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Different theories have been proposed to explain hypertension from an Ayurvedic perspective, but there is no consensus amongst the experts. A better understanding of the applied physiology and etio-pathogenesis of hypertension in the light of Ayurvedic principles is being attempted to fill this gap. A detailed review of available Ayurvedic literature was carried out to understand the physiology of blood pressure and etio-pathogenesis of hypertension from the perspective of Ayurveda. Many parallels were drawn from the concepts such as Shad Kriyakala (six stages of Dosha imbalance) and Avarana of Doshas (occlusion in the normal functioning of the Doshas) to the modern pathogenesis of hypertension to gain a deeper understanding of it. Hypertension without specific symptoms in its mild and moderate stages cannot be considered as a disease in Ayurveda. It appears to be an early stage of pathogenesis and a risk factor for development of diseases affecting the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes etc. Improper food habits and modern sedentary lifestyle with or without genetic predisposition provokes and vitiates all the Tridoshas to trigger the pathogenesis of hypertension. It is proposed that hypertension is to be understood as the Prasara-Avastha which means spread of vitiated Doshas from their specific sites, specifically of Vyana Vata, Prana Vata, Sadhaka Pitta and Avalambaka Kapha along with Rakta in their disturbed states. The Avarana (occlusion of normal functioning) of Vata Dosha by Pitta and Kapha can be seen in the Rasa-Rakta Dhathus, which in turn hampers the functioning of the respective Srotas (micro-channels) of circulation.

Background. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological strain index (PSI) along with specific immune system markers in response to a simulated firefighting occupation workload. Methods. Ten hea...

Similar to human beings, pain is an unpleasant sensation experienced by animals as well. There is no exception when the animals are subjected to experimental procedures. Our duty as researchers/scientists is to prevent or minimize the pain in animals so as to lessen their suffering and distress during experimental procedures. The basics of the physiology of pain and pain perception, analgesia, anesthesia, and euthanasia of laboratory animals were included to complete the program, before the practical part was attempted and before advanced topics, such as comparison of anesthetic combinations, were discussed. Therefore, this course was organized in Sri Lanka for the first time in collaboration with the Comparative Biology Centre of Newcastle University, UK. During this course, we were able to demonstrate how an anesthesia machine could be used in laboratory animal anesthesia for the first time in the country. None of the animal houses in the country were equipped with an anesthesia machine at the time of conducting the course.

© 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc. While there are various avenues for performance improvement in college American football (AF), there is no comprehensive evaluation of the collective array of resources around performance, physical conditioning, and injury and training/game characteristics to guide future research and inform practitioners. Accordingly, the aim of the present review was to provide a current examination of these areas in college AF. Recent studies show that there is a wide range of body compositions and strength characteristics between players, which appear to be influenced by playing position, level of play, training history/ programming, and time of season. Collectively, game demands may require a combination of upper-and lower-body strength and power production, rapid acceleration (positive and negative), change of direction, high running speed, high-intensity and repetitive collisions, and muscle-strength endurance. These may be affected by the timing of and between-plays and/or coaching style. AF players appear to possess limited nutrition and hydration practices, which may be disadvantageous to performance. AF injuries appear due to a multitude of factors-strength, movement quality, and previous injury-while there is also potential for extrinsic factors such as playing surface type, travel, time of season, playing position, and training load. Future proof-of-concept studies are required to determine the quantification of game demands with regard to game style, type of opposition, and key performance indicators. Moreover, more research is required to understand the efficacy of recovery and nutrition interventions. Finally, the assessment of the relationship between external/internal-load constructs and injury risk is warranted.

Different theories have been proposed to explain hypertension from an Ayurvedic perspective, but there is no consensus amongst the experts. A better understanding of the applied physiology and etio-pathogenesis of hypertension in the light of Ayurvedic principles is being attempted to fill this gap. A detailed review of available Ayurvedic literature was carried out to understand the physiology of blood pressure and etio-pathogenesis of hypertension from the perspective of Ayurveda. Many parallels were drawn from the concepts such as Shad Kriyakala (six stages of Dosha imbalance) and Avarana of Doshas (occlusion in the normal functioning of the Doshas) to the modern pathogenesis of hypertension to gain a deeper understanding of it. Hypertension without specific symptoms in its mild and moderate stages cannot be considered as a disease in Ayurveda. It appears to be an early stage of pathogenesis and a risk factor for development of diseases affecting the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes etc. Improper food habits and modern sedentary lifestyle with or without genetic predisposition provokes and vitiates all the Tridoshas to trigger the pathogenesis of hypertension. It is proposed that hypertension is to be understood as the Prasara-Avastha which means spread of vitiated Doshas from their specific sites, specifically of Vyana Vata, Prana Vata, Sadhaka Pitta and Avalambaka Kapha along with Rakta in their disturbed states. The Avarana (occlusion of normal functioning) of Vata Dosha by Pitta and Kapha can be seen in the Rasa-Rakta Dhathus, which in turn hampers the functioning of the respective Srotas (micro-channels) of circulation. Keywords: Hypertension, Ayurveda, Blood pressure, Etio-pathogenesis

The quadrennial International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology (ICEEP) allows focused presentations of a variety of horse exercise- and performance-related research data in cardiorespiratory, muscle, biomechanics, nutrition, genomics, and applied physiology. The most diverse section of the ICEEP meeting has been termed variously ‘Applied Exercise Physiology’ (ICEEP 8 and 9), ‘Applied Physiology: Training Methods, Exercise Testing and Selection’ (ICEEP 7), or ‘Applied Physiology of Athletic Performance’ (ICEEP 6 and earlier). The next ICEEP meeting is scheduled to be held in Australia in 2018. In this subspeciality of equine exercise physiology, scientists attempt to apply or put into practical field use the techniques and tools developed in the more basic sciences in order to assess the performance, training, and injury of horses working and performing under true, non-laboratory conditions. The real test of the value of this subspeciality will be the increased application and sustainability of the use of laboratory techniques in the assessment of equine athletes in field settings. This review summarises exercise physiology findings prior to the widespread use of equine laboratory treadmills which have tethered investigators to the laboratory, and explains and illustrates newer, more portable, often digital technological developments which have allowed investigations to move out of the laboratory and back to the field setting where horses train and compete on a daily basis.

Despite the availability and utilization of the physiology textbooks authored by Albrecht von Haller during the 18th century that heralded the modern age of physiology, not all physicians or physiologists were satisfied with its presentation, contents, or application to medicine. Initial reasons were fundamental disagreements between the “mechanists,” represented by Boerhaave, Robinson, and von Haller, and the “vitalists,” represented by the faculty and graduates of the Montpellier School of Medicine in France, notably, Bordeu and Barthez. Subsequently, objections originated from Europe, United Kingdom, and the United States in publications that focused not only on the teaching of physiology to medical and secondary students, but on the specific applications of the content of physiology to medicine, health, hygiene, pathology, and chronic diseases. At the turn of the 20th century, texts began to appear with applied physiology in their titles and in 1926, physician Samson Wright published a textbook entitled Applied Physiology that was intended for both medical students and the medical profession. Eleven years later, physicians Best and Taylor published The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice: A University of Toronto Texbook in Applied Physiology. Although both sets of authors defined the connection between applied physiology and physiology, they failed to define the areas of physiology that were included within applied physiology. This was accomplished by the American Physiological Society (APS) Publications Committee in 1948 with the publication of the Journal of Appplied Physiology, that stated the word “applied” would broadly denote human physiology whereas the terms stress and environment would broadly include work, exercise, plus industrial, climatic and social factors. NIH established a study section (SS) devoted to applied physiology in 1964 which remained active until 2001 when it became amalgamated into other SSs. Before the end of the 20th century when departments were changing their titles to reflect a stronger science orientation, many established laboratories and offered degree programs devoted to Applied Physiology. We concluded that Applied Physiology has been an important contributor to the discipline of physiology while becoming an integral component of APS.

Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) is spontaneous loss of consciousness with complete recovery; there is temporary impairment of brain function associated with loss of awareness, loss of responsiveness, and loss of memory. Syncope is the most common cause of transient loss of consciousness in children. Whilst syncope is potentially easy to understand using applied physiology, therapeutic opportunities are often missed, leading to avoidable morbidity and disability. In this article we will discuss the causes of TLOC and focus on the evaluation and management of syncope and orthostatic intolerance in children and young people.

Surgery has become safer and safer over the last decades on the one hand as a result of highly sophisticated non-invasive approaches that aim to replace operations with excessive tissue trauma and on the other hand due to the developments in anesthesiology and intensive therapy. The latter has been mentioned more and more frequently in the context of perioperative medicine often referred to as an entity on its own. This means that pre-, intra-, and postoperative care should not be considered as independent components managed by different teams but rather dealt with as one process and managed by using a holistic approach.

Large multicenter, randomized controlled trials published in reputable journals had a large impact on the world of cardiothoracic anesthesia in 2015. We as cardiac anesthesiologists pride ourselves as being experts in applied physiology, physics, ultrasonography, and pharmacology/pharmacotherapy. The selected studies added to our knowledge in the fields of echocardiography, pharmacology, molecular biology, and genetics. Outcome studies shine a light on important topics that are relevant to all cardiac anesthesiologists: does surgical atrial fibrillation ablation during mitral valve surgery reduce the recurrence of atrial fibrillation at 1 year after surgery? Does remote ischemic preconditioning live up to its promise to reduce postoperative major cardiac and cerebral events? Although we still do not have the answer to all the questions, the year 2015 has been a great step toward the goal of understanding molecular mechanisms of ischemic myocardial injury and toward providing evidence-based medicine for improving patient outcome.

Equine exercise physiology is a discipline that emerged in the 1980s. It has enjoyed tremendous popularity. Areas of popularity in equine exercise physiology research have changed over the past 40 years for a variety of possible reasons, including funding, disappearance of research groups, and research interests. We are also now in a position where we can review earlier studies in a different, more informed light and consider which ones are still reliable and relevant and which ones may need to be considered differently based on more recent knowledge. Although traditionally popular areas in equine exercise research such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular research have diminished, other areas such as biomechanics and locomotion and applied physiology have seen great growth. Although much has been achieved which has contributed to scientific understanding of the horse in relation to exercise and to welfare, some obvious areas remain poorly understood.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in European Journal of Applied Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3616-y

The objective of this study is to make a review of the narrative of coronary artery tortuosity (CAT) approaching several situations in clinical practice where tortuosity can have a relevant role, and also evaluate if tortuosity can be related to the presence of myocardial ischemia in patients without coronary obstruction using scientific evidences in medical literature. Textbook of applied Physiology in Cardiology with study of coronary circulation, theoretical articles with studies of Hemodynamics, Fluid and Mechanical Dynamic, and experimental articles with simulation in computers were used as support to answer this last question. Resumo Este trabalho faz uma revisão sobre o tema de tortuosidade coronariana abordando várias situações na prática clínica aonde a tortuosidade coronariana pode desempenhar um papel relevante e procura avaliar se há correlação entre tortuosidade coronariana e a presença de isquemia miocárdica em pacientes sem obstruções coronarianas fazendo uma busca na literatura das evidências científicas. Livro-texto de Fisiologia em Cardiologia com estudo da circulação coronariana, artigos teóricos com estudos de Hemodinâmica, Dinâmica de Fluidos e de Mecânica e artigos experimentais com simulação em computadores serviram de sustentação para a formulação da hipótese a ser verificada.

Introduction: The Faculty of Medical Sciences revised its curriculum from traditional, subject-based, to an integrated, system-based one in 2007. This study aimed to assess and compare the ability to retain and apply knowledge in Physiology, among the last batch of students following the traditional curriculum and the first batch following the integrated curriculum. Methods: Twenty true/false type applied Physiology questions from the 2nd year examinations of the two batches were administered separately when the students were in the final year. The marks were compared with those obtained for the same questions at the 2nd year examination. The difference between the two was considered the retention score. A SAQ comprising applied Physiology questions was also administered to assess application ability and the scores were compared. Results: A total of 152 and 132 participated from the batches following the traditional and integrated curricula respectively. Both batches displayed a significant loss of knowledge by the final year (negative retention score). The knowledge loss was lower in academically average and high performing students of the integrated curriculum. Students following the integrated curriculum showed significantly higher ability to apply Physiology knowledge to clinical problems. Conclusion: The students following the integrated curriculum were better in applying physiology knowledge to clinical scenarios and the retention of knowledge was also better among the average and high performing students following the integrated curriculum.

Breathing affects cardiac output on a cycle-by-cycle basis, through changes in pressure and intrathoracic volume of key components in cardiovascular function Hence, heart–lung interactions affect cardiovascular functioning and the heart's ability to adapt. The heart–lung interaction is an area of applied physiology broadly studied but in Colombia, this is the first trial ever done with a thoracic bioreactance monitor. The hemodynamic profiles of 38 patients scheduled for myocardial revascularization were measured at the Fundacion Clinica Abood Shaio using thoracic bioreactance monitor, which provided ventricular volume and cardiac output measurements. The ventilator volumes and pressures with which corrections were made to interpret the effects of mechanical ventilation were recorded.

While the importance of regulating arterial blood pressure within a 'normal' range is widely appreciated, the definition of 'normal' and the means by which humans and other species regulate blood pressure under various conditions remain hotly debated. The effects of diverse physiological, pathological and environmental challenges on blood pressure and the mechanisms that attempt to maintain it at an optimal level are reviewed and critically analyzed in a series of articles published in this themed issue of the European Journal of Applied Physiology. We summarize here the major points made in these reviews, with emphasis on unifying concepts of regulatory mechanisms and future directions for research.

In Italy the existence of a law on health protection of competitive sports since 1982 has favored the creation and the revision of these cardiological guidelines (called COCIS), which have reached their fourth edition (1989-2009). The present article is the second English version, which has summarized the larger version in Italian. The experience of the experts consulted in the course of these past 20 years has facilitated the application and the compatibility of issues related to clinical cardiology to the sports medicine field. Such prolonged experience has allowed the clinical cardiologist to acquire knowledge of the applied physiology of exercise and, on the other hand, has improved the ability of sports physicians in cardiological diagnostics. All this work has produced these guidelines related to the judgment of eligibility for competitive sports in the individual clinical situations and in the different cardiovascular abnormalities and/or heart disease. Numerous arguments are debated, such as interpretation of the athlete's ECG, the utility of a preparticipation screening, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease and other particular issues.

This focused review serves to explore relevant issues in regard to blood pressure regulation and by doing so, provides the initial stimulus paper for the Thematic Review series “Blood Pressure Regulation” to be published in the European Journal of Applied Physiology over the coming months. In this introduction, we highlight how variable normal blood pressure can be and challenge the reader to take another look at some key concepts related to blood pressure regulation. We point out that there is frequently an underappreciated balance between peripheral vasodilation and systemic blood pressure regulation and ask the question: Are changes in blood pressure, in effect, reasonable and integrated adaptations to the physiological challenge at hand? We conclude with the idea that blood pressure regulatory systems are both flexible and redundant; ensuring a wide variety of activities associated with life can be accompanied by a perfusion pressure that can serve multiple masters.

this volume of the Journal of Applied Physiology marks publication of our first CORP article ([1][1]). It is a statistical essay on best practices to minimize the probability of studies coming up with either false positive or false negative conclusions. CORP (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology)

the journal of applied physiology is pleased to offer two new article types for you to consider as vehicles for your work. You will find both described on the journal website under article types ( ), where the major

DON'T FORGET THE GUT—IT IS AN IMPORTANT ATHLETIC ORGAN! {#article-title-2} to the editor: It was with great interest that we read the Journal of Applied Physiology Viewpoint on the 2-h marathon barrier ([3][1]). We would argue that, alongside having a superlative Vo2max, lactate threshold

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Journal of Applied Physiology and the definitive published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00089.2018.

The aquatic environment has broad rehabilitative potential, extending from the treatment of acute injuries through health maintenance in the face of chronic diseases, yet it remains an underused modality. There is an extensive research base supporting aquatic therapy, both within the basic science literature and clinical literature. This article describes the many physiologic changes that occur during immersion as applied to a range of common rehabilitative issues and problems. Because of its wide margin of therapeutic safety and clinical adaptability, aquatic therapy is a very useful tool in the rehabilitative toolbox. Through a better understanding of the applied physiology, the practitioner may structure appropriate therapeutic programs for a diverse patient population.

The course “Management of Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders” is an applied physiology course taught using lectures and paper-based cases. The course approaches fluid therapy from both basic science and clinical perspectives. While paper cases provide a basis for application of basic science concepts, they lack key components of genuine clinical cases that, by nature, are diverse, change over time, and respond in unique ways to therapeutic interventions. We developed a dynamic model using STELLA software that simulates normal and abnormal fluid and electrolyte balance in the dog. Students interact, not with the underlying model, but with a user interface that provides sufficient data (skin turgor, chemistry panel, etc.) for the clinical assessment of patients and an opportunity for treatment. Students administer fluids and supplements, and the model responds in “real time,” requiring regular reassessment and, potentially, adaptation of the treatment strategy. The level of success is determined by clinical outcome, including improvement, deterioration, or death. We expected that the simulated cases could be used to teach both the clinical and basic science of fluid therapy. The simulation provides exposure to a realistic clinical environment, and students tend to focus on this aspect of the simulation while, for the most part, ignoring an exploration of the underlying physiological basis for patient responses. We discuss how the instructor's expertise can provide sufficient support, feedback, and scaffolding so that students can extract maximum understanding of the basic science in the context of assessing and treating at the clinical level.

Pelvic floor muscles have two major functions: they provide support or act as a floor for the abdominal viscera including the rectum; and they provide a constrictor or continence mechanism to the urethral, anal, and vaginal orifices (in females). This article discusses the relevance of pelvic floor to the anal opening and closure function, and discusses new findings with regards to the role of these muscles in the vaginal and urethra closure mechanisms.