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BackgroundThe COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in a wide range of countries. This study aims to examine factors influencing vaccination rate and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 among Chinese healthcare workers (HCWs).MethodsFrom 3rd February to 18th February, 2021, an online cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCWs to investigate factors associated with the acceptance and willingness of COVID-19 vaccination. Socio-demographic characteristics and the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among Chinese HCWs were evaluated.ResultsA total of 2156 HCWs from 21 provinces in China responded to this survey (response rate: 98.99%)), among whom 1433 (66.5%) were vaccinated at least one dose. Higher vaccination rates were associated with older age (40-50 years vs. less than 30 years, OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.02-2.58; >50 years vs. 30 years, OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.02-3.52), working as a clinician (OR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.05-2.27), having no personal religion (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.06-1.71), working in a fever clinic (OR=4.50, 95%CI:1.54-13.17) or higher hospital level (Municipal vs. County, OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.28-3.16; Provincial vs. County, OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.25-3.22) and having knowledge training of vaccine (OR=1.67, 95%CI:1.27-2.22), family history for influenza vaccination (OR=1.89, 95%CI:1.49-2.35) and strong familiarity with the vaccine (OR=1.43, 95%CI:1.05-1.95) (All PConclusionPersonal characteristics, working environments, familiarity and confidence in the vaccine were related to vaccination rates and willingness to get vaccinated among healthcare workers. Results of this study could provide evidence for the government to improve vaccine coverage by addressing vaccine hesitancy in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

Several forms of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling have been described in the dorsal lateral striatum (DLS), however most experimental protocols used to induce plasticity do not recapitulate the firing patterns of striatal-projecting pyramidal neurons in the cortex or firing patterns of striatal medium spiny neurons. Therefore, it is unclear if current models of eCB signaling in the DLS provide a reliable description of mechanisms engaged under physiological conditions. To address this uncertainty, we investigated mechanisms of eCB mobilization following brief synaptic stimulation that mimicsin vivopatterns of neural activity in the DLS. To monitor eCB mobilization, the novel genetically encoded fluorescent eCB biosensor, GRABeCB2.0, was expressed in corticostriatal afferents of C57BL6J mice and evoked eCB transients were measured in the DLS using a brain slice photometry technique. We found that brief bouts of synaptic stimulation induce long lasting eCB transients. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, prolonged the duration of the eCB transient, while inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase inhibited the peak amplitude, suggesting that 2-AG is the predominate eCB generated following brief synaptic stimulation. 2-AG transients were robustly inhibited by AMPA and NMDA receptor antagonists, DNQX and DL-AP5 respectively. Additionally, the 2-AG transient was inhibited by the muscarinic M1 receptor (M1R) antagonist, VU 0255035, and augmented by the M1R positive allosteric modulator, VU 0486846, indicating that acetylcholine (ACh) release is required for efficient 2-AG production. The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist, quinpirole, inhibited the 2-AG transient. However, in slices from mice lacking D2Rs on cholinergic interneurons (CINs), quinpirole did not inhibit the 2-AG transient, demonstrating that D2Rs on CINs can modulate 2-AG production. The AMPA receptor or NMDA receptor antagonists, DNQX or DL-AP5 respectively, occluded 2-AG augmentation by VU 0486846 suggesting that converging glutamatergic and cholinergic signals are required for efficient 2-AG production following brief synaptic stimulation. Collectively, these data uncover unrecognized mechanisms underlying 2-AG mobilization in the DLS.

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde neuromodulators with important functions in a wide range of physiological processes, but their in vivo dynamics remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we developed a genetically encoded eCB sensor called GRAB(eCB2.0). GRAB(eCB2.0) consists of a circular-permutated EGFP and the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor, providing cell membrane trafficking, second-resolution kinetics, high specificity for eCBs, and shows a robust fluorescence response at physiological eCB concentrations. Using GRAB(eCB2.0), we monitored evoked and spontaneous changes in eCB dynamics in cultured neurons and acute brain slices. We observed spontaneous compartmentalized eCB transients in cultured neurons, and eCB transients from single axonal boutons in acute brain slices, suggesting constrained, localized eCB signaling. Expressing GRAB(eCB2.0) in the mouse brain, we observed foot shock-elicited and running-triggered eCB signaling in the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. In a mouse model of epilepsy, we observed a spreading wave of eCB release that followed a Ca(2+) wave through the hippocampus. GRAB(eCB2.0) is a robust probe for eCB release in vivo.

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde neuromodulators that play an important role in a wide range of physiological processes; however, the release and in vivo dynamics of eCBs remain largely unknown, due in part to a lack of suitable probes capable of detecting eCBs with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we developed a new eCB sensor called GRABeCB2.0. This genetically encoded sensor consists of the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor fused to circular-permutated EGFP, providing cell membrane trafficking, second-resolution kinetics, high specificity for eCBs, and a robust fluorescence response at physiological eCB concentrations. Using the GRABeCB2.0 sensor, we monitored evoked changes in eCB dynamics in both cultured neurons and acute brain slices. Interestingly, in cultured neurons we also observed spontaneous compartmental eCB transients that spanned a distance of approximately 11 μm, suggesting constrained, localized eCB signaling. Moreover, by expressing GRABeCB2.0 in the mouse brain, we readily observed foot shock-elicited and running-triggered eCB transients in the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Lastly, we used GRABeCB2.0 in a mouse seizure model and observed a spreading wave of eCB release that followed a Ca2+ wave through the hippocampus. Thus, GRABeCB2.0 is a robust new probe for measuring the dynamics of eCB release under both physiological and pathological conditions.

An approach to optical transduction and amplification of amphiphile-triggered orientational responses of liquid crystals (LCs) based on the interference effect was developed. The sensitive substrate was obtained by lading 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) into three-dimensionally ordered silica colloidal crystal (SCC) films. Changes in the optical thickness (ΔOT) of the substrates, which are inverted by their Fabry-Perot fringes, depend on the changes of the refractive index caused by the differences in the orientations of LCs. The orientation changes of LCs loading into SCC films have the effect of amplifying signals. These are based on the interactions between surfactants (alkyl trimethylammonium halides (CnTABs, n = 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16) and sodium lauryl sulfonate (SLS)) and LCs, which induce a particular orientation of the LCs molecules. In this flowing system, the reversibility of the signal response for the adsorption of amphiphile was related to the length of the surfactant chain and its critical micelle concentration (CMC). A new method capable of real-time sensing adsorbate-triggered anchoring transitions based on LC-infiltrated SCC films was accomplished. These results provide basics and principles for online, label-free, and real-time analysis of molecules and their interactions in a flowing environment based on the interference effect.

The purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and pathological brain functions,but its spatiotemporal release dynamics in the brain remains largely unknown. We developed a genetically encoded GPCR-Activation–Based Ado sensor (GRABAdo) in which Ado-induced changes in the human A2A receptor are reflected by fluorescence increases. This GRABAdo revealed that neuronal activity-induced extracellular Ado elevation was due to direct Ado release from somatodendritic regions of the neuron, requiring calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, rather than the degradation of extracellular ATP. The Ado release was slow (∼30 s) and depended on equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) rather than conventional vesicular release mechanisms. Thus, GRABAdo reveals an activity-dependent slow Ado release from somatodendritic region of the neuron, potentially serving modulating functions as a retrograde signal.

As a proinflammatory cytokine, CD137 (4‐1BB, TNFRSF9) is present in membrane‐bound and soluble forms. Increased expression of CD137 was recently found in T cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. However, the exact role of CD137 in ischemic stroke is not clear. In this study we analyzed the protein levels of soluble CD137 (sCD137) and the expression of CD137 on CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with acute atherothrombotic stroke by using the cytometry beads array (CBA) and flow cytometry. Within 24 hours of onset, the stroke patients showed elevated levels of sCD137 (2.7 pg/ml) and CD137 expression on CD4+ T cells (4.9 ± 3.2%) compared with normal controls (1.1 pg/ml, P < 0.01; 1.3 ± 1.0%, P < 0.01). Alterations in CD137 expression may enhance ischemia‐induced inflammatory responses via bidirectional signaling and, consequently, aggravate brain injury in early stages of this disorder.

Physical model tests are considered to be useful tools and are widely used in landslide research. The three-dimensional (3D) surface deformation of slope models provides useful information for investigating the behaviour and mechanism of landslides. In this study, a measurement system called a multi-smartphone measurement (MSM) system was proposed and developed to measure the 3D surface deformation of slope models. This system includes nine identical smartphones, a USB hub, a control software package, and some postprocessing software. A series of high-quality images were simultaneously captured through the hardware devices and subsequently processed by using postprocessing software including 3D reconstruction and particle image velocimetry. A comparison with the results of a laser scanner was performed, and the performance of the MSM system was tested in two static models and one dynamic slope model. The system's accuracy was assessed using the root mean square error (RMSE) of the cloud-to-cloud distance. The results show that the accuracy of the MSM system for both the static and dynamic models is less than 1.1 mm. A short-period, low-cost, and easy-to-build system with millimetre accuracy has the potential to become a popular approach for measuring slope models. In addition, the performance of the MSM system is illustrated in three example applications.

Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces display many excellent underwater functionalities, which attribute to the slippery air mattress trapped in the structures on the surface. However, the air mattress is easy to collapse due to various disturbances, leading to the fully wetted Wenzel state, while the water filling the microstructures is difficult to be repelled to completely recover the air mattress even on superhydrophobic surfaces like lotus leaves. Beyond superhydrophobicity, here we find that the floating fern, Salvinia molesta, has the superrepellent capability to efficiently replace the water in the microstructures with air and robustly recover the continuous air mattress. The hierarchical structures on the leaf surface are demonstrated to be crucial to the recovery. The interconnected wedge-shaped grooves between epidermal cells are key to the spontaneous spreading of air over the entire leaf governed by a gas wicking effect to form a thin air film, which provides a base for the later growth of the air mattress in thickness synchronously along the hairy structures. Inspired by nature, biomimetic artificial Salvinia surfaces are fabricated using 3D printing technology, which successfully achieves a complete recovery of a continuous air mattress to exactly imitate the superrepellent capability of Salvinia leaves. This finding will benefit the design principles of water-repellent materials and expand their underwater applications, especially in extreme environments.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X20918467 for Brain deep medullary veins on 3-T MRI in a population-based cohort by Dong-Hui Ao, Ding-Ding Zhang, Fei-Fei Zhai, Jiang-Tao Zhang, Fei Han, Ming-Li Li, Jun Ni, Ming Yao, Shu-Yang Zhang, Li-Ying Cui, Zheng-Yu Jin, Li-Xin Zhou Yi-Cheng Zhu in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Summary The brain’s endocannabinoid system is a powerful controller of neurotransmitter release, shaping synaptic communication under physiological and pathological conditions. However, our understanding of endocannabinoid signaling in vivo is limited by the inability to measure their changes at timescales commensurate with the high lability of lipid signals, leaving fundamental questions of whether, how, and which endocannabinoids fluctuate with neural activity unresolved. Using novel imaging approaches in awake behaving mice, we now demonstrate that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, not anandamide, is dynamically coupled to hippocampal neural activity with high spatiotemporal specificity. Furthermore, we show that seizures amplify the physiological endocannabinoid increase by orders of magnitude and drive the downstream synthesis of vasoactive prostaglandins that culminate in a prolonged stroke-like event. These results shed new light on normal and pathological endocannabinoid signaling in vivo.

When a drug enters an organism, interactions between the drug and proteins in the organism play a vital role in the storage, transport and metabolism of the drug and also affect its nonspecific toxicity, targeting and pharmacodynamic activity. However, monitoring the interaction process is a great challenge in the research of the absorption, transport and metabolic processes of drugs. In this study, we used reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) and silica colloidal crystal (SCC) film as a sensing platform to detect the binding affinity between human serum albumin (HSA) and indomethacin. SCC films composed of three silica nanospheres with different diameters were fabricated using the vertical evaporation method. HSA was immobilized covalently on SCC film using a very simple approach, and optical thickness was used as a parameter to evaluate the process of drug absorption and desorption. Finally, the optimal SCC film was selected, and three drugs other than indomethacin (i.e., warfarin, salicylic acid and quinine) were used for the validation of this sensing platform. The results verified that SCC film using RIfS is a simple and real-time sensing platform for detecting the affinity between HSA and drugs, which may be widely used in drug development and clinical testing in the future.

Lung cancer is difficult to diagnose, has a high mortality rate and a high recurrence rate. By grouping and analyzing the gene expression in lung cancer samples, we selected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in total lung cancers or each subgroup, and then searched for the similarities and differences among these. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were performed, in addition to predictable cell proliferation or immune-related pathways, 'hemostasis', 'coagulation' and 'viral myocarditis' were also enriched in common DEGs, while specific functions or pathways were enriched in different subgroups. This may have implications for the treatment of total lung cancer or different subtypes. Through bioinformatics analysis, hub genes were obtained from total lung cancer and each subgroup respectively. Survival analysis of common hub genes led us to find that ZWINT, A2M, POLR2H and KIF11 are associated with unclassified lung cancer survival. For the construction of miRNA regulatory network, miR-16-5p was related to all of these four genes, and its expression is significantly different between lung cancers and normal samples. Combined with the hub genes of each subtype, it may have the ability of early screening and typing.

Objectives: Our research investigated the relationship between childhood leukemia and breastfeeding in the P. R. of China. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study from March 2008 to April 2017 at the Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang province, P. R. of China, which reviewed 958 children who had been diagnosed with leukemia in case group and 785 healthy children in control group. Data were obtained from medical records, and if the medical records were incomplete, we called mothers of children by phone to complete the data. Results: Breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood leukemia; the effect is greater, if feeding continued for 7–9 months (p = 0.002). In addition, we suggest that some factors such as maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, abortion history, genetic factors, parents use of hair dye, and the history of using birth control pills before pregnancy can increase the risk of childhood leukemia. Conclusions: This study indicates that promoting breastfeeding for 7–9 months may help lower the childhood leukemia incidence. Our study firstly demonstrates that breastfeeding has protective effects against childhood leukemia in the P. R. of China. Abbreviations: ALL: Acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML: Acute myeloid leukemia

Summary Norepinephrine (NE) is a key biogenic monoamine neurotransmitter involved in a wide range of physiological processes. However, its precise dynamics and regulation remain poorly characterized, in part due to limitations of available techniques for measuring NE in vivo. Here, we developed a family of GPCR activation-based NE (GRABNE) sensors with a 230% peak ΔF/F0 response to NE, good photostability, nanomolar-to-micromolar sensitivities, sub-second kinetics, and high specificity. Viral- or transgenic-mediated expression of GRABNE sensors was able to detect electrical-stimulation-evoked NE release in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mouse brain slices, looming-evoked NE release in the midbrain of live zebrafish, as well as optogenetically and behaviorally triggered NE release in the LC and hypothalamus of freely moving mice. Thus, GRABNE sensors are robust tools for rapid and specific monitoring of in vivo NE transmission in both physiological and pathological processes. Video Abstract Download : Download video (31MB)

Cell-cell communication via gap junctions regulates a wide range of physiological processes by enabling the direct intercellular electrical and chemical coupling. However, the in vivo distribution and function of gap junctions remain poorly understood, partly due to the lack of non-invasive tools with both cell-type specificity and high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we developed PARIS (pairing actuators and receivers to optically isolate gap junctions), a new fully genetically encoded tool for measuring the cell-specific gap junctional coupling (GJC). PARIS successfully enabled monitoring of GJC in several cultured cell lines under physiologically relevant conditions and in distinct genetically defined neurons in Drosophila brain, with ~10 s temporal resolution and sub-cellular spatial resolution. These results demonstrate that PARIS is a robust, highly sensitive tool for mapping functional gap junctions and study their regulation in both health and disease., eLife digest For the tissues and organs of our bodies to work properly, the cells within them need to communicate with each other. One important part of cellular communication is the movement of signals – usually small molecules or ions – directly from one cell to another. This happens via structures called gap junctions, a type of sealed ‘channel’ that connects two cells. Gap junctions are found throughout the body, but investigating their precise roles in health and disease has been difficult. This is due to problems with the tools available to detect and monitor gap junctions. Some are simply harmful to cells, while others cannot be restricted to specific cell populations within a tissue. This lack of specificity makes it difficult to study gap junctions in the brain, where it is important to understand the connectivity patterns between distinct types of nerve cells. Wu et al. wanted to develop a new, non-harmful method to track gap junctions in distinct groups of cells within living tissues. To do this, Wu et al. devised PARIS, a two-part, genetically encoded system. The first part comprises a light-sensitive molecular ‘pump’, which can only be turned on by shining a laser onto the cell of interest. When the pump is active, it transports hydrogen ions out of the cell. The second part of the system is a fluorescent sensor, present inside ‘receiving’ cells, which responds to the outcoming hydrogen ions (small enough to pass through gap junctions). If an illuminated ‘signaling’ cell is connected via gap junctions to cells containing the fluorescent sensor, they will light up within seconds, but other cells not connected through gap junctions will not. The researchers first tested PARIS in cultured human and rat cells that had been genetically engineered to produce both components of the system. The experiments confirmed that PARIS could both detect networks of gap junctions in healthy cells and reveal when these networks had been disrupted, for instance by drugs or genetic mutations. Experiments using fruit flies demonstrated that PARIS was stable in living tissue and could also map the gap junctions connecting specific groups of nerve cells. PARIS is a valuable addition to the toolbox available to study cell communication. In the future, it could help increase our understanding of diseases characterized by defective gap junctions, such as seizures, cardiac irregularities, and even some cancers.

Ordered silica nanosphere templates, which are usually known as colloidal crystals, are most widely used to prepare ordered porous nanostructure materials among the templates to fabricate nanostructure materials. We present here a method for the simultaneous assembly of multiple ordered silica nanosphere templates with same quality, in which a glass trough together with a stand was used as the experimental cell. Two different diameters of silica colloidal particles were selected for our experiments, namely ∼190 nm and ∼280 nm. The growth process, thickness and optical properties of films of silica nanospheres on substrates were studied. The particle sedimentation and solvent evaporation both play a role in determining particle volume fractions. In addition, the standard deviation of the diameter of the particles affects the optical properties of the films along the growth direction. There was almost no difference observed in our measurements of the film thickness and optical properties for both the same regions of different films and different regions of the same film along the direction perpendicular to the growth direction. The elucidation of the growth process and characterization of the film properties achieved in this study could help us to obtain better quality templates. This is the first systematic study of the evolution of the thickness and optical properties of ordered silica nanosphere films formed by a simultaneous assembly process.

Reliability is a key challenge faced by the fastgrowing photovoltaic (PV) power plants. This paper presents fault diagnosis and classification techniques using the PV plant operational data collected from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Specifically, the proposed solution consists of three techniques: (1) a new statistical fault detection method; (2) a corrective performance ratio (CPR) based fault isolation method; and (3) an anomaly degree index (ADI) based fault recoverability analysis and classification method. The proposed fault diagnosis solution has been deployed in a real-world 40 MW PV plant. One-year operation demonstrates that the proposed fault diagnosis and classification solution delivers 97% accuracy on fault detection, and 90% accuracy on unrecoverable fault classification.

For decades, symmetric cryptosystems, such as chaos-based ones, are designed for image encryption. In this paper, a novel public key scheme for image encryption is presented. Based on the improved elliptic curve cryptosystem and Arnold cat map, the novel scheme can offer high security while avoid exchange and distribution of secret keys. The experiments illustrate that the presented scheme is computationally less complex than the traditional asymmetric cryptosystems and suitable for large image encryption.

Patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) have a poor prognosis. The detection of contaminating RMS cells in the bone marrow (BM) is important in clinical staging and risk assessment. The cytological examination of the BM remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of RMS, but has a limited sensitivity. In the present study, 32 BM and two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 11 patients with suspected metastasis were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) with ganglioside D2 (GD2) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, cluster of differentiation (CD)90-phycoerythrin, CD45-peridinin chlorophyll protein and CD56-allophycocyanin monoclonal antibody cocktail in parallel to morphological examination at diagnosis or during treatment. Five samples (14.7%) were positive for RMS onup morphological examination. By FCM, 16 samples (47.1%) were positive for RMS. A significant difference was identified between the two methods. The four-color FCM assay successfully detected RMS cells in BM samples to a level of 0.01% (1 per 104 cells). RMS cells demonstrated a phenotype with CD56+/CD90+/CD45−/GD2− expression, which is different from the CD56+/CD90+/CD45−/GD2+ expression phenotype in neuroblastoma cells. The follow-up of four patients by FCM demonstrated that two patients became minimal residual disease-negative following two and four cycles of chemotherapy, respectively, and survived. The other two cases remained FCM-positive despite receiving four courses of chemotherapy and consequently succumbed to progressive disease. In addition, FCM analysis of the CSF samples from one patient confirmed a diagnosis of CSF metastasis with RMS. In conclusion, FCM may have a role not only in staging and monitoring the effects of therapy, but also in providing diagnostic confirmation of CSF metastasis with RMS.

Accurate prognosis of wind turbine generator failures is essential for reducing operation and maintenance costs in wind farms. Existing methods rely on expensive, purpose-built condition monitoring systems to conduct diagnosis and prognosis of wind turbine generator failures. In this paper, we present a prognosis method to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of generators, which requires no additional hardware support beyond widely adopted SCADA system. This work first introduces a notion, Anomaly Operation Index (AOI), to quantitatively measure wind turbine performance degradation in runtime. It then presents a data-driven wind turbine anomaly detection method and a time series analysis method to predict the wind turbine generator RUL. Experimental study on real-world wind farm data demonstrates that the proposed methods can achieve accurate prediction of wind turbine generator RUL and provide sufficient lead time for scheduling maintenance and repair.

X-ray radiography has more and more application value and X-ray simulation system has practical significance for improving the quality of X-ray imaging and replacing the expensive devices but it’s a time-consuming work. This paper proposes an improved fast ray-tracing method extended from Siddon’s and Zhao’s methods. For a 2D array, we compute level by level which has natural modes, by comparing the incident x-coordinate with the characteristic constant. In the case of 3D models, the volume data are back projected into 1D linked list and compute indices and lengths similarly like the case of 2D. Compared with Zhao’s method, the new method avoids skipping parametric planes and computing several starting voxels and ending voxels in one level. The time consumed in the new algorithm has reduced by 5/6 regarding the conventional Siddon’s algorithm.

To explore roles of mRNA and protein expressions of organic anion transporting polypeptide (oatp2b1) of rats with high fat diet and overstrain induced Pi deficiency syndrome in the transporting of damp turbidity.Totally 24 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, i.e., the normal group, the overstrain group, and the high fat diet group, 8 in each group. After successful modeling, one piece of tissues such as spleen, kidney, liver, lung, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine was taken from each rat. Rats of the overstrain group were bonded by specially made bondage cylinder, 3 h each time on odd days, and forced to swim in cold water (10 +/- 1) degrees C for 7 min on even days alternatively for twelve weeks. Rats in the model group and the normal group were fed with standard routine granular forage for 12 weeks. Rats in the high fat diet group were fed with high fat forage for twelve weeks. All rats drank and ate freely. The mRNA and protein expressions of oatp2b1 were detected in the seven tissues using RT-PCR and Western blot.The mRNA expression of oatp2b1 in liver and kidney tissues of rats in the high fat diet group was higher when compared with that of the normal group and the overstrain group (P0.01, P0.05). The oatp2b1 mRNA expression in the normal group was sequenced from high to low as liverlungspleenlarger intestinesmall intestinekidneystomach. The oatp2b1 mRNA expression in the overstrain group was sequenced from high to low as liverlunglarger intestinespleenkidneystomachsmall intestine. The oatp2b1 mRNA expression in the high fat diet group was sequenced from high to low as liverlungspleensmall intestinekidneylarger intestinestomach. The oatp2b1 protein expression in the lung tissue was sequenced from high to low as the overstrain groupthe normal groupthe high fat diet group (P0.05). The oatp2b1 protein expression in the spleen tissue was sequenced from high to low as the high fat diet groupthe normal groupthe overstrain group (P0.05). The oatp2b1 protein expression in the kidney tissue was sequenced from high to low as the normal groupthe overstrain groupthe high fat diet group (P0.05). The oatp2b1 protein expression in the liver tissue was sequenced from high to low as the normal groupthe high fat diet groupthe overstrain group (P0.05). Of them, the oatp2b1 protein expressed extremely less in the stomach, large intestine, and small intestine. The oatp2b1 protein expression in the normal group was sequenced from high to low as lungspleenliver, kidneystomach, larger intestine, and small intestine. The oatp2b1 protein expression in the overstrain group was sequenced from high to low as lungspleenkidneyliverstomach, larger intestine, and small intestine. The oatp2b1 protein expression in the high fat diet group was sequenced from high to low as spleenlungkidneyliverstomach, larger intestine, and small intestine. However, there was no statistical significance among the three groups by pair-wise comparison (P0.05).Kidney and liver might play important roles in the transportation and transformation of damp under the state of Pi deficiency syndrome. Oatp2b1 may be one of the material bases involved in the transportation and transformation of damp turbidity. Pi's function of governing transportation and transformation of damp might not only include the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, but also include partial liver and kidney functions.