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Mergers have played a relevant role in the business development of many agri-food cooperatives and have led to the consolidation of large cooperative groups which are leaders in their respective business sectors. However, many of the merger processes undertaken fail: some are aborted at the negotiation stage, and others are not approved by members. These failures entail financial and social costs due to frustrated expectations and the time invested in the negotiation process. The objective of this paper is to establish the economic, socio-cultural, organisational and process management factors that underlie this outcome. A survey was conducted among the directors and administrators of a sample of Spanish agri-food cooperatives that had participated in merger processes which were aborted at the negotiation stage or were not approved by their members. Factor and discriminant analyses established the aspects which had the greatest impact on the failure of the merger processes. Far from being economic factors, these analyses reveal that defensive localisms, a lack of commitment to the merger on the part of members and directors, and communication failures were more significant.

INTRODUCTION: Family planning programmes have helped in increasing the prevalence of contraceptive use and reducing total fertility rate in developing countries from six to three births per woman. However, its uptake is lower in the rural areas compared to urban areas. This study seeks to elucidate the effect of community mobilisation on awareness, approval and use of family planning among women of reproductive age in the rural areas of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental study among women aged 15 to 49 years in two rural communities in Ebonyi state. Using simple random method, we recruited 484 women for the study. We used pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information from the participants. Community awareness and distribution of information, education and communication materials were carried out within one month. We estimated the effect of the intervention on the level of awareness, approval and uptake of family planning methods. RESULTS: Level of awareness increased by 19% (p=0.001) while uptake of family planning increased by 16.7% (p=0.001) in the intervention group. The approval rate was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (p=0.008). The most commonly used method of family planning was the natural method in intervention and control arms. CONCLUSION: Although uptake of family planning increased significantly in the study population, the rate is generally low. Given the critical role of the community in family planning programmes, community mobilisation may be deployed to increase uptake of family planning in similar rural communities.

It is known that Brazilian presidents are able to approve most of their own legislative bills. However, it is still unclear what factors influence and explain the variation in presidents’ level of legislative success between different governments and even within an individual term. Seeking to understand this phenomenon, this article analyzes the legislative success of Brazilian presidents, based on the governments of Cardoso, Lula and Rousseff. More precisely, I examine the impact of prerogatives and exclusive policy matters on presidents and political contexts in determining legislative success. The results point to prerogatives and exclusive matters having a positive influence on success rates, such as provisional measures and administrative and budgetary matters. They also indicate that legislative success is enhanced during the honeymoon period, that is, the further away a government is from an electoral period, and there is significant positive variation as the size of the governing coalition increases. However, the results show that skill does not impact significantly on success, and popularity has a negative effect, thus not contributing to Brazilian presidents’ legislative success.

Context: To ensure compliance with the legal and normative framework, the professional orders, which supervise the practice of pharmacy have established a professional inspection process. In addition to this process, other external organizations also require an accreditation, authorization, certification or validation process for professional practices., Objective: The main objective is to identify and compare the methods of evaluating pharmaceutical practice in hospitals in France and Quebec., Results: In order to identify and compare the methods of evaluating pharmaceutical practice in hospitals in France and Quebec, our approach allowed us to identify more organizations in France (i.e., High Authority of Health, Regional Health Agencies, the National Order of Pharmacists, the Nuclear Safety Agency, the Biomedicine Agency and the National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products) than in Quebec (i.e., Accreditation Canada, Ordre des pharmaciens du Québec and Health Canada). The study highlights the legal framework and applicable standards, the surveyors, the evaluation methods and the particularities for the evaluation of the hospital, the pharmacy department and the members of the department., Conclusions: This study highlights the evaluation processes of pharmaceutical practice in hospitals. In France, as in Quebec, we recognize the importance of the drug circuit in the hospital, the development and operation of a pharmacy department and the practice of pharmacy. While there are more similarities for the assessment of the drug circuit in hospitals and pharmacy department, important differences are observed for the assessment of individuals. We believe that the publication of a comparative analysis can contribute to discussions and exchanges to benefit from the best practices of each country., (Copyright © 2024 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Epileptologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Almost all electrophysiology (EP) devices need to obtain premarket approval before they can be commercially sold and available for use in the community. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has different paths to market approval depending on the intended use and the associated risks of the device. The European Union and Japan have device approval processes that have many similarities as well as differences to the US regulatory system. This paper describes some of the history and background of the US device approval process with an emphasis on EP devices. It provides an overview of the different regulatory pathways in the USA that are currently being utilized and contrasts them to the procedures often used in the European Union and in Japan. It also touches on the impact of the twenty-first Century Cures Act and how the balance between premarket and postmarket regulatory oversight is continually being examined and refined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Schmerz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to understand interactions in Korean elementary science classrooms, which are heavily influenced by Confucianism. Ethnographic observations of two elementary science teachers' classrooms in Korea are provided. Their classes are fairly traditional teaching, which mean teacher-centered interactions are dominant. To understand the power and approval in science classroom discourse, we have adopted Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Based on CDA, form and function analysis was adopted. After the form and function analysis, all episodes were analyzed in terms of social distance. The results showed that both teachers exercised their power while teaching. However, their classes were quite different in terms of getting approval by students. When a teacher got students' approval, he could conduct the science lesson more effectively. This study highlights the importance of getting approval by students in Korean science classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of the first Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (GDUFA I) provided funding to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for modernizing review of the FDA/CDER Generic Drug Program. Under GDUFA I, FDA agreed to reduce the backlog of pending generic Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs), improve the efficiency of generic drug review, and reduce the number of review cycles with the goal of reducing overall time to approval. This study presents a preliminary analysis of initial filing and regulatory first actions on ANDAs during GDUFA I cohort year 3 (CY3) and cohort year 4 (CY4). It highlights initial successes and areas of improvement in the ANDA review process for both FDA and ANDA applicants to improve the efficiency of providing the public with high-quality, affordable generic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educacion is the property of Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on verbal and non-verbal characteristics of the approval speech act in English literary discourse. Approval evaluation object has been identified including things, ideas, facts, traditions, weather conditions, events, pieces of news and other phenomena that become evaluated. It has been proved in the article that approval evaluation objects never refer to the addressee's sphere of interests and that the approval recipient and the evaluation object of approval never overlap. The article also dwells on illocutionary aims pursued by approval speech act addressers and the perlocutionary effect of approval speech act. The central part of the paper considers lexical, morphological, syntactic, and stylistic means applied by the personages of fictional literary discourse to express approval of a particular object. Finally, non-verbal means manifesting approval have been identified. It has been found out that in fictional literary discourse, the emotional state of the approval addresser is specified by the verbalised kinemes. The latter also signal whether the approving utterance is sincere or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the procedures and trends for obtaining approval for imported genetically modified (GM) crops in China, and how do approval dates and length of approval in China compare with those in other countries? The answers are crucial for current food security in China and the future of crops derived by gene editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The FDA approved a total of 251 NMEs and 67 biologics during 2006–2016. • Pre-approval publications can provide insight on the innovation ecosystem. • Text mining identifies major research contributions of each organization. • Sponsors authored only about 14% of publications on approved and failed drugs. • Drug candidate success benefits from a combined effort of academia and industry. Pharmaceutical companies are relying more often on external sources of innovation to boost their discovery research productivity. However, more in-depth knowledge about how external innovation may translate to successful product launches is still required in order to better understand how to best leverage the innovation ecosystem. We analyzed the pre-approval publication histories for FDA-approved new molecular entities (NMEs) and new biologic entities (NBEs) launched by 13 top research pharma companies during the last decade (2006–2016). We found that academic institutions contributed the majority of pre-approval publications and that publication subject matter is closely aligned with the strengths of the respective innovator. We found this to also be true for candidate drugs terminated in Phase 3, but the volume of literature on these molecules is substantially less than for approved drugs. This may suggest that approved drugs are often associated with a more robust dataset provided by a large number of institutes. Collectively, the results of our analysis support the hypothesis that a collaborative research innovation environment spanning across academia, industry and government is highly conducive to successful drug approvals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: family planning programmes have helped in increasing the prevalence of contraceptive use and reducing total fertility rate in developing countries from six to three births per woman. However, its uptake is lower in the rural areas compared to urban areas. This study seeks to elucidate the effect of community mobilisation on awareness, approval and use of family planning among women of reproductive age in the rural areas of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Methods: we conducted a quasi-experimental study among women aged 15 to 49 years in two rural communities in Ebonyi state. Using simple random method, we recruited 484 women for the study. We used pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information from the participants. Community awareness and distribution of information, education and communication materials were carried out within one month. We estimated the effect of the intervention on the level of awareness, approval and uptake of family planning methods. Results: level of awareness increased by 19% (p<0.001) while uptake of family planning increased by 16.7% (p<0.001) in the intervention group. The approval rate was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (p=0.008). The most commonly used method of family planning was the natural method in intervention and control arms. Conclusion: although uptake of family planning increased significantly in the study population, the rate is generally low. Given the critical role of the community in family planning programmes, community mobilisation may be deployed to increase uptake of family planning in similar rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing debate as to whether there is a major difference between Hume's accounts of morality in the Treatise and the second Enquiry. This has tended to focus on the role of sympathy in each case, but more recently the greater emphasis on humanity in the Enquiry as compared with the Treatise has been used to support a non-reconciliation view of the relation between these accounts. So far as humanity's role in relation to the moral sentiments is concerned, I question whether it can provide the moral point of view associated with moral approval and disapproval. Considered as a motive to action, I question whether humanity always results in the kinds of action which would meet with general approbation. I also stress the limitations of humanity when viewed from the impartial perspective associated with the moral point of view. I further attempt to show that there is no real contradiction between Hume's claim in the Treatise that sympathy is 'the chief source of moral distinctions' and his claim in the Enquiry that the sentiments dependent on humanity 'are the origin of morals'. I therefore conclude in favour of a reconciliatory view of the two accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pests and diseases are a continuous challenge in agriculture production. A wide range of control strategies have been and will continue to be developed. New control strategies are in almost all countries around the world assessed prior to approval for use in farmers' fields. This is rightly so to avoid and even reduce negative effects for human health and the environment. Over the past decades the approval processes have become increasingly politicized resulting in an increase in the direct approval costs and the length in approval time without increasing the safety of the final product. This reduces the development of control strategies and often has negative human health and environmental effects. Possibilities exist for improvements. They include reducing approval costs and approval time by streamlining the approval process and substituting approval requirements by strengthening ex‐post liability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry Approval processes have become increasingly politicized resulting in an increase in the direct approval costs and the length in approval time without increasing the safety of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major motif in Pinter's drama is the desire for power, coupled with the achievement of dominance. Pinter attacks the policies of oppressive regimes practicing violence and torture, and his political dramas concentrate on the struggle between the individual and the authoritative power. Pinter's The Birthday Party (1957) examines the significance of power and identity in spaces of self and power relations. In One for the Road (1980) and Mountain Language (1988), Pinter deals with incarceration and torture, using the theatrical space of prison to highlight and examine the narratives of authoritative control and violation of human rights. Space as a motif in Pinter's plays, serves as a site for discourse and aims to mark the interaction between power and identity. In this paper, I will attempt to examine how Pinter uses the idea of space and to what extent space can be read and decoded as a site for struggle for power and identity. My aim is to show that how an ordinary physical space of a room become a site for recreation of new spaces for exercise of power and maintaining identity. However, I aim to delve into these spaces of conflict, exploitation and subjugation showing the significance of power and identity. This paper, therefore, concludes that Pinter's theatre of power constitutes a polyphony of political rhetoric within the spaces, all competing for approval or control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow uptake of biosimilars in some regions is often attributed to a lack of knowledge combined with concerns about safety and efficacy. To alleviate physician and patient apprehensions, regulatory reviews from four major regulatory authorities (RAs) (European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada, and Japan Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Authority) across a portfolio of eight biosimilars were analyzed to provide insight into RA review focus and approach. RA queries were evaluated in an unbiased and systematic manner by major classification (Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls [CMC], nonclinical, clinical or regulatory) and then via detailed sub-classification. There was a consistent, predominant focus on CMC from all RAs. The review focus based on sub-classification of clinical and regulatory queries was influenced by molecular complexity, with significant differences between categories (monoclonal antibody or protein) in the distribution of query topics; specifically, bioanalytical (p = 0.023), comparative safety and efficacy (p = 0.023), and statutory (including the justification of extrapolation) (p = 0.00033). Each biosimilar had a distinct distribution of clinical query topics, tailored to product-specific data. This analysis elucidated areas of heightened RA interest, and validated their application of regulatory science in the evaluation of biosimilar safety and efficacy.

Na Li,1 Xiang Yu,2 Michael Pecht3 1School of Law, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Law and Politics, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 3Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USAAbstract: The concept of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection comes from the West. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) establishes the basic rules for pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection. People’s Republic of China’s domestic law is consistent with the TRIPS agreement. In the drug registration approval process of the People’s Republic of China’s Drug Supervision Department, pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection has encountered some problems, including data authentication, exclusive rights to data, number of drugs requiring data to be submitted, and drug costs. In view of the long-term interests of the People’s Republic of China’s pharmaceutical industry and intellectual property protection trends, there are a lot of difficulties in the enforcement of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection law that need to be overcome. Some measures can be taken, such as establishing a shorter data exclusivity protection period, only protecting the data submitted and relied on in the People’s Republic of China, only protecting the drugs that use new chemical components, allowing application and necessary research before the expiry of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection period of generic drugs.Keywords: drug, developing countries, approval, competition

The existence of the municipality as a base of the concept of administrative decentralization implies the need to combine between the autonomy of the local authorities and the need to preserve the unity of the State and the submission of all the work of its bodies to the legitimacy. To this end, the Algerian legislator adopted the system of control supervision in all successive laws related to the municipality, in the light of the political authority’s adoption of progressive decentralization, which combines gradual flexibility of control over municipalities and granting them more autonomy which could help them to serve their populations. In this context, this research raises the following issue: Does the regime of administrative supervision tend towards the flexibility and granting more autonomy to municipalities, or does it remain reluctant to all that? Does it focus more on the principle of State unity in such a way that would undermine the concept of decentralization?

Most physical violence against children in their homes is rooted in physical punishment. Parents’ approval of physical punishment is a primary predictor of its use. Therefore, reducing approval of physical punishment is critical to preventing physical violence against children. We explored the relative contributions of four variables to young adults’ approval of physical punishment with the aim of identifying effective routes to prevention. The participants were 480 first-year university students in 3 Canadian provinces. The outcome measure was a scale assessing participants’ approval of physical punishment. The predictor variables were four dimensions of participants’ perceptions of their childhood physical punishment experiences: physical (frequency, severity), cognitive (perceived abusiveness, perceived deservedness), affective (short- and long-term emotional impact), and contextual (degree to which it was accompanied by reasoning, power assertion, emotional abuse, or emotional support). Most (73%) of the participants had experienced physical punishment in childhood. Of these, 78% had experienced punishments other than mild spanking with the hand; one fifth had been pushed against a wall, and one third had been hit with objects. The strongest predictor of participants’ approval of physical punishment was a belief that their experiences were deserved. Reducing approval of physical punishment requires strategies to alter the perception that children deserve violence.

The study completes the compilation of the questionnaire on Chinese undergraduates’ moral values from six moral values dimensions: honesty and compliance, civility and self-discipline, love, unity and be helpful, esteem and filial respect. The questionnaire has 31 questions in all, taking advantage of Likert scale. Using this scale, its alpha reliability reach 0.887 with clear internal structure. The validity is well and the model fitting index accords with statistical measurement, which covers the shortage of empirical study on Chinese undergraduate students’ moral values. The measurement, which focused undergraduate moral values, is compiled by a total of 768 valid samples from 6 colleges. Measurement results show that there are sequences of orientation on Chinese undergraduates’ moral values approval, and the order is: Honesty and compliance, civility and discipline, filial respect unity and be helpful, love and esteem; while gender differences do exist. The male undergraduates’ identity level of honesty and compliance, civility and self-discipline, love, and filial respect ranks higher than that of female undergraduates; however, the differences, between male and female undergraduates, on unity and being helpful, as well as esteem are not significant.

The paper analyzes consultancy agreements between public limited company and its supervisory board members. After the introductory analysis of the consultancy agreement between public limited company and its supervisory board member, special attention is given to the scope and correct interpretation of the specific legal regime that is applied to these contracts, taking into consideration the meaning and purpose of Art. 270. Companies act. The author elaborates which contracts fall under the scope of Art. 270. Companies act and what prerequisites must be met in order for the supervisory board to be able to reach a decision on approval of the contract. After that, the author analyses the correct interpretation of Art. 270. Companies act. Furthermore, the author explains and elaborates the consequences of extensive teleological interpretation of the supervisory boards' decision concerning the consultancy agreement, the legal status of the agreement in the period before the ratification and the implications of performance of the agreement before the ratification. Finally, the author explains when and why Art. 270. Companies act must be implemented on consultancy agreements between a supervisory board member and a dependent company, a supervisory board member and a member of the board of managers and on contracts between the company whose supervisory board member is a member and the public limited company they supervise. The research concludes that the domestic law has appropriately regulated consulting activity of supervisory board members.

Extensive research by the global scientific fraternity has led to the production of many radiopharmaceuticals of immense clinical importance. However, this increasing availability has not been matched by adequate regulatory action to back up the legal foundation for their commercial use. It is imperative for a radiopharmaceutical to have a seal of regulatory authority approval to qualify for human use. The present article highlights various regulatory requirements for approval of radiopharmaceuticals in USA, Europe, and particularly India, which does not have guidelines for their approval, and intensifies the concern for a harmonized regulatory platform of global acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchorages beyond approvals – the road to get an individual approval or a project‐related type‐approval In Germany, the required certificate of suitability for fixings and anchorages are national and European approvals and assessments. If these documents do not cover a planned application, an individual approval (ZiE) or a project‐related type‐approval (vBg) has to be obtained. The given article provides background information concerning anchorages and approvals and describes the procedure for getting a ZiE or vBg. For the necessary assessment, relevant themes and sources of information are compiled for the interested engineer. Furthermore, hints on job‐site testing and typical problems during project course are given, rounded off by several examples concerning ZiEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latest research and usability of intumescent coatings in steel construction Whenever filigree or architectural steel constructions are requested in combination with fire resistance requirements, intumescent coatings are often used. Intumescent coatings offer clear advantages compared to other fire protection materials. The application of intumescent coatings combines both the maintenance of the filigree appearance of the steel construction and the required fire resistance. A few years ago the application of intumescent coatings was restricted to beams and columns. Now, based on latest research the application of intumescent coatings has been extended to tension members. In Germany, the usability of intumescent coatings is based on national approvals and European assessments. Therefore, both options can be used by the manufacturers to introduce their products to the market. In this paper the differences between the national approval and European assessment procedures are presented. Furthermore, an overview of the latest research results on the thermal performance of intumescent coatings in natural fires is given. The presented research results are part of the national research project IGF 19176 N from the Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbau e.V. (DASt). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated what law enforcement agents, who are saddled with the responsibility of curbing cyber crime, know about the malaise; how young people are initiated into cyber crime; the roles of peer influence, and parents' approval of cyber crime. The study adopted cross-sectional design and the qualitative method of data collection. The study population comprises four (4) key informants who are law enforcement agents; two (2) "yahoo boys", seven (7) parents, and seven (7) youths in Lagos metropolis. Purposive sampling technique (snowball) was used to select participants, while indepth interview guide was used to elicit information from participants. The data were analysed using manual content analysis. It was found that law enforcement agents have considerable knowledge of cyber crime and the different methods used by "yahoo boys" to defraud unsuspecting victims. Frequent interaction between "yahoo boys" and young people plays a key role in the initiation of the latter into cyber crime. Peer influence plays some role in cyber crime, but joining the crime is wilful and not by coercion or chicanery. Parents' unwillingness to report the crime, as well as their acceptance of the proceeds, suggests that they do approve of cyber crime, and thereby contribute to its increased rampancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the essence and usefulness, the institution of legal capacity to exercise a natural person always occupied a position in the list of priority concerns the doctrine of, in particular, the Republic of Moldova in the process of consolidation and the development of legislative base, during the transitional period. Although, to a certain extent, to the formation of a juridical institutions with promising prospects in the raw material the capacity to exercise, even with elements which had never before fallen in the way in the legislation of other Member States, after the year 2017, the legal decree in the field in question has given to understand that without a review within the meaning of modernization will not be able to continue to ensure efficient coveted. In these conditions, recently, the legislature of the Republic of Moldova decided to initiate the process of reconsidering the concept of the capacity to exercise a natural person, placing emphasis on intensification of judicial measures for the protection of the interests of them in return for giving up on some circumstances that previously withdrawing into the field of action in the personal exercise of legal acts of provision. The tactics chosen by the inspired is our legislator in the process of formulating the new legal framework to guarantee the civil rights in the case of special categories of subjects, remains to be seized after the generated effects, and until then, by doctrinally in the framework of the new research and interpretations of the possible effects in the plan Application Note. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any patrimonial entity is vitally interested to be operative and to continuously increase the efficiency degree available and used by material, financial and human resources. The control ensures the operative knowledge of the way in which economic and social activities are carried out, the way in which economic, financial and contractual discipline is respected, to prevent economy disequilibrium. The establishment of the State Treasury laid the foundations for a new way of managing public financial resources available to the public power, through the Ministry of Public Finance. The public treasury, through its leaders, has the obligation to organize its own preventive financial control and to record all engagements within the accounting compartment and establish the operations projects subjected to the preventive financial control and the supporting documents and their circuit, in compliance with the legal provisions. The control exercised through the treasury represents a safe tool to manage efficiently and to establish an order in the use of the funds by public institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the individual-level factors associated with public support for the private provision of public goods and services. Given that privatization requires the transfer of authority from public to private entities, we argue that beliefs about private companies are an important and overlooked source of heterogeneity in explaining public policy preferences toward privatization. We test this expectation using survey data from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. We find that support for privatization is associated with positive beliefs about the motivation of private companies and with favorable views about corporate accountability relative to the accountability of government. Opposition to privatization is associated with beliefs about corporate influence in politics. Preferences for limited government are also associated with support for privatization. These results highlight the potential for beliefs about private companies to serve as a group heuristic in political reasoning and the ability of citizens to make reasoned choices on complex public policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the higher education system has allowed a new group of working young adults to access university education. This has brought with it an additional challenge to the higher education system: to retain this new group of students. It is of interest to study the satisfaction of engineering students in online vs face-to-face courses, because high satisfaction affects the approval, which improves student retention and progression. As quality, retention and progression are central objectives of any institution in Chile and the world, this study is relevant, because many universities in the world for a couple of decades now, are developing online programs, and the world trend is to offer education from distance. Regarding the study carried out, we will see that the online / blended modality has similar levels of satisfaction independent of the day (day / evening), we will also check that cultural biases persist both in students and teachers, with respect to learning levels in the online classes, what can be related to the level of dominion that is had on the used platforms; since poor management in online environments will affect student satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. General frameworks for conducting and reporting health economic evaluations are available but not specific enough to cover the intricacies of the evaluation of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Such evaluations are typically complex and model-based because tests primarily affect health outcomes indirectly and real-world data on health outcomes are often lacking. Moreover, not all aspects relevant to the evaluation of a diagnostic test may be known and explicitly considered for inclusion in the evaluation, leading to a loss of transparency and replicability. To address this challenge, this study aims to develop a comprehensive reporting checklist. Methods. This study consisted of 3 main steps: 1) the development of an initial checklist based on a scoping review, 2) review and critical appraisal of the initial checklist by 4 independent experts, and 3) development of a final checklist. Each item from the checklist is illustrated using an example from previous research. Results. The scoping review followed by critical review by the 4 experts resulted in a checklist containing 44 items, which ideally should be considered for inclusion in a model-based health economic evaluation. The extent to which these items were included or discussed in the studies identified in the scoping review varied substantially, with 14 items not being mentioned in ≥47 (75%) of the included studies. Conclusions. The reporting checklist developed in this study may contribute to improved transparency and completeness of model-based health economic evaluations of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Use of this checklist is therefore encouraged to enhance the interpretation, comparability, and—indirectly—the validity of the results of such evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Voces de la Educacion is the property of Voces de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)