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This article explores how idealized architectural plans are negotiated in relation to the practical concerns and socio-cultural conditions of modern and contemporary Korea. As a case study, it focu...

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a fundamental scheme of an assessment framework for habitability towards Hanok, the Korean traditional housing. For this research, the comprehensive degree of residential performances of Hanok has been analyzed and its assessment factors have been classified by three major indexes: architectural planning (spatial composition), site planning (town settings) and sustainability (environmental performance). Method: For this study, survey results from main users, the specimen residents living in Hanok currently, were collected for checking of the habitability. Many precedent researches about the residential performance for Hanok, first of all, were performed to induce the assessment elements of the proposed indexes and the evaluation framework. This paper also includes a knowledge-based qualitative analysis of the design indexes in aspects of both architectural space and site components, and examines the effectiveness of the environmental sustainability as well. Result: This research has finally suggested an integrative evaluation framework for Hanok the field of habitability that could assess over real residents of the interior Hanok space in living conditions by checklists. As a result, the proposed framework has great possibility in applicability to keep its own values for the practical field of Hanok professions.

Social history focuses on understanding the everyday lives of ordinary people (Richardson 2011, Social history, local history, and historiography: collected essays). The ethnic minorities that made up immigrant communities in North American towns and cities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been of particular interest to social historians (Tosh 2017, From the ‘cape of despair’ to the Cape of Good Hope: letters of the emigrant poor in early nineteenth-century England. Social History 42:480–500). However, language barriers and low rates of literacy often limit the number of first person accounts written by people who belonged to such communities. This paper explores how terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and 3D reconstructive modeling of heritage buildings can provide new insights into the social history of Chinese immigrants in Alberta during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These technologies were used to rapidly and accurately document the Quon Sang Lung Laundry shop in Fort Macleod, Alberta, prior to its scheduled demolition. The resulting digital data sets were used to construct detailed architectural plans of the building, as well as photorealistic 3D reconstructions of the shop, as it would have appeared at different points in history. The resulting point clouds were further explored to detect and extract evidence of the lived experiences of its occupants. For example, the conflicts and tensions surrounding Chinese laundries, and the discriminatory bylaws that resulted, may be subtly reflected in specific architectural details of the laundry shop, such as evidence for the presence of walls no longer standing. The ability to return to accurate digital models, over and over again, provides unique opportunities to construct social histories of buildings long after they are gone.

Purpose: In order to supply modern new han-oks having excellent thermal performance, careful review in the process of initial architectural planning step is required. The purpose of this study is to verify design guidelines that can maintain and improve environmental performance though analysis of estimation of condensation probability affected by initial design planning Method: To achieve this goal, measurements were carried out 6 Han-oks situated in OJUK han-ok village which were demonstrated to Gang-neung by taking a infra-red thermography using thermal video system. All evaluation targets are new han-oks style which the same structure and materials are applied. Following are analysis items; the exposure or not of wooden members, the difference according to the space usage, layout of the stationary closet facing directly on the outdoor air or not, influence of distributed arrangement of space using water, planning around the house door facing directly on the outdoor air and so on. Result: It was analyzed that the probability of condensation in case of the exposure of wooden members is higher than that of non exposed installation. Also, it was analyzed that the house door space facing directly the outside air needs introduction of entrance concept space which can minimize the heat loss. In stationary closet planning, it is necessary to consider the position of closet and the range of heating. And, it is judged that a separation planning between the space using water and the unused area is necessary.

Structural efficiency and flexibility in architectural planning have made diagrid structural system so popular among engineers and architects, currently. Since considering architectural and structu...

With the growing development of China's architecture, the problems existing in municipal engineering have become the focus of public concern. Based on this, study on the lack of law in leading bribes based on the bidding of municipal planning and construction and its imperfect scheme was put forward in this paper. First of all, the needs of municipal engineering planning and construction were expounded, and the present status of the research on the theory of municipal engineering was expounded; then the perfection of the common municipal engineering bidding laws was analyzed, and the content of the architectural planning was mainly introduced; taking the municipal engineering project of a city as an example, the detailed analysis of the planning of the railway station, Central Park and the river of the municipal engineering is made to provide reference for the municipal planning and construction.

The construction of regional financial center can gather a large amount of financial production elements and capital, which plays an important role in promoting regional economic development. Based on this, the analysis of the planning and design of regional financial center based on the financial structure was studied. Firstly, the research progress of regional financial center and financial structure was expounded. Then, on the basis of the functional demand of the financial center, the planning and design method of the regional financial center was put forward. The regional center building in Nanjing was taken as an example, and the specific planning and design of the traffic, super high-rise landmark buildings, squares and other buildings were analyzed with the advantage of location. The research shows that the design and planning of the regional financial center can provide the new coordinates of globalization for the local finance.

Over the course of an intensive day-long session, the authors combed the Drawing Matter archives for exemplary plan drawings. Their selections are presented here in pairs, based on visual rhymes or striking contrasts, on cross-historical comparisons or the persistence of plan-making techniques over time.The architectural plan drawing is a paradoxical sort of object. In principle, an instrument that should be rendered obsolete by the act of construction, it nonetheless remains the most intensive and compact description of an architectural idea.‘Plan’ is a verb as well as a noun, and implies a path toward a specified outcome. The plan is fundamentally optimistic, countering entropy with order, and this anticipatory quality is embedded in the logic of the plan itself. Architects make drawings for buildings that do not yet exist. An architectural plan is an empty geometric scaffold that awaits both construction and inhabitation.But the plan also works retrospectively: it was the primary technical means employed in the measuring and recording of ancient architectures that was so fundamental to the education of a classical architect. And these drawings affirm that such reconstructions, far from being rote academic exercises, draw deeply on the architect's creative intelligence. In fact, we would argue that the conceptual power of the plan as a working instrument is precisely its capacity to function simultaneously as an analytical and projective device, poised between past histories and future possibilities.This collection of images makes a case for the continued relevance of the plan today as evidenced by the diversity, conceptual density and shear visual power of these artefacts.

According to the methodology of measurement, balanced development is evaluated using the corresponding index in three-dimension space: environmental, economic and socio-institutional. To calculate the index of the environmental measurement of balanced development of the city, the total area of urban plantings is used alone, although these plantings themselves are essential and necessary component of the urban framework and should be reflected qualitatively in the calculations. We believe that to improve the calculation, it is advisable to introduce an additional parameter "Coefficient of vegetative reclamation efficiency of plantings", the main criterion of which is the vitality of the plantings. The proposed parameter offers information to complement the environmental component of measuring the balanced development of urban ecosystems In order to determine the degree of performing vegetative reclamation functions for phytocoenoses of the main streets of the city, analyzed were features of architectural planning situation, the average daily traffic intensity was determined, and plantings along Horodotska, Ivan Franko and Yevhen Konovalets streets were studied. Horodotska street belongs to the first category of street traffic intensity. Ivan Franko street belongs to the second category of streets. Yevhen Konovalets street belongs to the third category. Most of the streets in the historical part of the city are almost free of vegetation due to dense development on both sides; the available phytocoenoses are dominated by ordinary roadside planting, consisting of typical species – common horse chestnut, small-leaved lime, Norway maple, rowan tree, weeping birch, black locust. According to the calculations, the coefficient of vegetative reclamation efficiency of the plantings was varying. For Horodotska street it was 2.48, for Ivan Franko street – 1.87, for Yevhen Konovalets street – no more than 0.96. There is no standardized limiting index. however, the given figures are quite low and point to low ecological vegetative-reclamation characteristics of the examined phytocoenoses, so there is a need to improve the vegetative cover of the streets. Taking into consideration the complex architectural planning structure of the streets, their heavy traffic, dense development on both sides and the lack of green spaces, it is reasonable to use vertical gardening of building facades and other objects. This will contribute to the purification of the air basin, improvement of the microclimate and protection of historic buildings from destruction of their facades by vehicle exhaust fumes.

Against the background of growing data in everyday life, data processing tools become more powerful to deal with the increasing complexity in building design. The architectural planning process is offered a variety of new instruments to design, plan and communicate planning decisions. Ideally the access to information serves to secure and document the quality of the building and in the worst case, the increased data absorbs time by collection and processing without any benefit for the building and its user. Process models can illustrate the impact of information on the design- and planning process so that architect and planner can steer the process. This paper provides historic and contemporary models to visualize the architectural planning process and introduces means to describe today’s situation consisting of stakeholders, events and instruments. It explains conceptions during Renaissance in contrast to models used in the second half of the 20th century. Contemporary models are discussed regarding their value against the background of increasing computation in the building process.

Purpose: As interest in real estate development increases, demand is increasing, but it is difficult for ordinary people to access due to special items such as general goods and other real estate. In this study, authors of the mid - scale profitable hotels participated in the entire process from planning to sale, and studied the planning characteristics of real estate development and the strategy of architectural planning and marketing practice in Dongtan D Hotel, which was completed in 2016. Method: Through the theoretical review, we examined the basic characteristics of the planning characteristics and marketing of mid-scale profitable hotels. The characteristics and characteristics of profitable hotels and the characteristics of profitable hotel development business marketing were analyzed. Based on this, we analyzed the characteristics and detailed strategies of planning and marketing in the hotel development business through a case study focusing on Dongtan D Hotel, which was recently completed. Result: The results of the study are as follows. First, the range of investor participation should be expanded through various investment benefits. Second, the return on investment through operation should be quantified and presented. Third, the market analysis and marketing strategy should be established from when the site is purchased and when the business is reviewed to after the sale.

This paper presents a method that combines visibility graph and isovist analyses to investigate the spatial and social properties of architectural plans for aged care facilities. The potential of the combined method is examined by measuring the properties of three sets of plans for residential aged care facilities. The first set is a pair of hypothetical, idealized plans, which allegedly reflect the “best practice” in the industry. The second set comprises a pair of plans for recent Australian designs, and the third set is a pair of plans for South Korean facilities. Results of the computational analysis of these six plans suggest that social and cultural factors may shape the design of aged care settings and partially explain their international differences. The application of this methodological approach contributes to the understanding of the relationship between spaces and their cultural and social properties in the design of aged care facilities.

The research question addressed in this paper is as follows: how can planners create municipal-scale urban design plans? The authors analyze the San Francisco Urban Design Plan, the first comprehensive urban design plan for a major American city, as a case study to answer this question. Adopted in 1971, the plan focused on design objectives for the city and the social roles of urban design in people’s lives. It was a policy document, and included implementation techniques, but no guidance on architectural design. It was a departure from urban design planning practice at the time, which focused more on guidance for architecture and large-scale master plan models.

Many of the original buildings have gradually declined because of the development of society and the adjustment of industrial structure. Protecting the classical architecture and restoring the original luster of a building to maintain its own youth has become a hot issue in the current architectural planning. In this paper, the performance of the core idea of building conservation in the specific design and planning was discussed through the in-depth understanding of William Sumner Appleton's architectural concept in building protection planning area. Moreover, the profound influence of the idea of building conservation in building conservation was summarized. The current pace of urbanization development process is rapid, thus, many of the original buildings are severely damaged because of many factors. The concept and thought of William Sumner Appleton were re-interpreted based on the design and planning method of World Expo industrial clusters in Shanghai. This study is of great significance for the promotion of historical building protection and concrete practice in our country.

More and more, existing buildings – and particularly historic buildings – are becoming part of the daily business of every architect. Planning and designing in the field of architectural heritage requires not only knowledge of contemporary building techniques, design processes and national and international guidelines, but also a deep understanding of architectural heritage, its evolution and genesis, the building techniques that have been applied, materials used, traditions, etc. In many cases, it is indispensable to perform a detailed building survey and building research to achieve an adequate design concept. The Department of History of Architecture and Building Archaeology of TU Wien has an extensive tradition of building research and over the course of the past 10 years, has developed a teaching workflow to introduce architectural students to building archaeology und surveying methods for building research. A sophisticated, temporally interwoven combination of courses and lectures on different topics related to building archaeology and surveying rapidly gives the architectural students the right tools for this important but often neglected task.

This article consists of a detailed account of themashhadof Imām Yaḥyā ibn al-Qāsim. The square-plan building, constructed on the cliff edge above the southern bank of the Tigris in the citadel of Mosul inc.637/1239, was destroyed in an act of cultural terrorism by ISIS on 23 July 2014. This is a study of the work of earlier scholars on the building, a reassessment of the structure and its regional context, and a number of hypotheses regarding the original appearance of the tomb. In addition, the wide-ranging sources of the formal and decorative elements of the building are examined. Themashhadwas the most richly ornamented of the medieval tombs in Iraq which had survived into the modern era, yet it had not been comprehensively studied in over a century. The remaining untranslated inscriptions are given in full, adding useful new information to the discussion regarding the important distinction between the ʿAlids versus Shīʿī associations of the building and its patron. Drawing on the limited published and archival images of the building, the internal appearance is reconstructed, and a series of new architectural plans and elevations are provided in order to preserve the memory of this important structure.

Muhsinzade’ Khan is located in Hobyar Neighborhood of Fatih (Eminonu) District in Istanbul. It is dated to the second half of the 18th century based on its waqf deed. Despite the first floor, the second floor has porticoes. The features of the facade and architectural plan of Muhsinzade’ Khan have had big changes because of the natural disasters and the repairs and renovations, which have had been as a result of intensive commercial activities in the neighborhood. The original spacial planning and organization of the building were not maintained since the walls between the rooms were demolished for creating larger rooms. Due to repairs and renovations, the level of the inner courtyard was lowered to the level of the depots. Thus, today the building has become a three story structure and lost its originality. This article aims to present a restitution study that shows and interprets the original features of the building with the help of today’s architectural features and the charter of its waqf.

Bechstein-Saal celebrated its opening with a series of brilliant concerts in October 1892, in which renowned musicians including Hans von Bulow, Joseph Joachim, Johannes Brahms, and Anton Rubinstein performed. Despite the chamber music hall’s importance for the new musical metropolis Berlin, as well as many musicians’ careers at that time, it has been largely overlooked in historical music studies, even though its construction brought various conflicts in Berlin’s music scene to the surface. Concert agent Hermann Wolff was influential in Bechstein-Saal’s construction, having both commissioned and owned it, partnering with piano manufacturer Carl Bechstein. Contemporary magazine articles and architectural plans describe the structural and decorative features of this lost concert hall.

This paper analyzes discussions and controversy surrounding the architecture competitions that have been part of a large-scale waterfront redevelopment plan called the Fjord City plan in Oslo, Norway. Particular attention is given to the architectural competition for the new Edvard Munch Museum. The Fjord City waterfront development plan is organized through an entrepreneurial mode of planning and with clear neoliberal underpinnings. The paper looks at how architectural competitions are used and how they function within the context of contemporary planning.

Minimizing energy consumption both at the building scale and the city scale is now a major challenge to civilization. Climate change require us to more decisive measures in this area. Together with the widening globalization, rapid technological development, increasing resource scarcity are set to place intense pressures on national economies in the 21-st century. Nowhere are these challenges being played out more immediately than in the energy sector. Urban management and integrated smart development play crucial role in minimalization of energy consumption and CO 2 production. New approaches in sustainable urban and architectural planning are to be introduced. An important link in this process can be new approach to settlements, that are using new technologies focused on energy self-sufficiency and green footprint. The concept design of Green Islands area in Szczecin/Poland developed by Urbicon Authors’ Architecture Studio is a good example of such approach.

Transformation of the plan seems to be one of the most fundamental characteristics of architectural evolution during the PPNA stage. It starts with simple round monocellular structures and ends with the invention of modular subrectangular ones, divided into many rooms. However, the evolution of some types of buildings in different regions of the Fertile Crescent was varied in pace. A major question are the main factors causing such regional differences. This paper presents a basic typology of early Neolithic structures and their regional diversification, which could result from individual dynamics of the development of original types stimulated by regionally invented practical and technical solutions. Two variants of the process were distinguished. The first is the evolution from a primitive shelter to open, free-standing durable forms of round houses. The other variant was the development from shelters to large round subterranean houses. Different regions of the Near East adopted one of these two variants. Each featured specific traits and determined further regional development of plan.

High-precision three-dimensional model is a high value information nowadays. Especially the 3D model of inner space of buildings can be used widely. However, it is not quite easy to acquire it. Building Information Model (BIM) provides a way to get detailed information of building to be build. But for most buildings already there the only thing that recording their internal structure we have are architectural plans. In order to get high precision model of building inner space, people scanning architectural plans into computer and vectoring every elements of building and reconstruction it by 3D building software as 3DMax and so on. Although this method is time consuming and high cost, it is the general method used in 3D building fields in recent years. In this study, we tried to speed up the modeling efficiency by identify and extraction information of building components automatically by deep learning algorithms. Faster R-CNN object-detection model, which was proved to be efficiency in image recognition is used in the paper to identity and extract independent building functional components such as tables, beds, cabinets and toilets and other equipment. This components are elements of plans but not exists actually in buildings. By deleting these “useless” components we can get a “clean” map of architecture and the vector data of building inner space can be obtained by image recognition algorithms as refine, extract center line and other operations. This paper proposed a method also to building the topology relationships of the vector data to drawn into room models in the buildings. And then, using room models to form building models. In order to verify the availability and generality of the model, we designed a method to transform the model we build to IFC, which is the famous BIM Standard model. Experiments shows that Faster R-CNN algorithm can provide high accuracy identification results, with the help of it the automation degree and efficiency of vectorization can be improved. The topology relationships defined to describe relations inside and between rooms are effective to form an entire building model. And the transform from 3D building model extracted from architectural plan in this way to IFC are feasible.

A case study of the University of Kent, Canterbury campus, was conducted to investigate whether adopting an inclusive approach to design is preferable to merely meeting legal building requirements. A mixed-methods approach was employed, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Six of the University of Kent buildings were the subject of the research, and data on them were collected in two phases, which involved administering an online survey, carrying out access audits of the six buildings, conducting interviews with students and staff members with disabilities, as well as with education providers and architects, and examining artefacts and architectural plans. Finally, all data were analysed.

Building evacuation training systems and training employees in an organization have a vital role in emergency cases in which people need to know what to do exactly. In every building, procedures, rules, and actions are attractively shown on the walls, but most of the people living in that building are not aware of these procedures and do not have any experience what to do in these dangerous situations. In order to be able to apply these procedures properly in an emergency situation, community members should be trained with the state-of-the-art equipment and technologies, but to do so, up-front investment and development of such a system are necessary. In this study, augmented reality (AR) technology was applied to realize a game-based evacuation training system that implements gamification practices. The architectural plans of a university were used to model the floors and the relevant environment. Employees are trained to learn how to reach the nearest exit location in the event of a fire or earthquake, and also, the system provides the shortest path for the evacuation. In addition to these features, our training game has educational animations about the fire, chemical attack, and earthquake events. A mobile application was implemented to train employees working in the building and inform them to know how to escape in an emergency situation. The technology acceptance model and the related questionnaire form were applied, and the response of 36 participants was analyzed. It was demonstrated that AR and relevant tools provide a flexible environment to develop evacuation systems in a university, our mobile application enabled participants to be trained in a realistic environment, and trainees were highly satisfied with the system. Educational animations were also another benefit for the trainees.

Purpose The aim of this paper is to investigate the problems of meeting students’ housing needs in many cities that could not adapt to this change with its infrastructure against the rapid increase in the number of Turkish universities and students, who are educated in these institutions, in recent years. In addition, it is to develop alternative suggestions concerned with design criteria for increasing qualifications of the dormitories as one of the primary housing alternatives for students. Design/Methodology/Approach Users’ preferences and their management are very important for especially multi-user design processes. Hence, through a survey, it was planned to determine the physical conditions and the spatial characteristics of the existing dormitories beside their conformities in terms of the users’ satisfaction. At the end of the extensive literature research, the evaluation criteria which included basic psychological (privacy, sense of crowded, belonging and socializing, etc.) and physical (dorm rooms, social and service areas in the dorms and the dorms’ environment, etc.) factors were prepared for the survey. Then their validity was tested via the survey questions and the SPSS software. The obtained findings in the study were discussed in the frame of previous literature researches and their results. Evaluations were made in terms of the development of architectural planning principles of dormitory buildings. Findings Some outstanding findings and evaluations were listed as increasing the more customized using areas in the rooms, rehabilitation of study areas, multiplying variations of study and socializing areas, organizing social areas as partial units instead of the only central space for different functions, avoiding large-scale dormitories for decreasing the perception of crowded sense, creating flexible environments according to the conditions, etc. Besides, although the spatial planning of the dormitories was commonly compatible with the standards, the organization disorders like overcapacity and change of functions have been found to cause dissatisfaction. Many of these are thought to be innovative inputs for the design stages of dormitory buildings even if design contexts are different. Research Limitations/Implications The survey is conducted in Karabuk with 250 students from different faculties in Karabuk University whose development process has significantly affected the city and the city life in the last decade. So, the conditions of dormitories in Karabuk are examined. Practical Implications it is necessary to consider the users’ opinions and expectations about these buildings in the frame of their changing lifestyles and thus to review the criteria and approaches in designs of such buildings. Social Implications The fast and immediate solutions which have been done without considering in detail are often not useful. So, on behalf of solving this rapidly growing problem which has encountered in many cities in similar ways, improving them in line with the current user needs and thus increasing qualities in the students’ education and life standards, it is important to examine the conditions of the dormitory buildings which have been constructed or will be constructed. Originality/Value In this study, unlike the other dormitory studies, the design problems and user interactions have been evaluated with a more holistic approach from interior organization to the decisions on an urban scale.

Machine Learning (ML) is one significant subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that impacts most of today’s industries. This research is part of a broader research project that investigates enquiring creativity in machine learning versus the human design processes. The research aims at developing a computational model that evaluates architectural designs using machine learning algorithms, to fulfill project goal of investigating the computer’s ability to generate architectural designs. Two ML algorithms were trained with a set of design drawings along with their own evaluation. Three evaluation criteria are identified; Spaces’ orientation, functional zoning, and usability of area. Each design case is accompanied by a given evaluation; the evaluation is set by practitioner architects per each criterion. To train the ML algorithm, a custom-built drafting tool was developed, the drafting tool accepts a given architectural plan design drawn on an evaluation grid. Each architectural plan drawing is identified in terms of classes that represent space uses. The tool then scans the grid in order to extract the features related to each of the evaluation criteria. Within this research paper the two algorithms were trained with a dataset of 15 architectural designs, and then tested with five test cases that include the five possible grades. Results showed that both ML algorithms have learning curves, and that one algorithm is significantly better than the other in learning the three grading criteria. This research serves a long-term objective to implement ML in generating designs with specified qualities.

The interest in the built environment of Early Bronze Age Eastern Arabia is rapidly increasing with the emergence of new field data from the excavation of settlement sites. However, little is known about architectural planning and spatial patterns in the region. This article explores non-monumental architecture throughout the 3rd millennium BCE.A series of methods (Pythagorean triples, modular grids, interception of circles) were used to assess the geometric and metric characteristics of buildings, and to stress regularities and variation in the long term. The results of these analyses suggest the application of specific techniques in layout and construction works: the intersection of circles during the Hafit occupations, and more sophisticated techniques, combining the properties of circles and triangles, during the Umm an-Nar period.The diachronic approach allowed by the temporal span of the occupations highlights a firm progression of architectural paradigms and building crafts throughout the EBA. The evidence hints at the existence of specialized work force since the dawn of the Bronze Age, and reveals a sharp increase of technicity and standardization towards the end of the 3rd millennium.

The study determines methodological bases of forming an integrated light facilities complex of modern residential architecture. Light reveals the form of the architectural object and creates an image. Architecture becomes a source of artificial illumination using light technology. One of the main priorities of the research is scientific approach in the creation of bioclimatic and ecological architecture. The problems of the effective use of the aesthetic potential of natural and artificial light have been considered. The analysis of scientific works has brought focus on the following issue—in the process of developing facade systems of housing buildings, the necessary value of the role of functional formation of form by light is not provided. Today, in the architectural planning, it is necessary: to introduce European norms in Ukraine, to conform the national normative base to the norms of the European standards.

peer-reviewed The full text of this article will not be available in ULIR until the embargo expires on the 20/08/2021 In Global Software Development (GSD), the additional complexity caused by global distance requires processes to ease collaboration difficulties, reduce communication overhead, and improve control. How development tasks are broken down, shared and prioritized is key to project success. While the related literature provides some support for architects involved in GSD, guidelines are far from complete. This paper presents a GSD Architectural Practice Framework reflecting the views of software architects, all of whom are working in a distributed setting. In-depth interviews with architects from seven different GSD organizations revealed a complex set of challenges and practices. We found that designing software for distributed teams requires careful selection of practices that support understanding and adherence to defined architectural plans across sites. Teams used Scrum which aided communication, and Continuous Integration which helped solve synchronization issues. However, teams deviated from the design, causing conflicts. Furthermore, there needs to be a balance between the self-organizing Scrum team methodology and the need to impose architectural design decisions across distributed sites. The research presented provides an enhanced understanding of architectural practices in GSD companies. Our GSD Architectural Practice Framework gives practitioners a cohesive set of warnings, which for the most part, are matched by recommendations. ACCEPTED peer-reviewed

The field of generative architectural design has explored a wide range of approaches in the automation of design production, but these approaches have demonstrated limited artificial intelligence. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a leading deep generative model that use deep neural networks (DNNs) to learn from a set of training examples in order to create new design instances with a degree of flexibility and fidelity that outperform competing generative approaches. Their application to generative tasks in architecture, however, has been limited. This research contributes new knowledge on the use of GANs for architectural plan generation and analysis in relation to the work of specific architects. Specifically, GANs are trained to synthesize architectural plans from the work of the architect Le Corbusier and are used to provide analytic insight. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of different augmentation techniques that architects can use when working with small datasets.

This paper aims to develop a case study for training an algorithm to recognize architectural drawings. In order to succeed that, the algorithm is trained with labeled pixel-based, architectural drawing (plan and section) dataset. During the training process, transfer learning (pre-training model) is applied. The supervised learning and convolutional neural network are utilized. After certain iterations, the algorithm builds awareness and can classify pixel-based plan and section drawings. When the algorithm is shown a section that is not produced with conventional drawing technic but through hybrid technics, it could predict the drawing class correctly with %80 of accuracy. On the other hand, some of the algorithm prediction is misoriented. We examined this prediction problem in the discussion section. The results illustrate that neural networks are successful in training algorithms to recognize and classify pixel-based architectural drawings. But for a highly accurate algorithm prediction, the dataset of the drawing images must be ordered, according to sample resolution, sample size and sample coherence for the dataset.

Machine learning, especially the GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) model, has been developed tremendously in recent years. Since the NVIDIA Machine Learning group presented the StyleGAN in December 2018, it has become a new way for designers to make machines learn different or similar types of architectural photos, drawings, and renderings, then generate (a) similar fake images, (b) style-mixing images, and (c) truncation trick images. The author both collected and created input image data, and specially made architectural plan and section drawing inputs with a clear design purpose, then applied StyleGAN to train specific networks on these datasets. With the training process, we could look into the deep relationship between these input architectural plans or sections, then generate serialized transformation images (truncation trick images) to form the 3D (three-dimensional) model with a decent resolution (up to 1024 &times, 1024 &times, 1024 pixels). Though the results of the 3D model generation are difficult to use directly in 3D spatial modeling, these unexpected 3D forms still could inspire new design methods and greater possibilities of architectural plan and section design.

Indoor positioning technologies are subject to serious research in recent years. Starting from low level inertial sensor based, through radio, magnetic or vision based solutions, ending on multiple sensors based fusions. All of the methods mentioned above can be designed in a way that will allow to benefit from vectorized indoor maps. Furthermore in order to be valuable to the end user, output of indoor positioning method have to be presented in a graphical way. Most common is projection of location into indoor floorplan. Nowadays it is common that modern buildings are computer designed and therefore are equipped with precise architectural plans that are necessary to issue building permit and helpful during construction. On the other hand old buildings, that for some reason require renewed floor plans are surveyed and architectural plans are drawn. A wealth of details that are unnecessary from the positioning system point of view, prevent us from using such plans for indoor positioning applications. Indoor maps have to be simplified in order to reduce complexity. This can be achieved by manual or automatic modifications of architectural drawings or raster images of floor plans. This work presents system designed to setup and maintain indoor positioning in a building and novel semi-automatic method for construction of vectorized floor plan from raster images using door detection and flood fill algorithm.

Gereja Katolik sebagai tempat peribadatan harus memiliki ekspresi sakral baik secara eksterior maupun interior. Diduga modernisasi menyebabkan pudarnya ekspresi sakral pada Gereja Katolik. Mengingat Gereja katolik adalah bangunan ibadah yang mewadahi aktivitas liturgi, maka pembahasan menggunakan kajian semiotika untuk membaca tanda dan makna pada bentuk arsitektur agar dapat menjaga ekspresi sakralnya. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan prinsip semiotika Peirce dan penerapannya pada arsitektur Gereja. Prinsip tersebut kemudian digunakan untuk menganalisis kedua kasus studi pada setiap lingkup perancangan. Lingkup perancangan meliputi: (1) Lingkup lingkungan sekitar; (2) Lingkup tapak; (3) Lingkup bentuk. Analisis ini menggunakan prinsip semiotika yang di elaborasi dengan prinsip Gereja Katolik untuk menghasilkan pedoman perancangan arsitektur Gereja Katolik. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menemukan ekspresi sakral yang lebih dominan antara Gereja Santo Petrus dan Gereja Santa Maria Tujuh Kedukaan dari simbol-simbol yang melekat pada elemen arsitektur Gereja Katolik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi sakral terdapat pada (1) Lingkup lingkungan sekitar; (2) Lingkup tapak; (3) Lingkup bentuk Gereja Santo Petrus lebih dominan dibandingkan Gereja Santa Perawan Maria Tujuh Kedukaan.

Мета дослідження – проаналізувати основні тенденції у сучасній архітектурі на прикладі тимчасових літніх павільйонів художньої галереї Серпентайн, розташованої у Кенсінгтонських садах Гайд-парку у Лондоні, до створення яких протягом 2000–2018 років залучались найвідоміші архітектори з усього світу. Методи дослідження. Використано методи синтезу, порівняння, узагальнення, а також історичний підхід із залученням вивчення наукових праць провідних теоретиків історії архітектури й аналізу проектної практики. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що у статті вперше здійснено спробу проаналізувати сучасні тенденції в архітектурі виставкових павільйонів з виявленням нових підходів у архітектурному проектуванні, формоутворенні, застосуванні нових будівельних матеріалів з урахуванням стилістичних трансформацій і творчого почерку автора. Висновки. Ретроспективний огляд вісімнадцяти павільйонів галереї Серпентайн у Лондоні дозволяє виділити низку тенденцій у сучасній архітектурі. Спочатку до створення павільйонів залучалися видатні архітектори старшого покоління, переважно представники стилю деконструктивізм. Останнім часом запрошуються порівняно молоді авангардні архітектори, які поєднують у своїй творчості як технологічні інновації, так і автентичні етнічні мотиви. Окрім архітекторів у творчому процесі активну участь беруть художники, скульптори, ландшафтні дизайнери й інженери, які на час створення унікального об’єкту об’єднуються в мережеву форму організації архітектурного проектування. У формотворенні спостерігається тенденція перетікання внутрішнього простору у зовнішній, трактування споруди як арт-об’єкта. Поряд із застосуванням традиційних для павільйонного будівництва матеріалів (сталеві, дерев’яні конструкції), використовується скловолокно і полімерна плівка., The aim of the research is to analyse basic tendencies in modern architecture on the example of temporal summer pavilions of art-gallery of Serpentine, located in Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, London, into the creation of which during 2000s–2018s the best-known architects from all over the world were engaged. Research methods. The methods of synthesis, comparison, generalization, and historical approach have been used, as well as a thorough analysis of the project practice and the works of leading theorists in history of architecture. The scientific novelty is in the analysis of modern tendencies in architecture of exhibition pavilions with the discovery of new approaches in the architectural planning, formation, application of new building materials, taking into consideration stylistic transformations and creative handwriting of the author. Conclusions. The retrospective review of eighteen pavilions of Serpentine Gallery in London allows to distinguish a number of tendencies in modern architecture. At first, prominent architects of senior generation, by and large representing the style of deconstructivism, were engaged in creation of pavilions. More recently, a tendency has emerged to invite young avant-garde architects who successfully combine both technological innovations and authentic ethnic patterns in their works. Besides architects, artists, sculptors, landscape designers and engineers take part in a creative process, joining together to create a unique object. There is a notable tendency of transition from internal space into external, and interpretation of building as an object of art. Along with traditional building materials for pavilions such as steel and wooden constructions, fiberglass and polymeric foil are used.

International audience; Beyond the scientific literacy as the starting point of ANT's investigations, such a focus on written traces calls for unfolding the utterly graphic quality of modern societies. Our world, namely writing societies (as anthropologists used to put it), is literally saturated with traces and written objects. Any human being is constantly defined with birth and death certificates, identity papers, school or professional degrees, employment contracts, fingerprints, property acts, marriage agreement… and of course handwritten signatures. Watches, calendars and diaries, clocks, rules and yardsticks, scales… and of course money are also crucial in the coordination and synchronisation of actions. Similarly, a contemporary city would not exist without its architectural plans and drawings, street plaques, directory signs, road markings, shop signs… and of course its map, on both printed and online versions. The State itself would be little, if anything at all, without administrative lists, regular population census, archives of many kinds, a lot of maps of different scales, resource inventories… and of course national statistics. In this chapter, we want to acknowledge the basic place of writing in our world by going back to ANT's roots in anthropology of writing. Such a move, we argue, is helpful in better understanding, at least, two crucial aspects of the contemporary life that are constantly performed and enacted by written traces: Forms of reasoning and modes of governing. These practices are commonplace in ANT studies, and the best-known vocabulary used by scholars to describe them is one of the 'immutable mobiles' (Latour, 1986) and their stabilising properties. However, following the developments in anthropology of writing is key in unfolding and (re)discovering how far the multiplicity of written traces goes beyond immutable mobiles, and gives access to hitherto neglected practices in producing knowledge and performing politics.

Heritage represents the living memory of the individual and society , it is cultural identity that people recognize about the privacy of people . That is the full record of human activity in a society preserved in the collective memory of the people . It is a manifestation of individual and collective creativity of the nation during its long history . As a result , heritage has a strong relationship with the cultural practices of society and its outlook for the future as well as the link between the present and the past. Therefore, the loss of cultural heritage means the loss of the nation's memory , identity and pride in its own history and present. Talking the architectural heritage of Najaf, which is one of the main pillars of the city's heritage through the ages, means talking about the variables in the moving time and the fixed place. Najaf in its plans and architecture as one of the historical cities of religious origin had to respond on its architectural planning to a range of needs and factors that influenced the pattern of planning and the shape of the city and the models of buildings . In order to deepen the subject , we chose the old Najafi house as a model for local architecture . Mr. Ali Al-Damarji's house was chosen as a model in Al-Huwaish district . As it is characterized by the integration of the elements of planning , architectural and construction , as well as the capacity of an area of (380 m2.) , and its good condition as classified by the heritage survey committee of the city of Najaf grade (A) in terms of heritage status , and the state of construction . The study has found that the architecture of the heritage buildings in Najaf and the Najafi house in particular has some characteristics that are almost unique to them . However , this privacy does not mean the identification of an independent identity . Rather , it is the local privacy which is integrated it its overall image within the identity National Heritage of Iraq . In spite of the presence of different oriental influences , the Najafi house remained conservative in its basic layout of its traditional character , which imitates the old and ancient Iraqi style . And this in itself drawn the image of Iraqi cultural communication and authenticity through the ages .

The software architecture plan describes the high-level structure and logic of a software system. The architectural plan acts as a constitution and dictates the fundamental principles of the system; therefore, the plan also eventually determines which kinds of business models the software system can support. In the modern mercury business, there is need for experimentation in business model and flexibility in architecture. This paper uses a systematic literature review method to collect primary studies from the extant literature addressing business models and software architectures. The aim is to summarize the current knowledge. The selected primary studies (n=10) are qualitatively analyses and synthesized. The results show that the area remain mostly unaddressed and there is need to develop new methods to support flexible architecture design, tools and development methods.

Through an exposé of my research, ‘The Architecture of Lying-in: From the Dark and Airless Room to the Hospital for Women’, this paper explores creative-critical methods of writing architectural history. Until the 1740s, women in England gave birth in the bedroom, which was refashioned for the occasion as a dark, internalised space, the ‘lying-in chamber’. Around this time, the rise of the man- midwife and instruments such as maternal forceps heralded the lying-in hospital, the first specialist hospital overall, yet few architectural descriptions of it exist, nor of the maternal domestic space it challenged. Here, I examine the home and the first London lying-in hospital by drawing on a range of sources such as architectural plans, midwifery manuals and treatises, maps, novels and political writings. Developing a text that plies between essay and fiction, I critically reconstruct the architecture of lying-in.

In the structural design of shear wall buildings, the initial process requires the interaction between the architecture and engineering teams to define the appropriate distribution of the walls, a stage typically carried out through a trial-and-error procedure, without any consideration of previous similar projects. In previous work, a database of 165 Chilean residential projects of reinforced shear wall concrete buildings was built, which fed a regressive neural network model to predict the wall’s engineering thickness and length values from an architectural 30-feature input vector, which accounts for geometric and topological properties, archiving remarkable results regarding the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ). However, a regressive model of this nature does not incorporate a spatial detail or contextual information of each wall’s perimeter, and also, the prediction of other parameters such as the wall translation has a poor performance. For this reason, the present research proposes a framework based on convolutional neural network (CNN) models to generate the final engineering floor plan by combining two independent floor plan predictions, considering the architectural data as input. The first plan prediction is assembled using two regressive models that predict the wall engineering values of the thickness, the length, the wall translation on both axes from the architectural plan, and the floor bounding box width and aspect ratio. The second plan prediction is assembled using a model that generates a likely image of each wall’s engineering floor plan. Both independently predicted plans are combined to lead the final engineering floor plan, which allows predicting the wall’s rectangles design parameters and propose new structural elements not present in architecture, making the methodology an excellent candidate to accelerate the building wall layout’s early conceptual design.

Аbstract. Problem. The article reveals the use of knowledge of astronomy in engineering calculations when planning urban development in the 18th - 19th centuries. Goal A solar calculator from the SunCalc program was used in the study. It was proved by the example of the ancient buildings of St. Peter's Square in the Vatican that architects in ancient times madeaccurate calculations for the planning of streets and cities and used astronomical knowledge Thanks to the use of modern GIS technologies, it has become possible in our time to superimpose the existing buildings on a satellite image of the territory of the ancient buildings and see that the line of St. Peter's Square completely coincides with the line of the sun, directed at the vernal equinox - March 22. Methodology. The building line of the square - the beginning and end of the buildings, consisting ofcolumns, coincides with the line of the sun's rays directed to the days of the summer and winter solstices. This suggests that the architectural planning of the development of ancient cities was carried out with calculations according to the laws ofthe ecliptic, with knowledge of physical and mathematical calculations and all streets and arched vaults were aimed at the passage of sunlight on certain days in certain places, as if illuminating buildings and squares. Modern urban developmentplanning should be carried out using GIS technologies and mathematical modeling. Results Modern urban development must take into account historical architecture, areas of historical events and protected areas. The stylistics in the design must berepeated and the development planning must be carried out in a single architectural ensemble of the city. This will attract tourists and financial investments to us.

The problem of the architectural planning of new and reconstruction of the existing military campuses on the example of the Military campus No.19 in Irkutsk is considered in the article. The stages of the architectural space development and reorganization in connection with the development of an educational institution located on the territory of the specified military campus are examined. The peculiarities of the local infrastructure development are identified. It has been proved that as a construction site, a military campus has its own specifics. Its utilities and operational support should be aimed at maintaining the combat and mobilization readiness of military units as well as creating comfortable conditions for the stay of the personnel and civilians, training, leisure and other daily activities. The article focuses on the fact that the finding the best way to solve the issue of designing and improving modern military campuses cannot be carried out without taking into account the historical experience. It is concluded that the rational architectural planning for military campuses is no less important than the compliance with the building codes when erecting special-purpose buildings and structures.