Kollmann, Jonathan R.S. Arch, R Landgraf, Son H-Y., I Engelsberger, E Agardh, S Rodríguez-Mulero, P J Kraml, K Lee, D. F. Du Toit, E Kim, G Fadini, Williams Ajk., Philip Home, M B Antcieferov, C Perlemoine, D Perrea, Song X-L., D Ruggieri, Krister Bokvist, Heidi Sørensen, Bilbao, G Yoshino, J P Taylor, Shen H-M., S M Furier, R Urquhart, J Wohlgelernter, Jianping Weng, T. Baba, Q Hong, C Silva, Castaigne J-P., M Felaco, X X Zhang, M Jaroň, Milla Rosengård-Bärlund, J G Papp, Toshio Miyata, Lervang H-H., Park M-K., I Kinalska, A Long, Oomen Phn., N Kogawa, Ippolita Patrizia Patera, S. Karadeniz, Dinesh Selvarajah, D S Chung, A Wensaas, Richard Imrich, M Recasens, J Ruxer, O Buchea, E Wilpart, S P Stepanenko, Le Ttd., H Ohgawara, Mariaconsuelo Valentini, A Mondok, M Peltonen, Marianne O. Larsen, K Chatzianagnostou, Agneta Ståhle, A L Ferrari, L Bordier, F Maingrette, A Matsuda, G Vukomanovic, Jakob D. Wikstrom, T Yamakita, E Gorostiaga, J Jin, B Gopalan, Heinz Drexel, S Hewitt, Rury R. Holman, C Dieterle, T L Ruchti, N Asatiani, M Sidira, A Iezzi, A J Sommerfield, D Châtenet, M L Olsen, R Bergemann, C Koehler, T L Kuraeva, B Balas, Christian Berne, E Santos-Mazo, G Smith, A Siejka, R Kožnarová, A Mattina, S Sheikh, A Adomeit, M Rasmussen, J. Fagerudd, N Busciantella Ricci, Nuria Vilarrasa, E Hammar, T L Thoms, L Aydın, Ron G. Rosenfeld, A Nikolajuk, R Gos, C L Morgan, H L Yu, D Dheelchand, S Ramrath, N Boudriga, Jerome I. Rotter, C Jahannault, W M Weston, Folke Lindgärde, M Hertlova, D Knight, A Monroy-Mayorga, E Pardini, A Chamson-Reig, B Franke, Janie McCluskey, Joseph Bryan, C Nikolopoulou, Christie M. Ballantyne, Fausto Santeusanio, L Pegoraro, M Lee, A Klimenko, S Jaiveer, K. Pettersson-Fernholm, Michael A. 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Lifshitz, A, Yerushalmy, Y, Stern, E, Ogawa, K, Nanjo, K, Kawamori, R, Katayama, S, Shirai, M, Fonseca, V, Seftel, A, Denne, J, Fredlund, P, Buvat, J, Schmitt, H, Van Ahlen, H, Varanese, L, Lips, J, Hoekstra, J, Banga, J, Legros, J, Lufuma, M, Bouter, K, Fan, L, Lu, J, Zheng, Y, Spruce, M, Jones, C, Coppini, D, Lavery, L, Holtz neiderer, K, Mohler, M, Wendel, C, Nixon, B, Jurado, J, Bataller, F, Dorca, A, Garcia, F, Brossa, N, Barnera, T, Pou Torelló, J, Bregovski, V, Karpova, I, Hedetoft, C, Rasmussen, A, Fabrin, J, Driver, V, Thoms, T, Jeffcoate, W, Monaghan, J, Game, F, Dalla Noce, S, Cimmino, M, Caruso, S, Manes, C, Mikoudi, K, Sossidou, E, Pigas, G, Karagianni, D, Skoutas, D, Fotiadis, S, Pruna, S, Eroshkin, I, Vasiljev, Y, Udovichenko, O, Udovichenko, A, Bondarenko, O, Dang, C, Prasad, Y, Anwar, R, Thomas, G, Lobmann, R, Motzkau, M, Pittasch, D, Lehnert, H, Piaggesi, A, Marsocci, A, Fanara, M, Rizzo, L, Palumbo, F, Campi, F, Tedeschi, A, Scatena, A, Goretti, C, Baicchi, U, 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Paulin, S, Marcu, S, Tauveron, I, Zimmermann, C, Schiele, F, Seronde, M, Vautrin, P, Lusson, J, Thieblot, P, Bernard, Y, Mistry, A, Pye, M, Peovska, I, Maksimovic Pavlovic, J, Vavlukis, M, Pop Gorceva, D, Bosevski, M, Scognamiglio, R, Negut, C, De Kreutzenberg, S, Madonna, R, De Caterina, R, Willerson, J, Geng, Y, Vahsen, S, Ledwig, D, Ramrath, S, Frantz, S, Schmidt, I, Calvillo, L, Dienesch, C, Elbing, I, Bischoff, H, Ertl, G, Bauersachs, J, Davydov, A, Mkrtum'Yan, A, Baranova, L, Ikeda, Y, Suehiro, T, Osaki, F, Ota, K, Arii, K, Kumon, Y, Hashimoto, K, Doney, A, Morris, A, Palmer, C, Byun, S, Doo, H, Pagnin, E, Calo, L, Fadini, G, Kubaszek, A, Chai, S, Chai, Q, Rasmussen, L, Ledet, T, Wogensen, L, Lengyel, C, Varró, A, Virág, L, Magyar, J, Bíró, T, Jost, N, Skoumal, R, Nánási, P, Tóth, M, Horkay, F, Papp, J, Zacharopoulou, O, Athanaselis, S, Tsokos, N, Doupis, J, Psallas, M, Cokkinos, D, Pavlatos, S, Liatis, S, Akhobadze, T, Dzneladze, L, Samarguliani, I, Taskiran, M, Rasmussen, V, Jensen, G, Fisher, A, Petrovsky, N, Srikusalanukul, W, Budge, M, Trifunovic zamaklar, D, Zivkovic, M, Jelic, V, Vukomanovic, G, Ristic, A, Seferovic, P, Costa, J, Duarte, S, Manley, S, Sailesh, S, Venkataraman, A, Haider, Y, Groza, I, Oprean, M, Ardelean, A, Morosanu, A, Darkow, T, Vanderplas, A, Mamas, M, Mcelduff, P, Burns, J, Edwards, R, Fitchet, A, Young, R, Gibson, J, Lichiardopol, R, Niculescu, N, Totora, A, Pencea, C, Tomescu, I, Cinteza, M, Manicardi, V, Coscelli, C, Navazio, A, Catellani, E, Michelini, M, Dall'Asta, D, Guberti, A, Piazza, A, Gasparini, E, Pantaleoni, M, Guiducci, U, Manari, A, Sejil, S, Janand delenne, B, Avierinos, J, Habib, G, Labastie, N, Vague, P, Lassmann vague, V, Luźniak, P, Tatoń, J, Wojciechowska Luźniak, A, Zairis, M, Lyras, A, Patsourakos, N, Tsirimbis, V, Foussas, S, Lupón, J, Urrutia, A, Herreros, J, González, B, Coll, R, Altimir, S, Prats, M, Valle, V, Abreu padí, C, Rábago, G, Ivanova, L, Brasacchio, D, Harno, E, Keenan, A, Li, H, Lu, Z, Ke, L, Liu, H, Jeong, I, Chae, M, Choi, M, Yoo, H, Kim, C, Yun, M, Na, M, Kang, Y, Kong, O, Son, S, Kim, I, Tanaka, N, Hosoi, M, Matsuyama, Y, Fukumoto, M, Yamakita, T, Yoshioka, K, Ishii, T, Sato, T, Fujii, S, Aoki, T, Shibata, T, Mizutani, N, Suzuki, J, Fowelin, J, Samuelsson, P, Brandrup wogsen, G, Okumura, K, Tokmakova, A, Staroverova, D, Antcieferov, M, Shutichina, I, Kuntchevich, G, Vriesendorp, T, Morélis, Q, Legemate, D, Schaper, F, Mainas, E, Gkioulmpasanis, I, Panagiotou, I, Vassilikos, G, Skorda, L, Sidira, M, Christoforidou, M, Alaveras, A, Artikis, V, Evdemon, E, Lechleitner, M, Koch, T, Ebenbichler, C, Sturm, W, Moretti, L, Moruzzo, D, Boldrini, E, Pandolfo, C, Kameyama, M, Iwasa, R, Cho, M, Nam, J, Huh, K, Kaplar, M, Paragh, G, Erdei, A, Csongradi, E, Garai, I, Varga, J, Galuska, L, Udvardy, M, Higa, M, Kaneko, Y, Hiroi, N, Koziarska, D, Nowacki, P, Majkowska, L, Luzniak, P, Wojciechowska luźniak, A, Tushuizen, M, Nieuwland, R, Snoeck, D, Sturk, A, Diamant, M, Aguiar, L, Bahia, 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D, Torjesen, P, Kilhovd, B, Berg, T, Sandvik, L, Hanssen, K, Mentink, C, Donchenko, G, Stepanenko, S, Maingrette, F, Deng, H, Lindenmair, A, Freudenthaler, A, Baumgartner parzer, S, Nizheradze, K, Khoruzhenko, A, Tronko, N, Sheu, W, Ou, H, Shen, H, Lin, T, Wu, H, Yang, C, Mogylnytska, L, Schmoelzer, I, Davies, J, Band, M, Struthers, A, Prázný, M, Škrha, J, Kasalová, Z, Neelotpol, S, Jahan, P, Kauschke, S, Harrop, C, Schäfer, A, Widder, J, Eigenthaler, M, Walter, U, Uchimura, I, Ikebukuro, M, Kaibara, M, Hirata, M, Helal, R, Pervin, F, Yang, X, Jansson, P, Nagaev, I, Jack, M, Carvalho, E, Sunnerhagen, K, Cam, M, Cushman, S, Smith, U, Creely, S, Farmer, J, Gustafson, B, Kusminski, C, Krusinova, E, Wohl, P, Klementova, M, Lanska, V, Mcdougall, C, Kelly, I, Abbas, Z, Lutale, J, Archibald, L, Karunajeewa, H, Stingemore, N, Stuccio, G, Mcgechie, D, Muller, L, Hak, E, Goudzwaard, W, Montorsi, F, Homering, M, Sprenger, K, Goldstein, I, Asnaghi, V, Ferrari, G, Rastaldi, M, Gabellini, D, Dell'Antonio, G, Maestroni, A, Ruggieri, D, Luzi, L, Piemonti, L, Zerbini, G, Anafaroglu, I, Tutuncu, N, Sultana, M, Siddiqua, N, Iwasaki, T, Nakajima, A, Yoneda, M, Mukasa, K, Tanaka, S, and Sekihara, H
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, EASD, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Human physiology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Family medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Published: 2004

113. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n-3 FA is associated with increased beta-oxidation and reduced leptin expression

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Elena Šeböková, Rolf K. Berge, Christian A. Drevon, Daniela Gasperikova, E. Demcáková, Janne E. Reseland, Iwar Klimes, Jozef Ukropec, and Lise Madsen
Subjects: Leptin, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical chemistry, Saturated fat, medicine.medical_treatment, Adipose tissue, Biochemistry, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, medicine, Animals, Carnitine, Rats, Wistar, Muscle, Skeletal, Triglycerides, Hypolipidemic Agents, Leptin receptor, Chemistry, Insulin, Organic Chemistry, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Dietary Fats, Rats, Endocrinology, Gene Expression Regulation, Liver, Lipid Peroxidation, Dyslipidemia, medicine.drug
Abstract: To study the mechanisms responsible for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine oils, we monitored the effects of high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA on hepatic and muscular beta-oxidation, plasma leptin concentration, leptin receptor gene expression, and in vivo insulin action. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed either a high-fat diet [28% (w/w) of saturated fat] or a high-fat diet containing 10% n-3 PUFA and 18% saturated fat for 3 wk. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of n-3 PUFA was accompanied by increased hepatic oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA (125%, P < 0.005) and palmitoyl-L-carnitine (480%, P < 0.005). These findings were corroborated by raised carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 activity (154%, P < 0.001) and mRNA levels (91%, P < 0.01) as well as by simultaneous elevation of hepatic peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase activity (144%, P < 0.01) and mRNA content (82%, P < 0.05). In contrast, hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity remained unchanged despite a twofold increased mRNA level after n-3 PUFA feeding. Skeletal muscle FA oxidation was less affected by dietary n-3 PUFA, and the stimulatory effect was found only in peroxisomes. Dietary intake of n-3 PUFA was followed by increased acyl-CoA oxidase activity (48%, P < 0.05) and mRNA level (83%, P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle. The increased FA oxidation after n-3 PUFA supplementation of the high-fat diet was accompanied by lower plasma leptin concentration (-38%, P < 0.05) and leptin mRNA expression (-66%, P < 0.05) in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, and elevated hepatic mRNA level for the leptin receptor Ob-Ra (140%, P < 0.05). Supplementation of the high-fat diet with n-3 PUFA enhanced in vivo insulin sensitivity, as shown by normalization of the glucose infusion rate during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Our results indicate that the hypotriglyceridemic effect of dietary n-3 PUFA is associated with stimulation of FA oxidation in the liver and to a smaller extent in skeletal muscle. This may ameliorate dyslipidemia, tissue lipid accumulation, and insulin action, in spite of decreased plasma leptin level and leptin mRNA in adipose tissue.
Published: 2003

114. Arachidonic acid-dependent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation requires PKA activity and is associated with sustained expression of cyclooxygenases

Author: Karsten Kristiansen, Rolf K. Berge, Lise Madsen, Claus Jørgensen, Rasmus Koefoed Petersen, Gerhard Fürstenberger, Karin Müller-Decker, Livar Frøyland, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Indomethacin, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Prostaglandin, QD415-436, Biochemistry, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Endocrinology, Adipocyte, Internal medicine, 3T3-L1 Cells, medicine, Adipocytes, Cyclic AMP, Animals, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Protein kinase A, Fatty acid synthesis, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Arachidonic Acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, biology, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Kinase, Fatty Acids, Cell Differentiation, Cell Biology, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Isoenzymes, chemistry, Cyclooxygenase 2, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, biology.protein, protein kinase A, Arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Acyltransferases
Abstract: Arachidonic acid inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells via a prostaglandin synthesis-dependent pathway. Here we show that this inhibition requires the presence of a cAMP-elevating agent during the first two days of treatment. Suppression of protein kinase A activity by H-89 restored differentiation in the presence of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid treatment led to a prolonged activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and suppression of ERK1/2 activity by the addition of U0126 rescued differentiation. Upon induction of differentiation, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was transiently induced and then declined, whereas COX-1 expression declined gradually as differentiation progressed. Treatment with arachidonic acid led to sustained expression of COX-1 and COX-2. Omission of a cAMP-elevating agent or addition of H-89 or U0126 prevented sustained expression of COX-2. Unexpectedly, we observed that selective COX-1 or COX-2 inhibitors rescued adipocyte differentiation in the presence of arachidonic acid as effectively as did the nonselective COX-inhibitor indomethacin. De novo fatty acid synthesis, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity, and triacylglycerol accumulation were repressed in cells treated with arachidonic acid. Indomethacin restored DGAT activity and triacylglycerol accumulation without restoring de novo fatty acid synthesis, resulting in an enhanced incorporation of arachidonic acid into cellular triacylglycerols.
Published: 2003

115. Reduced secretion of triacylglycerol in CaCo-2 cells transfected with intestinal fatty acid-binding protein

Author: Ane Gedde-Dahl, Arild C. Rustan, Christian A. Drevon, Mari Ann Kulseth, and Trine Ranheim
Subjects: Gene Expression, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Transfection, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Humans, RNA, Messenger, adipocyte protein 2, Intestinal Mucosa, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Fatty acid metabolism, biology, Esterification, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Organic Chemistry, Fatty Acids, Fatty acid, Lipid metabolism, Cell Biology, Neoplasm Proteins, Oleic acid, chemistry, Cell culture, Free fatty acid receptor, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Caco-2 Cells, Carrier Proteins, Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 7, Oleic Acid
Abstract: The fatty acid-binding proteins are hypothesized to be involved in cellular fatty acid transport and trafficking. We established CaCo-2 cells stably transfected with intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and examined how the expression of this protein may influence fatty acid metabolism. I-FABP expression was detectable in I-FABP-transfected cells, whereas parent CaCo-2 cells as well as mock-transfected cells failed to express detectable levels of I-FABP mRNA or protein at any stage of differentiation. For studies of lipid metabolism, cells were incubated with [14C]oleic acid in taurocholate micelles containing monoolein, and distribution of labeled fatty acid in cellular and secreted lipids was examined. In one transfected cell clone, expressing the highest level of I-FABP, labeled cellular triacylglycerol increased approximately twofold as compared to control cells. The level of intracellular triacylglycerol in two other I-FABP-transfected clones resembled that of control cells. However, secretion of triacylglycerol was markedly reduced in all the I-FABP-expressing cell lines. Our data suggest that increased expression of I-FABP leads to reduced triacylglycerol secretion in intestinal cells.
Published: 2002

116. Skeletal Muscle Perilipin 3 and Coatomer Proteins Are Increased following Exercise and Are Associated with Fat Oxidation

Author: Cedric Moro, Jamie M. LaGrange, Sudip Bajpeyi, Zhengyu Zhang, Arild C. Rustan, Eric Ravussin, Jose E. Galgani, and Jeffrey D. Covington
Subjects: Male, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Vesicular Transport Proteins, lcsh:Medicine, Gene Expression, Stimulation, Biochemistry, Lipoprotein Metabolism, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Molecular Cell Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, lcsh:Science, Cells, Cultured, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Forskolin, Myogenesis, Lipids, medicine.anatomical_structure, Coatomer, Oxidation-Reduction, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Epinephrine, Lipolysis, Lipoproteins, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Biology, Coatomer Protein, Perilipin-3, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, In vivo, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Sports and Exercise Medicine, Muscle, Skeletal, Exercise, 030304 developmental biology, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Skeletal muscle, Cell Biology, Lipid Metabolism, Metabolism, Endocrinology, chemistry, Physical Endurance, Perilipin, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Lipid droplet-associated proteins such as perilipin 3 (PLIN3) and coatomer GTPase proteins (GBF1, ARF1, Sec23a, and ARFRP1) are expressed in skeletal muscle but little is known so far as to their regulation of lipolysis. We aimed here to explore the effects of lipolytic stimulation in vitro in primary human myotubes as well as in vivo following an acute exercise bout. In vitro lipolytic stimulation by epinephrine (100 μM) or by a lipolytic cocktail (30 μM palmitate, 4 μM forskolin, and 0.5 μM ionomycin, PFI) resulted in increases in PLIN3 protein content. Coatomer GTPases such as GBF1, ARF1, Sec23a, and ARFRP1 also increased in response to lipolytic stimuli. Furthermore, a long duration endurance exercise bout (20 males; age 24.0 ± 4.5 y; BMI 23.6 ± 1.8 kg/m(2)) increased PLIN3 protein in human skeletal muscle (p = 0.03) in proportion to ex vivo palmitate oxidation (r = 0.45, p = 0.04) and whole body in vivo fat oxidation (r = 0.52, p = 0.03). Protein content of ARF1 was increased (p = 0.04) while mRNA expression was increased for several other coatomers (GBF1, ARF1, and Sec23a, all p
Published: 2014
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117. Fatty Acids: Structures and Properties

Author: Arild C. Rustan and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Dietary Requirements, Membrane, chemistry, Biochemistry, Regulator, Metabolism, Animal nutrition, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: Fatty acids play a key role in metabolism: as a metabolic fuel, as a necessary component of all membranes, and as a gene regulator. In addition, fatty acids have a number of industrial uses. Keywords: biological effects; eicosanoids; requirements; polyunsaturated fatty acids; diet; peroxidation
Published: 2001
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118. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (a 3-thia fatty acid) impairs secretion of oleic acid-induced triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in CaCo-2 cells

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Ane Gedde-Dahl, Ahmed Bakillah, and M. Mahmood Hussain
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Very low-density lipoprotein, Lipoproteins, Tetradecylthioacetic acid, Fatty acid, Cell Biology, Biology, Sulfides, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Biochemistry, Low-density lipoprotein, Humans, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Caco-2 Cells, Molecular Biology, Acyltransferases, Triglycerides, Chylomicron, Lipoprotein, Oleic Acid
Abstract: The fatty acid analogue tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) has previously been shown to decrease triacylglycerol secretion in CaCo-2 cells (Gedde-Dahl et al., J. Lipid Res. 36 (1995) 535-543). The present study was designed to further elucidate the effect of TTA on lipoprotein production in CaCo-2 cells. TTA did not affect oleic acid-induced triacylglycerol synthesis, but it significantly decreased secretion of newly synthesized triacylglycerol when compared to cells incubated with oleic acid alone or oleic acid in combination with palmitic acid. In contrast, pulse-chase experiments showed no difference in the amount of labeled triacylglycerol secreted from cells exposed to either fatty acid combination during the chase period, indicating that TTA did not affect the secretory process in general. Cells incubated with TTA alone secreted triacylglycerol present at 1.025rho1.073 g/ml, corresponding to the low density lipoprotein/intermediate density lipoprotein density range. In contrast, cells supplemented with oleic acid or oleic acid in combination with TTA secreted triacylglycerol mainly in the very low density lipoprotein/chylomicron density range (rho1.006 g/ml). Despite a marked decrease in triacylglycerol secretion, TTA treatment did not change secretion of apolipoprotein B nor the activity of microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein (MTP) in the cells. Furthermore, the presence of TTA in cellular triacylglycerol had no effect on the ability of purified MTP to transfer triacylglycerol from donor to acceptor vesicles. Together, the above observations suggest that TTA interferes with other MTP-independent factors that regulate the intestinal lipoprotein secretion.
Published: 1999

119. Postprandial decrease in plasma unesterified fatty acids during n-3 fatty acid feeding is not caused by accumulation of fatty acids in adipose tissue

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Bo-E Hustvedt, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: Glycerol, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Lipolysis, Biophysics, Adipose tissue, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Kidney, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Epididymis, Fatty Acids, Fatty acid, Metabolism, Postprandial Period, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Dietary Fats, Rats, Oleic acid, Postprandial, chemistry, Adipose Tissue, Liver
Abstract: Dietary supplementation of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids to rats reduces postprandial plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, unesterified fatty acids and glycerol after long-term feeding by unknown mechanisms [Rustan et al., J. Lipid Res. 34 (1993) 1299-1309]. In the present study we examine the role of adipose tissues in metabolism of fatty acids. Postprandial plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, unesterified fatty acids and glycerol were reduced by 75%, 50% and 30%, respectively, during 49 days of feeding high-fat diets containing n-3 fatty acids (6.5% n-3 fatty acid concentrate, 13% lard) as compared to lard (19.5% lard). These differences were observed already after two days of feeding. Plasma concentration of unesterified very long-chain n-3 fatty acids increased to 50 microM in n-3 fatty acid-supplemented rats, whereas these fatty acids were undetectable in lard-fed animals. The n-3 fatty acid-enriched diet limited cell volumes of perirenal and epididymal adipocytes by 40% and 30%, respectively, after 49 days, as compared to lard feeding. This reduction in cell volume was not due to reduced synthesis of glycerolipids in epididymal adipocytes. Acute incubation of perirenal and epididymal adipocytes with oleic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, caused similar increase in synthesis of triacylglycerol. Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids decreased basal and total lipolysis (isoprenalin-stimulated) in perirenal adipocytes. Basal lipolysis in epididymal adipocytes was reduced by n-3 fatty acids only after 49 days. n-3 fatty acids increased total lipolysis in mesenteric and subcutaneous fat cells compared to adipocytes derived from lard-fed animals, whereas basal lipolysis was unchanged. These results suggest that the reduced postprandial plasma concentration of unesterified fatty acids after n-3 fatty acid-supplementation is not caused by accumulation of fatty acids in adipose tissue. The reduced trophic growth of adipocytes might be due to decreased supply of unesterified fatty acids for triacylglycerol storage. (c) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Published: 1998

120. Enhanced hepatic fatty acid oxidation and upregulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase II gene expression by methyl 3-thiaoctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate in rats

Author: Lars Skattebøl, Rolf K. Berge, Nina Willumsen, Morten Lundquist, Jon Songstad, Hans J. Grav, Arild C. Rustan, and Hege Vaagenes
Subjects: Immunology, Blood lipids, Alkenes, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Palmitic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Structure-Activity Relationship, medicine, Animals, Carnitine, RNA, Messenger, Beta oxidation, Cells, Cultured, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Hypolipidemic Agents, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Fatty acid metabolism, Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase, Esterification, Molecular Structure, Fatty Acids, Tetradecylthioacetic acid, Fatty acid, Fatty acid ester, Lipids, Rats, Cholesterol, Biochemistry, chemistry, Liver, Oxidation-Reduction, medicine.drug
Abstract: This study reports the effects of a novel polyunsaturated 3-thia fatty acid, methyl 3-thiaoctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate on serum lipids and key enzymes in hepatic fatty acid metabolism compared to a saturated 3-thia fatty acid, tetradecylthioacetic acid. Palmitic acid treated rats served as controls. Fatty acids were administered by gavage in daily doses of 150 mg/kg body weight for 10 days. The aim of the present study was: (a) To investigate the effect of a polyunsaturated 3-thia fatty acid ester, methyl 3-thiaoctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate on plasma lipids in normolipidemic rats; (b) to verify whether the lipid-lowering effect could be consistent with enhanced fatty acid oxidation; and (c) to study whether decreased activity of esterifying enzymes and diversion to phospholipid synthesis is a concerted mechanism in limiting the availability of free fatty acid as a substrate for hepatic triglyceride formation. Repeated administration of the polyunsaturated 3-thia fatty acid ester for 10 days resulted in a reduction of plasma triglycerides (40%), cholesterol (33%) and phospholipids (20%) compared to controls. Administration of polyunsaturated and saturated 3-thia fatty acids (daily doses of 150 mg/kg body weight) reduced levels of lipids to a similar extent and followed about the same time-course. Both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation increased (1.4-fold- and 4.2-fold, respectively) and significantly increased activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (1.6-fold), 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (1.2-fold) and fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (3.0-fold) were observed in polyunsaturated 3-thia fatty acid treated animals. This was accompanied by increased CPT-II mRNA (1.7-fold), 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase mRNA (2.9-fold) and fatty acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA (1.7-fold). Compared to controls, the hepatic triglyceride biosynthesis was retarded as indicated by a decrease in liver triglyceride content (40%). The activities of glycerophosphate acyltransferase, acyl-CoA: 1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase were increased. The cholesterol lowering effect was accompanied by a reduction in HMG-CoA reductase activity (80%) and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity (33%). In hepatocytes treated with methyl 3-thiaoctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate, fatty acid oxidation was increased 1.8-fold compared to controls. The results suggest that treatment with methyl 3-thiaoctadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate reduces plasma triglycerides by a decrease in the availability of fatty acid substrate for triglyceride biosynthesis via enhanced fatty acid oxidation, most likely attributed to the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. It is hypothesized that decreased phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity may be an additive mechanism which contribute whereby 3-thia fatty acids reduce triglyceride formation in the liver. The cholesterol-lowering effect of the polyunsaturated 3-thia fatty acid ester may be due to changes in cholesterol/cholesterol ester synthesis as 60% of this acid was observed in the hepatic cholesterol ester fraction.
Published: 1998

121. Effect of coffee lipids (cafestol and kahweol) on regulation of cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells

Author: Bente Halvorsen, Trine Ranheim, Anthony C. Huggett, Arild C. Rustan, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: Cafestol, Biology, Cell Line, Bile Acids and Salts, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Kahweol, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Cholesterol, Metabolism, Lipoproteins, LDL, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biochemistry, Receptors, LDL, Low-density lipoprotein, Hepatocyte, LDL receptor, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases, Cholesterol Esters, Diterpene, Diterpenes, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.drug
Abstract: Abstract We studied the effect of the coffee diterpene alcohols, cafestol and kahweol, on cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells. Uptake of 125 I-tyramine cellobiose–labeled LDL was decreased by 15% to 20% ( P P P P P P P P P P 14 C]acetate into unesterified cholesterol and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were unaffected in cells incubated with cafestol as well as the cafestol-kahweol mixture compared with control cells. Moreover, cafestol and the cafestol-kahweol mixture did not promote increased incorporation of radiolabeled [ 14 C]oleic acid into cholesteryl esters after short-term incubation compared with control cells. On the other hand, 25-hydroxycholesterol caused a 70% to 90% reduction of cholesterol synthesis ( P P P P
Published: 1997

122. Effect of 3-thia fatty acids on the lipid composition of rat liver, lipoproteins, and heart

Author: Wenche Sjursen, Lise Madsen, Alexis Garras, Livar Frøyland, O Lie, Arild C. Rustan, Rolf K. Berge, and Jon Songstad
Subjects: Fatty Acid Desaturases, Male, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors, Lipoproteins, Gene Expression, QD415-436, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, RNA, Ribosomal, 28S, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Sulfhydryl Compounds, adipocyte protein 2, Rats, Wistar, chemistry.chemical_classification, Intermediate-density lipoprotein, biology, Myocardium, Fatty Acids, Fatty acid, Heart, Cell Biology, Lipid Metabolism, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Lipids, Rats, Oleic acid, chemistry, Liver, Docosahexaenoic acid, biology.protein, Microsomes, Liver, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Arachidonic acid, Oxidation-Reduction, Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: To investigate the importance of factors influencing the fatty acid composition, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in the rat, the effect of 3-thia fatty acids of chain-length ranging from octyl- to hexadecylthioacetic acid were studied. In liver, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL), the hypolipidemic 3-thia fatty acids, namely C12-S-acetic acid to C14-S-acetic acid increased the amount of monoenes, especially oleic acid (18:ln-9). In contrast, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in liver, VLDL, and LDL decreased, mostly attributed to a reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). Noteworthy, the hypolipidemic 3-thia fatty acids reduced the amount of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) in LDL and HDL. 3-Thia fatty acids accumulated in the liver. In heart, as in liver, 3-thia fatty acids replaced fatty acids of chain-length homologues. In contrast to liver, we were unable to detect any changes in 18:ln-9. However, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content increased, particularly 20:5n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) leading to an increased n-3/n-6 ratio. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that hypolipidemic 3-thia fatty acids change the fatty acid composition of organs and lipoproteins. These changes are linked to the expression and activity of hepatic delta9-desaturase, fatty acid oxidation, and displacement of normal fatty acids by 3-thia fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is regulated differently in liver and heart after administration of hypolipidemic 3-thia fatty acids.
Published: 1997

123. Effect of long-chain mono-unsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on postprandial blood and liver lipids in rats

Author: Bente Halvorsen, Erling N. Christiansen, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: Male, Clinical Biochemistry, Blood lipids, Biology, Microbodies, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Animals, Food science, Rats, Wistar, Unsaturated fatty acid, chemistry.chemical_classification, Fatty acid, General Medicine, Peroxisome, Fish oil, Lipid Metabolism, Dietary Fats, Lipids, Rats, Postprandial, chemistry, Biochemistry, Liver, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Long chain, Oxidation-Reduction, Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Abstract: The effects on blood and liver lipids after feeding rats with concentrated fractions from fish oil consisting of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (80% C20:1 and 22:1) or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (85% C20:5 and 22:6 n-3) were examined. Mono-unsaturated fat had no effects on plasma triacylglycerol, total cholesterol phospholipids or unesterified fatty acid as compared to controls (lard). However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-fed animals showed a significant decrease in plasma triacylglycerol (74%), phospholipids (40%) and unesterified fatty acids (52%). The concentrated fractions had no effects on liver lipids. While the n-3 diet increased peroxisomal beta-oxidation 2.5-fold, there was only a slight increase with the mono-unsaturated diet. The fatty acid composition in plasma and liver phospholipids was changed with the various diets; 20:4 n-6 was significantly reduced in plasma and liver with the mono-unsaturated diet, and with the n-3 diet in liver. The mono-unsaturated diet, and especially the n-3 diet, increased the 20:5 n-3 level in both plasma and liver. Our results indicate that long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in fish oil do not change the levels of plasma lipids. The beneficial role of fish oil on the level of blood lipids, may therefore be mostly attributed to the effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. However, the low 20:4 n-6 and high 20:5 n-3 levels in plasma and liver phospholipids with the concentrated mono-unsaturated fatty acid diet may be of importance for a favourable haemostatic balance with regard to cardiovascular diseases.
Published: 1995

124. Paracetamol inhibits copper ion-induced, azo compound-initiated, and mononuclear cell-mediated oxidative modification of LDL

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Marit S. Nenseter, Øyvind Rosvold, Christian A. Drevon, and Bente Halvorsen
Subjects: Bepridil, Amidines, Lipid peroxidation, Superoxide dismutase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Picrates, medicine, Humans, Hydrogen peroxide, Sodium salicylate, Acetaminophen, biology, Superoxide, Superoxide Dismutase, Biphenyl Compounds, Free Radical Scavengers, Catalase, Salicylates, Biphenyl compound, Lipoproteins, LDL, Kinetics, Biochemistry, chemistry, biology.protein, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lipid Peroxidation, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Salicylic Acid, Copper, Nuclear chemistry, medicine.drug
Abstract: Abstract The effects of paracetamol and sodium salicylate on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification were studied. LDL was subjected to Cu 2+ -, azo compound–, or peripheral blood mononuclear cell–initiated oxidation in the absence and presence of paracetamol and salicylate. Paracetamol (100 μmol/L; 25 μg LDL/mL) reduced the rate of formation of conjugated dienes and the amount of conjugated dienes formed during Cu 2+ -induced oxidation by 67% and 58%, respectively. Paracetamol (400 μmol/L; 100 μg LDL/mL) reduced the generation of lipid peroxides during Cu 2+ -induced oxidation by 43% ( P P P P P P P P P 2+ -induced, azo compound–initiated, and mononuclear cell–mediated oxidative modification in vitro and that this may be due to the radical scavenger capacity of paracetamol.
Published: 1995

125. O8 Régulation de la lipolyse et du métabolisme oxydatif par la co-lipase CGI-58 dans le muscle squelettique

Author: Aline Mairal, Pierre-Marie Badin, M. Coonen, Virginie Bourlier, C. Loubière, Katie Louche, Arild C. Rustan, Steven R. Smith, Cedric Moro, Dominique Langin, and Geneviève Tavernier
Subjects: Endocrinology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, General Medicine
Abstract: Objectif Nous avons etudie le role du co-activateur de l’adipose triglyceride lipase, CGI-58 (Comparative Gene Identification-58) dans le metabolisme energetique du muscle squelettique. Materiels et methodes Nous avons d’abord etudie l’expression de CGI-58 dans divers types de muscles chez la souris. Ensuite nous avons evalue les effets d’un gain ou d’une perte de fonction de CGI-58 sur le metabolisme lipidique, glucidique et oxydatif de cultures primaires de cellules musculaires humaines. Pour cela nous avons mesure, dans ces cellules, le flux lipolytique, l’oxydation des acides gras (AG) ou du glucose et l’expression de genes oxydatifs. Resultats Nous avons observe chez la souris que CGI-58 etait preferentiellement exprime dans les muscles oxydatifs qui possedent une forte activite d’hydrolyse des triacylglycerols (TAG). Nous avons egalement montre qu’une surexpression de CGI-58 augmentait de plus de 2 fois l’hydrolyse des TAG, ainsi que le relargage et l’oxydation des AG derivants des TAG. A l’inverse une invalidation ciblee de CGI-58 diminue l’hydrolyse des TAG, le flux intracellulaire d’AG et leur oxydation (− 77%, p Conclusion Nos resultats demontrent un role important de CGI-58 dans le controle du metabolisme lipidique, glucidique et oxydatif du muscle squelettique.
Published: 2012
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126. Effect of chronic incubation of CaCo-2 cells with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3) and oleic acid (18:1, n-9) on triacylglycerol production

Author: Ane Gedde-Dahl, Trine Ranheim, Arild C. Rustan, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: Glycerol, medicine.medical_specialty, Radioisotope Dilution Technique, Time Factors, Apolipoprotein B, Oleic Acids, Adenocarcinoma, Tritium, Biochemistry, Cell Line, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, medicine, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Humans, Mannitol, Carbon Radioisotopes, Molecular Biology, Incubation, Unsaturated fatty acid, Triglycerides, biology, Triglyceride, Water, Cell Biology, Fish oil, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Oleic acid, Kinetics, Endocrinology, chemistry, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Colonic Neoplasms, biology.protein, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Chylomicron, Research Article, Oleic Acid
Abstract: CaCo-2 monolayers, cultured for 1 week after reaching confluence, were incubated with micellar solutions of fatty acids for up to 7 days. These conditioned cells were incubated acutely (5 h) with eicosapentaenoic acid and oleic acid, and the levels of cell-associated and secreted triacylglycerol were determined. With acute addition of oleic acid, both cell-associated and secreted triacylglycerol were decreased in cells chronically exposed to eicosapentaenoic acid. This effect was observed after as little as 2 days of chronic incubation with eicosapentaenoic acid. A further decrease was found when these cells were incubated acutely with eicosapentaenoic acid, regardless of which radioisotopes were used to label precursors in the incubation media. The secretion of both labelled and total triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein B was reduced approximately 50% in cells incubated chronically with eicosapentaenoic acid. The amounts of triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein B within the cells were not decreased by chronic exposure to eicosapentaenoic acid. Our data indicate that CaCo-2 cells chronically incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid secrete significantly less triacylglycerol than cells incubated chronically with oleic acid. When eicosapentaenoic acid was also included acutely, triacylglycerol secretion was reduced even more. We conclude that chronic exposure of eicosapentaenoic acid to this intestinal cell type reduces the rate of chylomicron secretion and may help explain the decreased postprandial lipaemia observed in humans taking fish oil supplements.
Published: 1994

127. Different handling of palmitic acid and oleic acid in human skeletal muscle cells

Author: Arild C. Rustan, G. Hege Thoresen, Nina Pettersen Hessvik, Line Lauvhaug, Siril Skaret Bakke, Nataša Nikolić, and Cedric Moro
Subjects: Palmitic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oleic acid, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, medicine, Skeletal muscle, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology
Published: 2011
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128. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in rats is reflected in increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation followed by diminished lipogenesis

Author: Nina Willumsen, Sofie Hexeberg, Jon Skorve, Arild C. Rustan, and Rolf K. Berge
Subjects: Male, ATP citrate lyase, Palmitic Acid, Mitochondria, Liver, Palmitic Acids, Biology, Biochemistry, Microbodies, Palmitic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Beta oxidation, Triglycerides, Hypolipidemic Agents, chemistry.chemical_classification, Triglyceride, Organic Chemistry, Fatty Acids, Fatty acid, Cell Biology, Peroxisome, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Lipids, Rats, chemistry, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Lipogenesis, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Oxidation-Reduction
Abstract: The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on fatty acid oxidation and on key enzymes of triglyceride metabolism and lipogenesis was investigated in the liver of rats. Repeated administration of EPA to normolipidemic rats resulted in a time-dependent decrease in plasma triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol. The triglyceride-lowering effect was observed after one day of feeding whereas lowering of plasma cholesterol and phospholipids was observed after five days of treatment. The triglyceride content of liver was reduced after two-day treatment. At that time, increased mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation occurred whereas mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase was inhibited. The phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity was unchanged. Adenosine triphosphate:citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were inhibited during the 15 d of EPA treatment whereas peroxisomal beta-oxidation was increased. At one day of feeding, however, when the hypotriglyceridemic effect was established, the lipogenic enzyme activities were reduced to the same extent in palmitic acid-treated animals as in EPA-treated rats. In cultured rat hepatocytes, the oxidation of [14C]palmitic acid to carbon dioxide and acid-soluble products was stimulated in the presence of EPA. These results suggest that the instant hypolipidemia in rats given EPA could be explained at least in part by a sudden increase in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing the availability of fatty acids for lipid synthesis in the liver for export, e.g., in the form of very low density lipoproteins, even before EPA induced peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, reduced triglyceride biosynthesis and diminished lipogenesis.
Published: 1993

129. Serum lipids, hepatic glycerolipid metabolism and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in rats fed omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Author: Erling N. Christiansen, Arild C. Rustan, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: Male, food.ingredient, Linoleic acid, Phosphatidate Phosphatase, Blood lipids, Biology, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Biochemistry, Microbodies, Phosphatidate, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Linseed oil, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Animals, Food science, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Molecular Biology, Beta oxidation, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, chemistry.chemical_classification, Fatty Acids, Rats, Inbred Strains, Cell Biology, Peroxisome, Fish oil, Dietary Fats, Lipids, Rats, chemistry, Liver, Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Microsomes, Liver, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Oxidation-Reduction, Acyltransferases, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Research Article
Abstract: Rats were fed, for 3 weeks, high-fat (20% w/w) diets containing sunflower-seed oil, linseed oil or fish oil. Chow-fed rats were used as a low-fat reference. The high-fat diets markedly reduced non-fasting-rat serum triacylglycerol as compared with the low-fat reference, and the highest reduction (85%) was observed with the fish-oil group, which was significantly lower than that of the other high-fat diets. The serum concentration of phospholipids was significantly reduced (30%) only in the fish-oil-fed animals, whereas serum non-esterified fatty acids were reduced 40-50% by both the fish-oil- and linseed-oil-fed groups. The liver content of triacylglycerol showed a 1.7-fold increase with the fish-oil diet and 2-2.5-fold with the other dietary groups when compared with rats fed a low-fat diet, whereas the hepatic content of phospholipids was unchanged. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation (acyl-CoA oxidase) was 2-fold increased for the rats fed fish oil; however this was not significantly higher when comparison was made with rats fed the linseed-oil diet. There was no difference in phosphatidate hydrolysis (microsomal and cytosolic fractions) among animals fed the various diets. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was increased by all high-fat diets, but the fish-oil-diet-fed group showed a significantly lower enzyme activity than did rats fed the other high-fat diets. A linear correlation between acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and liver triacylglycerol was observed, and the microsomal enzyme activity was decreased 40-50% by incubation in the presence of eicosapentaenoyl-CoA. CoA derivatives of arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid had no inhibitory effect when compared with the control. These results indicate that dietary fish oil may have greater triacylglycerol-lowering effect than other polyunsaturated diets, owing to decreased triacylglycerol synthesis caused by inhibition of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase. In addition, increased peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and decreased availability of non-esterified fatty acids could also contribute by decreasing the amounts of fatty acids as substrates for triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion.
Published: 1992

130. Different metabolic and hypolipidemic properties of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid

Author: Lise Madsen, Hege Vaagenes, Arild C. Rustan, Rolf K. Berge, and E. Dyrø
Subjects: Docosahexaenoic acid, Chemistry, Food science, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 1999
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131. Leptin expression in human primary skeletal muscle cells is reduced during differentiation.

Author: Rigmor Solberg, Vigdis Aas, G. Hege Thoresen, Eili Tranheim Kase, Christian A. Drevon, Arild C. Rustan, and Janne E. Reseland
Published: 2005
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132. Effect of cafestol on uptake of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in HepG2 cells

Author: Arild C. Rustan, J. Lieberg, B. Halvorsen, Christian A. Drevon, and Anthony C. Huggett
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Chemistry, Hepg2 cells, Internal medicine, Low density, Cafestol, medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.drug
Published: 1994
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133. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits cholesterol esterification in cultured parenchymal cells and isolated microsomes from rat liver

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Christian A. Drevon, H Osmundsen, and J O Nossen
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Very low-density lipoprotein, Sterol O-acyltransferase, Reverse cholesterol transport, Fatty acid, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Eicosapentaenoic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oleic acid, chemistry, Docosahexaenoic acid, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Stearic acid, Molecular Biology
Abstract: The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on synthesis and secretion of cholesterol and cholesterol ester by cultured rat hepatocytes were studied. In the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid cellular cholesterol esterification was decreased by 50-75% compared to oleic acid as measured by radioactive precursors and mass. Secretion of cholesterol ester was reduced by 50-60% in the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid as evaluated by radiolabeled fatty acids, mevalonolactone, and mass measurement. Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid increased, whereas eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid decreased synthesis and secretion of cholesterol ester as compared to a fatty acid-free control. Cellular and secreted free cholesterol were unaffected by eicosapentaenoic acid in comparison with oleic acid. The reduced cholesterol esterification was observed within 1 h and lasted for at least 20 h. Eicosapentaenoic acid caused lower cholesterol esterification than oleic acid in the concentration range 0.2-1.0 mM fatty acid and reduced the stimulatory effect of oleic acid on cholesterol ester formation. Cholesterol esterification and release of cholesterol ester were markedly increased by 25-hydroxycholesterol in the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid as well as oleic acid. Experiments with liver microsomes revealed that radioactive eicosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoyl-CoA were poorer substrates (7-30%) for cholesterol esterification than oleic acid and oleoyl-CoA. Reduced formation of cholesterol ester was also observed when eicosapentaenoyl-CoA was given together with labeled oleoyl-CoA, whereas palmitoyl-CoA, stearoyl-CoA, linolenoyl-CoA, and arachidonoyl-CoA had no inhibitory effect. In conclusion, eicosapentaenoic acid reduced cellular cholesterol esterification by inhibiting the activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. The lowered cholesterol esterification caused by eicosapentaenoic acid secondly decreased secretion of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol ester.
Published: 1988
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134. The effects of monensin on secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein and metabolism of asialofetuin by cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: J O Nossen, T. Berg, Arild C. Rustan, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: Male, Very low-density lipoprotein, medicine.medical_specialty, animal structures, Liver cytology, Asialoglycoproteins, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Biology, Biochemistry, Exocytosis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Monensin, Fetuins, Furans, Receptor, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, Rats, Inbred Strains, Cell Biology, Metabolism, Fetuin, Endocytosis, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Liver, chemistry, Protein Biosynthesis, Hepatocyte, alpha-Fetoproteins, Research Article
Abstract: Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used to study secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins and metabolism of asialofetuin. The ionophore monensin inhibited both secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins and binding and degradation of asialofetuin in a concentration-dependent manner. Secretion as well as receptor binding were markedly decreased after 15 min treatment with monensin. The inhibitory effect of the ionophore was fully reversible, and no effect on protein synthesis was observed at concentrations up to 50 microM. The secretion of apoproteins (B-small, B-large and E) and that of albumin were inhibited to the same extent as was triacylglycerol secretion. Secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins was more sensitive to low concentrations of monensin than was the metabolism of asialofetuin. Maximum inhibition of very-low-density-lipoprotein secretion was obtained at 5-10 microM-monensin, whereas 25 microM was required to obtain maximum inhibition of binding and degradation of asialofetuin. The number of surface receptors for asialofetuin decreased to about half when the cells were exposed to 25 microM-monensin. It is possible that monensin inhibits endo- and exo-cytosis via a similar mechanism, e.g. by disturbing proton gradients. Since secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins was more sensitive to low concentrations of monensin, it is likely that monensin independently inhibits endocytic and secretory functions in cultured hepatocytes.
Published: 1985
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135. Inhibition by chloroquine of the secretion of very low density lipoproteins by cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: Tudor Barnard, Arild C. Rustan, J O Nossen, and Christian A. Drevon
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Very low-density lipoprotein, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Biology, digestive system, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chloroquine, Internal medicine, Glycerol, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Cycloheximide, Molecular Biology, Incubation, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Cell Biology, Endocytosis, Rats, Oleic acid, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Liver, chemistry, Protein Biosynthesis, Hepatocyte, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Lysosomes, Secretory Rate, Lipoprotein, medicine.drug
Abstract: Cultured rat hepatocytes were incubated in medium containing 1.0 mM oleic acid. The incorporation of [3H]glycerol into cell-associated and medium triacylglycerols was measured after 2 h incubation. More than 95% of the secreted [3H]triacylglycerols were recovered in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction (d less than 1.006). Chloroquine and other lysosomotropic amines promoted a marked decrease in [3H]triacylglycerol secretion from the hepatocytes while the synthesis was unaffected. At 50-200 microM final concentration, chloroquine inhibited secretion of triacylglycerols by 70-90% of the control. Similar results were obtained when the mass of secreted triacylglycerols was measured. Chloroquine caused decreased secretion of [3H]triacylglycerols after 15-30 min incubation and the inhibitory effect was completely reversible within 1-2 h after washout of chloroquine. The reduced triacylglycerol secretion was not due to increased reuptake of secreted lipoproteins or decreased protein synthesis caused by chloroquine. Electron microscopy of chloroquine-treated cells showed that the inhibition of VLDL secretion occurs at or prior to the level of the Golgi apparatus. These results suggest that chloroquine interferes with crucial steps in the secretory process and/or that lysosomal function could be essential for secretion of VLDL.
Published: 1984
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136. Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces hepatic synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol by decreasing the activity of acyl-coenzyme A:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase

Author: J O Nossen, Erling N. Christiansen, Christian A. Drevon, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Phospholipid, Fatty acid, Cell Biology, QD415-436, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Biochemistry, Monoacylglycerol lipase, Oleic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Glycerol, Cholesteryl ester, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Diacylglycerol kinase
Abstract: The mechanism for the reduced hepatic production of triacylglycerol in the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid was explored in short-term experiments using cultured parenchymal cells and microsomes from rat liver. Oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were the most potent stimulators of triacyl[3H]glycerol synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes, whereas erucic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids (in decreasing order) were less stimulatory. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01) between synthesis and secretion of triacyl[3H]glycerol for the fatty acids examined. The extreme and opposite effects of eicosapentaenoic and oleic acids on triacylglycerol metabolism were studied in more detail. With increasing number of free fatty acid molecules bound per molecule of albumin, the rate of synthesis and secretion of triacyl[3H]glycerol increased, most markedly for oleic acid. Cellular uptake of the two fatty acids was similar, but more free eicosapentaenoic acid accumulated intracellularly. Eicosapentaenoic acid caused higher incorporation of [3H]water into phospholipid and lower incorporation into triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester as compared to oleic acid. No difference was observed between the fatty acids on incorporation into cellular free fatty acids, monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol. The amount of some 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids in triacylglycerol was significantly higher in the presence of oleic acid compared with eicosapentaenoic acid. Rat liver microsomes in the presence of added 1,2-dioleoyl-glycerol incorporated eicosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoyl-CoA into triacylglycerol to a lesser extent than oleic acid and its CoA derivative. Decreased formation of triacylglycerol was also observed when eicosapentaenoyl-CoA was given together with oleoyl-CoA, whereas palmitoyl-CoA, stearoyl-CoA, linoleoyl-CoA, linolenoyl-CoA, and arachi-donoyl-CoA had no inhibitory effect. In conclusion, inhibition of acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) by eicosapentaenoic acid may be important for reduced synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol from the liver.
Published: 1988

137. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerols by cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: Siv H. Gloppestad, J O Nossen, Arild C. Rustan, Christian A. Drevon, and Sissel Målbakken
Subjects: Glycerol, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Biophysics, Oleic Acids, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Biology, Tritium, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Biosynthesis, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Cells, Cultured, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Unsaturated fatty acid, Secretory pathway, Triglyceride, Fatty Acids, Proteins, Rats, Inbred Strains, Metabolism, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Rats, Oleic acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Liver, chemistry, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Oleic Acid
Abstract: Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used to study the effects of eicosapentaenoic and oleic acid on synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerols associated with very low density lipoproteins. From the experiments the following was observed. Oleic acid markedly stimulates secretion as well as synthesis of triacylglycerols, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid causes very little or no increase in secretion or synthesis as compared to a fatty-acid-free medium. The effects could already be observed after 15 min incubation. The inhibitory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid is reversible within 1-2 h. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits much of the stimulatory effect of oleic acid on synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerols. The cellular uptake of eicosapentaenoic acid is somewhat higher than that of oleic acid and the metabolism of these fatty acids to acid-soluble materials is similar. Eicosapentaenoic acid does not affect the secretory pathway of triacylglycerols per se. From these results it may be concluded that the mechanism for the inhibitory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on triacylglycerol secretion is probably via reduced triacylglycerol synthesis.
Published: 1986
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138. Release of hepatic lipase and very low density lipoprotein by cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: Jan P. Blomhoff, J O Nossen, Christian A. Drevon, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Very low-density lipoprotein, chemistry.chemical_element, Oleic Acids, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Calcium, Cycloheximide, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Cells, Cultured, Lipoprotein lipase, Heparin, Monensin, Chloroquine, Dextrans, Lipase, Calcium Channel Blockers, Rats, Oleic acid, Endocrinology, Liver, chemistry, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Hepatic lipase, Colchicine, Oleic Acid
Abstract: 1. 1. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were used to study the release of hepatic lipase and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). 2. 2. The presence of hepatic lipase activity was proved by salt-resistance, affinity chromatography and inactivation by a hepatic lipase antibody. 3. 3. Cellular rate of hepatic lipase release increased by prolonged time in culture, whereas VLDL secretion decreased. 4. 4. Oleic acid and dextran-70 had no effect on release of hepatic lipase, whereas VLDL secretion was increased and decreased, respectively. 5. 5. Calcium antagonists (cobalt and verapamil), monensin and cycloheximide inhibited both the release of hepatic lipase and VLDL. 6. 6. Colchicine and chloroquine, which decreased VLDL secretion, had no effect on release of hepatic lipase. 7. 7. The present results suggest that release of hepatic lipase and secretion of VLDL are not coordinated and exhibit different sensitivity towards certain compounds altering secretory functions.
Published: 1986
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139. Calcium-antagonists inhibit secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein from cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: J O Nossen, Christian A. Drevon, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Very low-density lipoprotein, chemistry.chemical_element, Cycloheximide, Biology, Calcium, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Biochemistry, digestive system, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Cations, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Molecular Biology, Egtazic Acid, Secretory pathway, Cells, Cultured, Triglycerides, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Cell Biology, Cobalt, Rats, EGTA, Endocrinology, chemistry, Liver, Verapamil, Depression, Chemical, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Lipoprotein, medicine.drug, Research Article
Abstract: The effects of different calcium-antagonists on secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) from cultured rat hepatocytes were examined. Verapamil (an inhibitor of voltage-dependent calcium channels) and EGTA (a calcium chelator) decreased VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximum inhibition (about 90%) at 0.2 mM-verapamil and 5 mM-EGTA. Inorganic calcium-antagonists such as lanthanum, nickel, cobalt and manganese decreased secretion of VLDL-triacylglycerol by 55-95%, whereas the calcium-agonist barium did not affect secretion. Inhibition of VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion appeared within 30 min, without inhibition of triacylglycerol synthesis. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that verapamil and cobalt inhibited the secretory pathway itself. Cobalt showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion, with maximal effect at 8 mM. Although inhibition by cobalt was not completely reversible, Trypan Blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase leakage indicated that the hepatocytes were not injured by cobalt or any of the other calcium-antagonists tested. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not affect triacylglycerol secretion (up to 2 h), and the observed effects were therefore probably not due to impaired production of apolipoproteins. Taken together, these results suggest that calcium is important for secretion of VLDL particles.
Published: 1987

140. Inhibition of very-low-density lipoprotein secretion by chloroquine, verapamil and monensin takes place in the Golgi complex

Author: Christian A. Drevon, J O Nossen, Arild C. Rustan, and Toril Tefre
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Golgi Apparatus, Cycloheximide, Biology, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Models, Biological, symbols.namesake, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chloroquine, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Monensin, Molecular Biology, Vesicle, Cell Biology, Golgi apparatus, Rats, Kinetics, Microscopy, Electron, Endocrinology, Secretory protein, chemistry, Liver, Verapamil, symbols, Biophysics, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Mathematics, medicine.drug
Abstract: The effects of chloroquine, verapamil and monensin on secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) were studied in cultured rat hepatocytes. Maximum inhibition of VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion by 50-90% of control was reached at 200 microM chloroquine, 200 microM verapamil and 5 microM monensin, whereas no effect on cellular triacylglycerol synthesis was observed. The inhibition could be seen within 15 min and was reversible after washout of the drugs. Chloroquine and verapamil inhibited both cellular protein synthesis and protein secretion, whereas monensin reduced protein secretion without any effect on protein synthesis. Control experiments with cycloheximide revealed that intact protein synthesis was not necessary for secretion of VLDL-triacylglycerol during 2 h. Electron micrographs of cells treated with chloroquine, verapamil or monensin showed swollen Golgi cisternae containing VLDL-like particles. By morphometry, a more than 2-fold increase in volume fractions and size indices of Golgi complexes and secondary lysosomes was observed, except that monensin had no significant effect on these parameters of secondary lysosomes. These results suggest that the inhibition of VLDL secretion by chloroquine, verapamil and monensin which takes place in the Golgi complex might be due to disruption of trans-membrane proton gradients. An increase in pH of acidic Golgi vesicles may cause swelling and disturb sorting and membrane flow through this organelle.
Published: 1987

141. Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation by a 3-thia fatty acid reduces triacylglycerol secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes

Author: Arild C. Rustan, Rolf K. Berge, Jon Bremer, and Sverre Skrede
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Tetradecylthioacetic acid, Fatty acid, Stimulation, Cell Biology, QD415-436, Biochemistry, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Triacylglycerol secretion, Secretion, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Beta oxidation
Abstract: The present work shows that when mitochondrial beta-oxidation is stimulated by the hypolipemic, non-beta-oxidizable fatty acid analogue tetradecylthioacetic acid, there is a decrease in the secretion of triacylglycerol in cultured rat hepatocytes. In order to study the effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid in cells with different fatty acid oxidation rates, cells were grown without or with L-carnitine supplement or with addition of the beta-oxidation inhibitor L-aminocarnitine. In cells grown without and with L-carnitine in the medium, the oxidation of [1-14C]oleic acid was stimulated by tetradecylthioacetic acid, whereas it was not significantly changed by palmitic acid. In cells grown with L-aminocarnitine, oxidation of [1-14C]oleic acid was almost abolished both in the absence and in presence of tetradecylthioacetic acid. The effect of tetradecylthioacetic acid and palmitic acid on incorporation of [1-14C]oleic acid into triacylglycerol was similar under all conditions. In the presence of L-carnitine, secretion of oleic acid-labeled triacylglycerol was reduced significantly more by tetradecylthioacetic acid than by palmitic acid. The effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid and palmitic acid on secretion of oleic acid-labeled triacylglycerol were reversed in cells grown with L-aminocarnitine, where palmitic acid was the stronger inhibitor. These results were substantiated by determination of mass of triacylglycerol secreted. It is concluded that tetradecylthioacetic acid reduces secretion of triacylglycerol from rat hepatocytes mainly by acutely stimulating fatty acid oxidation.

142. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (a 3-thia fatty acid) decreases triacylglycerol secretion in CaCo-2 cells

Author: Ane Gedde-Dahl, Rolf K. Berge, Sverre Skrede, Christian A. Drevon, Trine Ranheim, and Arild C. Rustan
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Tetradecylthioacetic acid, Fatty acid, Cell Biology, QD415-436, Biology, digestive system, Biochemistry, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Acetic acid, Endocrinology, chemistry, Glycerol, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Beta oxidation, Chylomicron
Abstract: The effects of the hypolipidemic fatty acid analogue tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) on synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins in CaCo-2 cells were studied. Radiolabeled tetra- decylthioacetic acid was absorbed and metabolized as efficiently as oleic acid, although a discrepancy in the metabolic fate, was evident. Whereas tetradecylthioacetic acid was incorporated into cell-associated triacylglycerol to the same extent as normal fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid and palmitic acid), the amount of tri- acylglycerol secreted from cells incubated with tetradecylthio- acetic acid was 8 to 10 times lower than the amount secreted from cells incubated with palmitic acid and oleic acid, respec- tively. On the other hand, there was an enhanced incorporation of tetradecylthioacetic acid into cell-associated and secreted phospholipids. Despite incorporation of tetradecylthioacetic acid into cellular triacylglycerol, unlike oleic acid, tetradecylthio- acetic acid did not stimulate production of triacylglycerol-rich particles. Ultracentrifugation of basolateral media from cells in- cubated with tetradecylthioacetic acid revealed low amounts of triacylglycerol in the triacylglycerol-rich fraction (e < 1.006 g/ ml), suggesting secretion of lipoproteins with a higher density than chylomicrons. However, the present study shows that the stimulated triacylglycerol secretion caused by oleic acid was inhibited in the presence of TTA. The decreased rate of triacyl- glycerol secretion from these cells was not accompanied by a stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Based on these findings, we therefore suggest that tetradecylthioacetic acid mainly affects secretion of lipoproteins in CaCo-2 cells.- Gedde-Dahl, A., T. Ranheim, C. A. Drevon, S. Skrede, R. K. Berge, and A. C. Rustan. Tetradecylthioacetic acid (a 3-thia fatty acid) decreases triacylglycerol secretion in CaCo-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 1995. 36: 535-543.

143. Effect of differentiation, de novo innervation, and electrical pulse stimulation on mRNA and protein expression of Na+,K+-ATPase, FXYD1, and FXYD5 in cultured human skeletal muscle cells.

Author: Vid Jan, Katarina Miš, Natasa Nikolic, Klemen Dolinar, Metka Petrič, Andraž Bone, G Hege Thoresen, Arild C Rustan, Tomaž Marš, Alexander V Chibalin, and Sergej Pirkmajer
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Denervation reduces the abundance of Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) in skeletal muscle, while reinnervation increases it. Primary human skeletal muscle cells, the most widely used model to study human skeletal muscle in vitro, are usually cultured as myoblasts or myotubes without neurons and typically do not contract spontaneously, which might affect their ability to express and regulate NKA. We determined how differentiation, de novo innervation, and electrical pulse stimulation affect expression of NKA (α and β) subunits and NKA regulators FXYD1 (phospholemman) and FXYD5 (dysadherin). Differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes under low serum conditions increased expression of myogenic markers CD56 (NCAM1), desmin, myosin heavy chains, dihydropyridine receptor subunit α1S, and SERCA2 as well as NKAα2 and FXYD1, while it decreased expression of FXYD5 mRNA. Myotubes, which were innervated de novo by motor neurons in co-culture with the embryonic rat spinal cord explants, started to contract spontaneously within 7-10 days. A short-term co-culture (10-11 days) promoted mRNA expression of myokines, such as IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-15, but did not affect mRNA expression of NKA, FXYDs, or myokines, such as musclin, cathepsin B, meteorin-like protein, or SPARC. A long-term co-culture (21 days) increased the protein abundance of NKAα1, NKAα2, FXYD1, and phospho-FXYD1Ser68 without attendant changes in mRNA levels. Suppression of neuromuscular transmission with α-bungarotoxin or tubocurarine for 24 h did not alter NKA or FXYD mRNA expression. Electrical pulse stimulation (48 h) of non-innervated myotubes promoted mRNA expression of NKAβ2, NKAβ3, FXYD1, and FXYD5. In conclusion, low serum concentration promotes NKAα2 and FXYD1 expression, while de novo innervation is not essential for upregulation of NKAα2 and FXYD1 mRNA in cultured myotubes. Finally, although innervation and EPS both stimulate contractions of myotubes, they exert distinct effects on the expression of NKA and FXYDs.
Published: 2021
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144. A mitochondria-targeted fatty acid analogue influences hepatic glucose metabolism and reduces the plasma insulin/glucose ratio in male Wistar rats.

Author: Carine Lindquist, Bodil Bjørndal, Hege G Bakke, Grete Slettom, Marie Karoliussen, Arild C Rustan, G Hege Thoresen, Jon Skorve, Ottar K Nygård, and Rolf Kristian Berge
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: A fatty acid analogue, 2-(tridec-12-yn-1-ylthio)acetic acid (1-triple TTA), was previously shown to have hypolipidemic effects in rats by targeting mitochondrial activity predominantly in liver. This study aimed to determine if 1-triple TTA could influence carbohydrate metabolism. Male Wistar rats were treated for three weeks with oral supplementation of 100 mg/kg body weight 1-triple TTA. Blood glucose and insulin levels, and liver carbohydrate metabolism gene expression and enzyme activities were determined. In addition, human myotubes and Huh7 liver cells were treated with 1-triple TTA, and glucose and fatty acid oxidation were determined. The level of plasma insulin was significantly reduced in 1-triple TTA-treated rats, resulting in a 32% reduction in the insulin/glucose ratio. The hepatic glucose and glycogen levels were lowered by 22% and 49%, respectively, compared to control. This was accompanied by lower hepatic gene expression of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, and Hnf4A, a regulator of gluconeogenesis. Gene expression of pyruvate kinase, catalysing the final step of glycolysis, was also reduced by 1-triple TTA. In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was reduced, accompanied by 10-15-fold increased gene expression of its regulator pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 compared to control, suggesting reduced entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle. Indeed, the NADPH-generating enzyme malic enzyme 1 (ME1) catalysing production of pyruvate from malate, was increased 13-fold at the gene expression level. Despite the decreased glycogen level, genes involved in glycogen synthesis were not affected in livers of 1-triple TTA treated rats. In contrast, the pentose phosphate pathway seemed to be increased as the hepatic gene expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was higher in 1-triple TTA treated rats compared to controls. In human Huh7 liver cells, but not in myotubes, 1-triple-TTA reduced glucose oxidation and induced fatty acid oxidation, in line with previous observations of increased hepatic mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA oxidation in rats. Importantly, this work recognizes the liver as an important organ in glucose homeostasis. The mitochondrially targeted fatty acid analogue 1-triple TTA seemed to lower hepatic glucose and glycogen levels by inhibition of gluconeogenesis. This was also linked to a reduction in glucose oxidation accompanied by reduced PHD activity and stimulation of ME1 and G6PD, favouring a shift from glucose- to fatty acid oxidation. The reduced plasma insulin/glucose ratio indicate that 1-triple TTA may improve glucose tolerance in rats.
Published: 2019
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145. Increased triacylglycerol - Fatty acid substrate cycling in human skeletal muscle cells exposed to eicosapentaenoic acid.

Author: Nils G Løvsletten, Siril S Bakke, Eili T Kase, D Margriet Ouwens, G Hege Thoresen, and Arild C Rustan
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: It has previously been shown that pretreatment of differentiated human skeletal muscle cells (myotubes) with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) promoted increased uptake of fatty acids and increased triacylglycerol accumulation, compared to pretreatment with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA). The aim of the present study was to examine whether EPA could affect substrate cycling in human skeletal muscle cells by altering lipolysis rate of intracellular TAG and re-esterification of fatty acids. Fatty acid metabolism was studied in human myotubes using a mixture of fatty acids, consisting of radiolabelled oleic acid as tracer (14C-OA) together with EPA or PA. Co-incubation of myotubes with EPA increased cell-accumulation and incomplete fatty acid oxidation of 14C-OA compared to co-incubation with PA. Lipid distribution showed higher incorporation of 14C-OA into all cellular lipids after co-incubation with EPA relative to PA, with most markedly increases (3 to 4-fold) for diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Further, the increases in cellular lipids after co-incubation with EPA were accompanied by higher lipolysis and fatty acid re-esterification rate. Correspondingly, basal respiration, proton leak and maximal respiration were significantly increased in cells exposed to EPA compared to PA. Microarray and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that EPA, related to PA, significantly changed i.e. the GO terms "Neutral lipid metabolic process" and "Regulation of lipid storage". Finally, an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 decreased the effect of EPA to promote fatty acid accumulation. In conclusion, incubation of human myotubes with EPA, compared to PA, increased processes of fatty acid turnover and oxidation suggesting that EPA may activate futile substrate cycling of fatty acids in human myotubes. Increased TAG-FA cycling may be involved in the potentially favourable effects of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on skeletal muscle and whole-body energy metabolism.
Published: 2018
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146. Exercise in vivo marks human myotubes in vitro: Training-induced increase in lipid metabolism.

Author: Jenny Lund, Arild C Rustan, Nils G Løvsletten, Jonathan M Mudry, Torgrim M Langleite, Yuan Z Feng, Camilla Stensrud, Mari G Brubak, Christian A Drevon, Kåre I Birkeland, Kristoffer J Kolnes, Egil I Johansen, Daniel S Tangen, Hans K Stadheim, Hanne L Gulseth, Anna Krook, Eili T Kase, Jørgen Jensen, and G Hege Thoresen
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Physical activity has preventive as well as therapeutic benefits for overweight subjects. In this study we aimed to examine effects of in vivo exercise on in vitro metabolic adaptations by studying energy metabolism in cultured myotubes isolated from biopsies taken before and after 12 weeks of extensive endurance and strength training, from healthy sedentary normal weight and overweight men. METHODS:Healthy sedentary men, aged 40-62 years, with normal weight (body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were included. Fatty acid and glucose metabolism were studied in myotubes using [14C]oleic acid and [14C]glucose, respectively. Gene and protein expressions, as well as DNA methylation were measured for selected genes. RESULTS:The 12-week training intervention improved endurance, strength and insulin sensitivity in vivo, and reduced the participants' body weight. Biopsy-derived cultured human myotubes after exercise showed increased total cellular oleic acid uptake (30%), oxidation (46%) and lipid accumulation (34%), as well as increased fractional glucose oxidation (14%) compared to cultures established prior to exercise. Most of these exercise-induced increases were significant in the overweight group, whereas the normal weight group showed no change in oleic acid or glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS:12 weeks of combined endurance and strength training promoted increased lipid and glucose metabolism in biopsy-derived cultured human myotubes, showing that training in vivo are able to induce changes in human myotubes that are discernible in vitro.
Published: 2017
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147. Lack of the Lysosomal Membrane Protein, GLMP, in Mice Results in Metabolic Dysregulation in Liver.

Author: Xiang Yi Kong, Eili Tranheim Kase, Anette Herskedal, Camilla Schjalm, Markus Damme, Cecilie Kasi Nesset, G Hege Thoresen, Arild C Rustan, and Winnie Eskild
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Ablation of glycosylated lysosomal membrane protein (GLMP, formerly known as NCU-G1) has been shown to cause chronic liver injury which progresses into liver fibrosis in mice. Both lysosomal dysfunction and chronic liver injury can cause metabolic dysregulation. Glmp gt/gt mice (formerly known as Ncu-g1gt/gt mice) were studied between 3 weeks and 9 months of age. Body weight gain and feed efficiency of Glmp gt/gt mice were comparable to wild type siblings, only at the age of 9 months the Glmp gt/gt siblings had significantly reduced body weight. Reduced size of epididymal fat pads was accompanied by hepatosplenomegaly in Glmp gt/gt mice. Blood analysis revealed reduced levels of blood glucose, circulating triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids in Glmp gt/gt mice. Increased flux of glucose, increased de novo lipogenesis and lipid accumulation were detected in Glmp gt/gt primary hepatocytes, as well as elevated triacylglycerol levels in Glmp gt/gt liver homogenates, compared to hepatocytes and liver from wild type mice. Gene expression analysis showed an increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis in Glmp gt/gt liver compared to wild type. Our findings are in agreement with the metabolic alterations observed in other mouse models lacking lysosomal proteins, and with alterations characteristic for advanced chronic liver injury.
Published: 2015
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148. Myotubes from severely obese type 2 diabetic subjects accumulate less lipids and show higher lipolytic rate than myotubes from severely obese non-diabetic subjects.

Author: Siril S Bakke, Yuan Z Feng, Natasa Nikolić, Eili T Kase, Cedric Moro, Camilla Stensrud, Lisbeth Damlien, Marianne O Ludahl, Rune Sandbu, Brita Marie Solheim, Arild C Rustan, Jøran Hjelmesæth, G Hege Thoresen, and Vigdis Aas
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: About 80% of patients with type 2 diabetes are classified as overweight. However, only about 1/3 of severely obese subjects have type 2 diabetes. This indicates that several severely obese individuals may possess certain characteristics that protect them against type 2 diabetes. We therefore hypothesized that this apparent paradox could be related to fundamental differences in skeletal muscle lipid handling. Energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility were examined in human myotubes derived from severely obese subjects without (BMI 44±7 kg/m2) and with type 2 diabetes (BMI 43±6 kg/m2). Lower insulin sensitivity was observed in myotubes from severely obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Lipolysis rate was higher, and oleic acid accumulation, triacylglycerol content, and fatty acid adaptability were lower in myotubes from severely obese subjects with type 2 diabetes compared to severely obese non-diabetic subjects. There were no differences in lipid distribution and mRNA and protein expression of the lipases HSL and ATGL, the lipase cofactor CGI-58, or the lipid droplet proteins PLIN2 and PLIN3. Glucose and oleic acid oxidation were also similar in cells from the two groups. In conclusion, myotubes established from severely obese donors with established type 2 diabetes had lower ability for lipid accumulation and higher lipolysis rate than myotubes from severely obese donors without diabetes. This indicates that a difference in intramyocellular lipid turnover might be fundamental in evolving type 2 diabetes.
Published: 2015
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149. Correction: Electrical Pulse Stimulation of Cultured Human Skeletal Muscle Cells as an In Vitro Model of Exercise.

Author: Nataša Nikolić, Siril Skaret Bakke, Eili Tranheim Kase, Ida Rudberg, Ingeborg Flo Halle, Arild C Rustan, G Hege Thoresen, and Vigdis Aas
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033203.].
Published: 2013
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150. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured human skeletal muscle cells as an in vitro model of exercise.

Author: Nataša Nikolić, Siril Skaret Bakke, Eili Tranheim Kase, Ida Rudberg, Ingeborg Flo Halle, Arild C Rustan, G Hege Thoresen, and Vigdis Aas
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Physical exercise leads to substantial adaptive responses in skeletal muscles and plays a central role in a healthy life style. Since exercise induces major systemic responses, underlying cellular mechanisms are difficult to study in vivo. It was therefore desirable to develop an in vitro model that would resemble training in cultured human myotubes.Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) was applied to adherent human myotubes. Cellular contents of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate were determined. Glucose and oleic acid metabolism were studied using radio-labeled substrates, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Mitochondrial content and function were measured by live imaging and determination of citrate synthase activity, respectively. Protein expression was assessed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting.High-frequency, acute EPS increased deoxyglucose uptake and lactate production, while cell contents of both ATP and PCr decreased. Chronic, low-frequency EPS increased oxidative capacity of cultured myotubes by increasing glucose metabolism (uptake and oxidation) and complete fatty acid oxidation. mRNA expression level of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 4 (PDK4) was significantly increased in EPS-treated cells, while mRNA expressions of interleukin 6 (IL-6), cytochrome C and carnitin palmitoyl transferase b (CPT1b) also tended to increase. Intensity of MitoTracker®Red FM was doubled after 48 h of chronic, low-frequency EPS. Protein expression of a slow fiber type marker (MHCI) was increased in EPS-treated cells.Our results imply that in vitro EPS (acute, high-frequent as well as chronic, low-frequent) of human myotubes may be used to study effects of exercise.
Published: 2012
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