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African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease that causes heavy mortality in domestic pigs. At present there is no vaccine against ASF, and eradication in countries where the disease is endemic is based only on competent diagnosis programs and the sacrifice of infected animals. Due to the presence of natural attenuated strains, certain infection conditions may result in reduced mortality. In these situations, the disease can be diagnosed by detection of specific antibodies. The use of classical and validated diagnosis assays, such as ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence or Immunoblotting, allowed the eradication of ASF in the Iberian Peninsula in the 1990s. However, given that conventional tests include the use of antigens obtained from ASF virus (ASFV)-infected cells, they have several disadvantages, such as difficulties to achieve standardization and also the risks associated with the manipulation of live virus. Such drawbacks have led to the development of alternative and more robust systems for the production of ASFV antigens for use in anti-ASFV antibody detection systems. In the present review, we provide an update on current knowledge about antigen targets for ASFV serodiagnosis, the significant progress made in recombinant antigen production, and the refinement of ASF serological diagnostic assays. Moreover, we describe the accuracy of an ELISA developed for the serodiagnosis of ASFV in Africa. This assay is based on a novel p30 recombinant protein (p30r) obtained from an Eastern African viral isolate (Morara strain), which shares 100% amino acid sequence identity with the Georgia virus isolate. That study included the analyses of 587 field sera collected from domestic pigs and warthogs in Senegal (West Africa), the Democratic Republic of Congo (Central Africa), Mozambique (South-East Africa), and South Africa. The results revealed that the novel p30r-based ELISA allows the accurate detection of antibodies against ASFV, independently of the geographical origin of the sera. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

International audience; Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in humans. Conventional techniques are usually sufficient for the diagnosis of superficial candidiasis. For deep-seated or systemic candidiasis, blood cultures still represent the “gold standard”, although their sensitivity can be overtaken. In recent decades, numerous alternative tests have been developed to overcome this lack of sensitivity. These techniques allow the detection of antibodies, antigens, metabolites or nucleic acids.In most cases, serological results have to be interpretated according to the immune status of patients. Detection of antibodies alone is often poorly contributive to the diagnosis, except when this is associated with the detection of circulating antigens. Thus, the detection of circulating mannans is useful in the diagnosis of infections caused by the most frequent Candida species; the sensitivity of this test increases with the repetition of samplings and the joint detection of anti-mannan antibodies. Besides, detection of β(1.3)-D glucans, alone or in association with the detection of mannans, may be useful for early diagnosis of deep-seated candidiasis.Molecular biology helps us to diagnose deep-seated candidiasis without referring to the patient's immune status. With the newly commercialized kits, molecular detection of Candida should expand in laboratories. In the same way, proteomic analysis by MALDI-TOF allows to substantially shorten the time for identification of isolated yeasts.Modern methods of molecular typing, which are based on the analysis of genome variability, replaced phenotypic techniques. Although insufficiently standardized, they represent a powerful tool to better understand the epidemiology of Candida infections.; Les candidoses représentent les infections fongiques les plus fréquentes en pathologie humaine. Les techniques mycologiques classiques, de réalisation simple, suffisent le plus souvent à poser un diagnostic de candidose superficielle. Dans un contexte de candidose profonde ou systémique, l’hémoculture représente toujours le « gold standard », même si sa sensibilité peut être prise en défaut. Au cours des dernières décennies, un certain nombre de tests alternatifs à la culture ont été développés afin de pallier ce défaut de sensibilité. Ceux-ci reposent sur la détection d’anticorps, d’antigènes, de métabolites ou d’acides nucléiques.Les résultats de la sérologie doivent, dans la grande majorité des cas, être interprétés en fonction du statut immunitaire des patients et la recherche isolée d’anticorps spécifiques est souvent peu contributive au diagnostic, si elle n’est pas associée à la recherche d’antigènes circulants. Ainsi, la recherche de mannanes circulants permet de détecter les infections causées par les principales espèces de Candida ; la sensibilité de cette technique augmente avec la répétition des prélèvements et la réalisation conjointe de la détection d’anticorps anti-mannanes. De même, la recherche de β(1,3)-D-glucanes, utilisée seule ou en association avec la recherche des mannanes, peut être utile pour dépister précocement une candidose profonde.La biologie moléculaire permet d’envisager le diagnostic de candidose profonde sans être gêné par le statut immunitaire du patient. Grâce à l’arrivée récente de kits commerciaux, la détection moléculaire des Candida devrait se démocratiser dans les laboratoires. De même, l’approche protéomique par MALDI-TOF permet de raccourcir considérablement les délais d’identification des espèces isolées.Les méthodes modernes de typage moléculaire, basées sur l’analyse de la variabilité du génome, ont remplacé les techniques phénotypiques. Bien qu’insuffisamment standardisées, elles sont un outil précieux permettant de mieux appréhender l’épidémiologie des infections à Candida.

International audience; Cellular immune reactions against non-self-epitopes require activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells via cross-presentation of MHC class I-restricted peptides by professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs), with the consequent detection and elimination of cells expressing the same antigens via the endogenous (direct) pathway. The source of peptides for the endogenous pathway is constituted of alternative mRNA translation products; however, it is still unclear which source of peptides is used for cross-presentation. Furthermore, the presentation of non-canonical translation products, produced during a non-conventional translation event, on class I molecules of tumor cells has been reported but how these peptides are generated, presented to pAPCs, and their capacity to stimulate CD8+ T cells is still not known. Here, we report that pioneer translation peptides (PTPs) derived from intron or exon pre-mRNAs can serve as tumor-associated antigens (TA-PTPs) and are delivered from the producing tumor cells to pAPCs via exosomes where they are processed by the cytosolic pathway. Injection of TA-PTPs and tumor-derived exosomes efficiently induce CD8+ T-cell proliferation and prevent tumor growth in mice. Our results show that TA-PTPs represent an efficient source of antigenic peptides for CD8+ T cell activation and that full-length proteins are not required for cross-presentation. These findings can have interesting implications for generating tolerance and for designing vectors to generate vaccines.

The parasite from the phylum Apicomplexa, Toxoplasma gondii is adapted for infection of all warm-blooded animals including humans. Postnatal infection occurs through ingestion of i) tissue cysts present in muscles of infected animals, or ii) environmentally resistant forms - oocysts via contaminated water, fruits and vegetables. Disease is generally benign, but infection may have serious consequences for the developing foetus in the case of maternal infection in pregnancy and in immunosuppressed individuals. Along with sheep and poultry, T. gondii parasites are mostly isolated from pig meat. In intensive systems with various levels of confinement, intensity of T. gondii infection is still considerably lower than in outdoor or organic farms throughout Europe. Poor rodent control and presence of cats on intensive farms are major sources of T. gondii infection for pig. When straw is used for bedding, it can contain oocysts or even rodent carcasses, and if the food silos or distributers are opened, pig nutrition can be contaminated. In contrast to intensive farming, in outdoor and organic farms, pigs are exposed to environmental T. gondii contamination through soil, food, and water sources. So far, routine surveillance of pigs for T. gondii infection has not been established anywhere in the World, neither in the slaughterhouse nor on the farm-levels. Thus the sources of pig infection on the farms are still unknown. Moreover, it is unknown how big the role of the meat from T. gondii infected pigs is in human nutrition...; Dans le phylum des Apicomplexa le parasite Toxoplasma gondii est adapté à l'infection de tous les animaux à sang chaud y compris l'homme. L'infection se produit après la naissance par l'ingestion de kystes i) présents dans les muscles des animaux infectés, ou ii) des formes résistantes de l'environnement – les oocystes contaminants l'eau, les fruits et légumes, les coquillages. La maladie est généralement bénigne, mais l'infection peut avoir des conséquences graves pour le développement du fœtus dans le cas de l'infection maternelle pendant la grossesse et chez les individus immunodéprimés.Hormis les muscles et organes de moutons et de volaille, le parasite T. gondii est principalement isolé de la viande de porc. Dans les systèmes intensifs avec différents niveaux de confinement, l'intensité de l'infection par T. gondii est toujours considérablement plus basse que dans les élevages en plein air ou biologique pour toute l'Europe. L’absence de lutte contre les rongeurs et la présence de chats dans les exploitations intensives est les principales sources de l'infection par T. gondii chez le porc. Lorsque la paille est utilisée comme litière, elle peut contenir des oocystes ou carcasses de rongeurs, et si les silos ou les distributeurs d’alimentation sont ouverts, l'alimentation du porc peut être contaminée. Contrairement à l'agriculture intensive, dans les exploitations en plein air ou ayant le statut de « porc biologique » les animaux sont exposés à une contamination environnementale par T. gondii (pâture, nourriture et eau). Jusqu'à présent, la surveillance systématique des porcs vis à vis de l'infection par T. gondii n'a été établie dans aucun pays et il n’existe pas de contrôle à l'abattoir ou à la ferme (même si une visite sanitaire a été instaurée en 2015 en France). Aussi, les sources d'infection dans les élevages restent méconnues et le rôle de la viande de porc dans la contamination humaine est à définir....

Antigen Ki-67 is a nuclear protein expressed in proliferating mammalian cells. It is widely used in cancer histopathology but its functions remain unclear. Here, we show that Ki-67 controls heterochromatin organisation. Altering Ki-67 expression levels did not significantly affect cell proliferation in vivo. Ki-67 mutant mice developed normally and cells lacking Ki-67 proliferated efficiently. Conversely, upregulation of Ki-67 expression in differentiated tissues did not prevent cell cycle arrest. Ki-67 interactors included proteins involved in nucleolar processes and chromatin regulators. Ki-67 depletion disrupted nucleologenesis but did not inhibit pre-rRNA processing. In contrast, it altered gene expression. Ki-67 silencing also had wide-ranging effects on chromatin organisation, disrupting heterochromatin compaction and long-range genomic interactions. Trimethylation of histone H3K9 and H4K20 was relocalised within the nucleus. Finally, overexpression of human or Xenopus Ki-67 induced ectopic heterochromatin formation. Altogether, our results suggest that Ki-67 expression in proliferating cells spatially organises heterochromatin, thereby controlling gene expression., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

// Maud Charpentier 1 , Mikael Croyal 2, 3 , Delphine Carbonnelle 1 , Agnes Fortun 1 , Laetitia Florenceau 1, 4 , Catherine Rabu 1 , Michel Krempf 2, 3, 4 , Nathalie Labarriere 1, 4 , Francois Lang 1 1 CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Universite d’Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France 2 UMR INRA 1280, CHU, Nantes, France 3 West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France 4 CHU, Nantes, France Correspondence to: Francois Lang, email: francois.lang@univ-nantes.fr Keywords: melanoma, IRES, long non coding RNA, tumor antigens, immunotherapy Received: June 07, 2016 Accepted: July 20, 2016 Published: July 29, 2016 ABSTRACT MELOE-1 and MELOE-2, two highly specific melanoma antigens involved in T cell immunosurveillance are produced by IRES-dependent translation of the long « non coding » and polycistronic RNA, meloe . In the present study, we document the expression of an additional ORF, MELOE-3, located in the 5′ region of meloe . Data from in vitro translation experiments and transfection of melanoma cells with bicistronic vectors documented that MELOE-3 is exclusively translated by the classical cap-dependent pathway. Using a sensitive tandem mass spectrometry technique, we detected the presence of MELOE-3 in total lysates of both melanoma cells and normal melanocytes. This contrasts with our previous observation of the melanoma-restricted expression of MELOE-1 and MELOE-2. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation of PBMC from 6 healthy donors with overlapping peptides from MELOE-1 or MELOE-3 revealed a very scarce MELOE-3 specific T cell repertoire as compared to the abundant repertoire observed against MELOE-1. The poor immunogenicity of MELOE-3 and its expression in melanocytes is consistent with an immune tolerance towards a physiologically expressed protein. In contrast, melanoma-restricted expression of IRES-dependent MELOE-1 may explain its high immunogenicity. In conclusion, within the MELOE family, IRES-dependent antigens represent the best T cell targets for immunotherapy of melanoma.

A peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a synthetic nucleic acid mimic in which the sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced by a peptide backbone. PNAs hybridize to complementary DNA and RNA with higher affinity and superior sequence selectivity compared to DNA. PNAs are resistant to nucleases and proteases and have a low affinity for proteins. These properties make PNAs an attractive agent for biological and medical applications. To improve the antisense and antigene properties of PNAs, many backbone modifications of PNAs have been explored under the concept of preorganization. This review focuses on chiral PNAs bearing a substituent in the N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine backbone. Syntheses, properties, and applications of chiral PNAs are described.

Peptides derived from dietary antigens such as bovine milk caseins are opioid receptor ligands and contribute to schizophrenia-associated hyperpeptidemia and hyperpeptiduria. The IgG antibody response to bovine caseins is increased in schizophrenia and recent onset psychosis. To identify specific casein peptide sequences that are antigenic in patients vs controls, we measured serum IgG binding to 10–26 amino acid long linear epitopes of casein with immunoassays for the entire group (n=95 recent onset psychosis; n=103 long-term schizophrenia; n=65 control), and with peptide microarray libraries in a casein-sensitive subset (n=14 recent onset; n=10 control). In the entire group, we compared anti-casein peptide IgG vs anti-whole casein IgG and evaluated whether peptide immune complexes contributed to IgG binding results. Anti-whole casein IgG levels correlated with anti-casein peptide IgG in controls only (R2=0.17–0.25, p≤0.002–0.03). In recent onset psychosis, IgG binding to linear peptide sequences was significantly decreased 3.8–5.7-fold compared to controls in immunoassays (OR 0.18–0.26, p≤0.0001–0.001). In peptide microarrays, recent onset patients again showed significantly reduced IgG binding and fewer epitopes than controls (p≤0.00001–0.05). Anti-peptide IgG levels did not differ between patients with longterm schizophrenia and controls. Finally, significantly more recent onset individuals had casein peptide-IgG immune complexes than controls (OR 4.96, p≤0.001). These findings suggest an immunological specificity that differs in early vs later stages of neuropsychiatric diseases and an IgG saturation by casein-derived peptides that may in part explain the reduced IgG binding to small linear epitopes observed in these patients.

African animal trypanosomosis (nagana) is arguably the most important parasitic disease affecting livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Since none of the existing control measures are entirely satisfactory, vaccine development is being actively pursued. However, due to antigenic variation, the quest for a conventional vaccine has proven elusive. As a result, we have sought an alternative 'anti-disease vaccine approach', based on congopain, a cysteine protease of Trypanosoma congolense, which was shown to have pathogenic effects in vivo. Congopain was initially expressed as a recombinant protein in bacterial and baculovirus expression systems, but both the folding and yield obtained proved inadequate. Hence alternative expression systems were investigated, amongst which Pichia pastoris proved to be the most suitable. We report here the expression of full length, and C-terminal domain-truncated congopain in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. Differences in yield were observed between full length and truncated proteins, the full length producing 2-4 mg of protein per litre of culture, while the truncated form produced 20-30 mg/l. The protease was produced as a proenzyme, but underwent spontaneous activation when acidified (pH 6, and by reversibly monomerising at acidic pH

The aim of this study, conducted in Ivory Coast, was to evaluate the prevalence and evolution of viral hepatitis in children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers were retrospectively and longitudinally assessed among 280 HIV-1-infected children enrolled in the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales B et C 1244/1278 cohort. Among these, 173 (61.8%) received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), including lamivudine (3TC) for 122 children. Detection of the hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg) was performed on specimens collected at inclusion and 6 months later. If results of both tests were positive, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb) and HBV DNA levels were measured at inclusion and during follow-up. A fourth-generation HCV enzyme immunoassay was used for HCV screening at inclusion.In our pediatric cohort, no patients were infected with HCV, but the prevalence of HBsAg at inclusion was 12.1% (34 of 280; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.6-16.6). Among the HBV-HIV-1-coinfected children, a high rate of positive HBeAg chronic hepatitis B (CHB) was noted at inclusion (82.4% [ 28 of 34]; 95% CI, 65.5%-93.2%) and after a median follow-up of 18 months (78.3%; 95% CI, 45.5%-92.7%), with no significant difference between children treated with HAART (with or without 3TC) and untreated ones. These children showed high HBV DNA levels (usually8.0 log(10) copies/mL) and viral population consisting of nearly exclusively wild-type HBeAg-positive HBV strains, strongly suggesting that most of them were in the initial immunotolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B.In sub-Saharan Africa, children with chronic hepatitis B and who are treated with 3TC-based HAART are at risk of developing 3TC resistance. Further studies are required to guide the management of HBV-HIV-1-coinfected children.

La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine reste une maladie majeure des bovins en Afrique avec de sérieuses conséquences socio-économiques. Son éradication nécessite le développement de vaccins améliorés. Ces dernières années, les connaissances de cette maladie comme de l'agent pathogène responsable, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides biotype Small Colony (MmmSC), ont largement évolué, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles approches vaccinales. Ces avancées ont été obtenues dans la compréhension des réponses immunitaires protectrices face à MmmSC ainsi que des mécanismes immunopathologiques permettant à MmmSC d'échapper à la réponse de l'hôte. De plus, grâce au séquençage et à des études génomiques, certains facteurs de virulence et cycles métaboliques de MmmSC ont été caractérisés permettant l'identification de candidats vaccinaux potentiels. A partir de ces données, cette revue présente une stratégie scientifique pour le développement de vaccins sous-unitaires multi-composants à délivrance mucosale, comme étant l'approche la plus prometteuse pour des vaccins protecteurs à long terme contre la PPCB.

Glioblastoma are the most common and aggressive nervous system tumors. With a median overall survival smaller than 2 years, usual therapies remain inefficient. This failure could be explained in part by the existence of cancer stem cells. These cells share several properties with stem cells which make them resistant to glioblastoma treatments. This is why it is important to identify and target them to suppress the whole tumor.The goal of this thesis work is to identify glioblastoma stem cells (gCSCs) biomarkers. To this end, we first developed a global method predicting cancer antigens from microarray data. Then, by studying gCSCs we identified several putative biomarkers and generated insights concerning the calcium signals which are deregulated in numerous cancers., Les glioblastomes sont les tumeurs du système nerveux central les plus fréquentes et agressives. Avec une survie médiane inférieure à 2 ans, les thérapies actuelles restent inefficaces. Cet échec pourrait être expliqué en partie par l’existence de cellules particulières, les cellules souches cancéreuses. Ces cellules ont plusieurs propriétés communes aux cellules souches, qui les rendent résistantes aux traitements des glioblastomes. Il est donc important de pouvoir les identifier et les cibler pour pouvoir éliminer totalement la tumeur. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de déterminer des biomarqueurs des cellules souches de glioblastomes (gCSCs). Pour cela, nous avons d’abord développé une méthode générique permettant de prédire des antigènes spécifiques de cancer à partir de données de puces d’expression. Puis, nous avons travaillé sur les gCSCs, en identifiant des biomarqueurs potentiels, puis en étudiant les modifications du signal calcium, dérégulé dans de nombreux cancers.

International audience; Transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to humans is initiated by puncture of the skin by a blood-feeding Aedes mosquito. Despite the growing knowledge accumulated on CHIKV, the interplay between skin cells and CHIKV following inoculation still remains unclear. In this study we questioned the behavior of human keratinocytes, the predominant cell population in the skin, following viral challenge. We report that CHIKV rapidly elicits an innate immune response in these cells leading to the enhanced transcription of type I/II and type III interferon genes. Concomitantly, we show that despite viral particles internalization into Rab5-positive endosomes and efficient fusion of virus and cell membranes, keratinocytes poorly replicate CHIKV as attested by absence of nonstructural proteins and genomic RNA synthesis. Accordingly, human keratinocytes behave as an antiviral defense against CHIKV infection rather than as a primary targets for initial replication. This picture significantly differs from that reported for Dengue and West Nile mosquito-borne viruses.

Remerciements au LEGTA de Vendôme, Loir-et-Cher; Intramammary infusion of the antigen used to sensitize cows by the systemic route induces a local inflammation associated with neutrophil recruitment. We hypothesize that this form of delayed type hypersensitivity, which may occur naturally during infections or could be induced intentionally by vaccination, can impact the outcome of mammary gland infections. We immunized cows with ovalbumin to identify immunological correlates of antigen-specific mammary inflammation. Intraluminal injection of ovalbumin induced a mastitis characterized by a prompt tissue reaction (increase in teat wall thickness) and an intense influx of leukocytes into milk of 10 responder cows out of 14 immunized animals. The magnitude of the local inflammatory reaction, assessed through milk leukocytosis, correlated with antibody titers, skin thickness test, and production of IL-17A and IFN-γ in a whole-blood antigen stimulation assay (WBA). The production of these two cytokines significantly correlated with the magnitude of the milk leukocytosis following the ovalbumin intramammary challenge. The IL-17A and IFN-γ production in the WBA was dependent on the presence of CD4+ cells in blood samples. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with ovalbumin followed by stimulation with PMA/ionomycin allowed the identification by flow cytometry of CD4+ T cells producing either IL-17A, IFN-γ, or both cytokines. The results indicate that the antigen-specific WBA, and specifically IL-17A and IFN-γ production by circulating CD4+ cells, can be used as a predictor of mammary hypersensitivity to protein antigens. This prompts further studies aiming at determining how Th17 and/or Th1 lymphocytes modulate the immune response of the mammary gland to infection.

Boulangé, A., Katende, J., and Authié, E. 2001. Trypanosoma congolense: Expression of a Heat Shock Protein 70 and Initial Evaluation as a diagnostic Antigen for Bovine Trypanosomosis. Experimental Parasitology 100, 6-11. A 69-kDa immunodominant protein of Trypanosoma congolense was identified as a member of the hsp70 family that is homologous to mammalian BiP. We report here the expression of the gene encoding the T. congolense BiP in a bacterial system. Dot blotting of the truncated recombinant proteins confirmed that BiP antigenicity is mainly located in the C-terminal third of the molecule. A recombinant fragment corresponding to this region was used as an antigen in an indirect ELISA and an initial evaluation of its diagnostic potential for bovine trypanosomosis was performed. The test showed limited sensitivity for detection of primary-infected cattle but was capable of accurately detecting secondary infections. As BiP and its derivatives may be produced at low cost under stable forms allowing standardization of the tests, they warrant further evaluation as antigens fro serodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis. © 2001 Elsevier Science (USA)

International audience; The outer membrane protein (Omp) A is a major constituent of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. This protein has been used in several vaccine development studies, but seldom with a view to vaccinating against mastitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of E. coli OmpA and its vaccine potential for cows. Both the humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated. The gene for OmpA of the mastitis-causing strain P4 was cloned and expressed, and the recombinant protein (rEcOmpA) purified. Cows were immunized twice with rEcOmpA with adjuvant one month apart by the systemic route. Before immunization, few antibodies to rEcOmpA were detected, and there was little production of IL-17A in a whole blood stimulation assay (WBA) with rEcOmpA. Antibodies to rEcOmpA were induced by immunization. These antibodies were not able to react with E. coli P4, but reacted with a rough P4 mutant prepared by inactivating the rfb locus. This suggests that the complete LPS O-chain precluded the accessibility of antibodies to their target at the outer membrane. The cellular immune response appeared to be biased towards a Th17-type, as more IL-17A than IFN-γ was produced in the OmpA-specific WBA. There was a good correlation between antibody titers and the production of IL-17A in the WBA. The intramammary instillation of rEcOmpA elicited a slight local inflammatory response which was not related to the WBA. Overall, the interest of OmpA as vaccine immunogen was not established, although other experimental conditions (dose, adjuvant, route) need to be investigated to conclude definitively. The study pointed to several important issues such as the accessibility of OmpA to antibodies and the weakness of Th1-type response induced by OmpA.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious disease with potential for high economic impacts. Convalescent and vaccinated small ruminants develop a strong and lifelong immunity and are fully protected against re-infection. Consequently, the presence of antibodies, whether they are against a wild virus or a vaccine, is a marker of the host immune protection. Thus, specific antibodies cannot be missed with classical and validated diagnosis assays, such as conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an alternative testing method to the conventional virus neutralization test (VNT), allowing to monitor vaccination or locate disease outbreaks. Recent insights into the virions' protein composition, development of expression systems, recombinant vectors to express protective antigens, have contributed greatly to update our current knowledge about diagnostics. In the light of this progress, the chapter focuses on PPRV serological tests with particular attention to diagnostic antigen targets and refinement of assays for accurate serodiagnosis of PPRV.

PSA (Promastigote Surface Antigen) belongs to a family of membrane-bound and secreted proteins present in several Leishmania (L.) species. PSA is recognized by human Th1 cells and provides a high degree of protection in vaccinated mice. We evaluated humoral and cellular immune responses induced by a L. amazonensis PSA protein (LaPSA-38S) produced in a L. tarentolae expression system. This was done in individuals cured of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major (CCLm) or L. braziliensis (CCLb) or visceral leishmaniasis due to L. donovani (CVLd) and in healthy individuals. Healthy individuals were subdivided into immune (HHR-Lm and HHR-Li: Healthy High Responders living in an endemic area for L. major or L. infantum infection) or non immune/naive individuals (HLR: Healthy Low Responders), depending on whether they produce high or low levels of IFN-γ in response to Leishmania soluble antigen. Low levels of total IgG antibodies to LaPSA-38S were detected in sera from the studied groups. Interestingly, LaPSA-38S induced specific and significant levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B and IL-10 in CCLm, HHR-Lm and HHR-Li groups, with HHR-Li group producing TNF-α in more. No significant cytokine response was observed in individuals immune to L. braziliensis or L. donovani infection. Phenotypic analysis showed a significant increase in CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ after LaPSA-38S stimulation, in CCLm. A high positive correlation was observed between the percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and the released IFN-γ. We showed that the LaPSA-38S protein was able to induce a mixed Th1 and Th2/Treg cytokine response in individuals with immunity to L. major or L. infantum infection indicating that it may be exploited as a vaccine candidate. We also showed, to our knowledge for the first time, the capacity of Leishmania PSA protein to induce granzyme B production in humans with immunity to L. major and L. infantum infection. This study received financial support from EU's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) (RAPSODI project, grant agreement number 223341). Sí

Le succès de la production des anticorps monoclonaux (ACM) repose principalement sur l'immunisation de la souris, source de LB. Plusieurs facteurs sont alors à considérer dont la quantité d'antigène administrée, le nombre d'inoculations, la voie d'inoculation et la nature de l'antigène. Ce dernier facteur a fait l'objet de cette étude. En effet, une glycoprotéine de l'herpèsvirus équin-1 (EHV-1): la glycoprotéine L (gL) recombinante produite dans E.coli par génie génétique a été utilisée pour produire des ACM. Cette protéine recombinante, même produite dans un système cellulaire simple, la bactérie, s'est avérée immunogène car elle a induit la production d'ACM. Ces ACM appartenaient à la classe IgM. L'utilisation de diverses techniques immunologiques a montré que ces anticorps reconnaissaient la protéine virale native. Ce résultat nous encourage à utiliser la bactérie pour produire des protéines immunogènes. Ceci est un grand avantage car la bactérie, peu exigeante, est facile à manipuler et se réplique rapidement.

This report describes Trocara virus, a newly recognized member of the genus Alphavirus, that has been isolated from Aedes serratus mosquitoes collected at two widely separated sites in the Amazon Basin. Biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics of the new virus are given. Results of these studies indicate that Trocara virus is the first member of a newly discovered antigenic complex within the family Togaviridae genus Alphavirus. The public health and veterinary importance of Trocara virus is still unknown.

We describe a highly sensitive, non-radioactive assay for T cell activation, based on the rapid induction of class II MHC expression by constitutively negative bovine endothelial cells, when cultured in the presence of supernatants derived from activated bovine T cells. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this assay in detecting rBoIFNγ and activation of immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lines and clones in response to specific antigen and transfected COS-7 cells, respectively. We also demonstrate its utility in identifying purified pathogen fractions that activate immune CD4+ T cell clones.

Bovine endothelial cells constitutively express MHC class I molecules, whereas MHC class II molecules can be induced by interferon gamma (IFNy) treatment. Endothelial cells may play a role as antigen presenting cells (APC), but their role in the immune response against Cowdria ruminantium is unknown. We have studied the effect of C.ruminantium infection on the expression of MHC class I and class II molecules on the surface of bovine endothelial cells. Bovine brain endothelial cells (BBEC) from the microvasculature and bovine umbilical endothelial cells (BUEC) from the macrovasculature were cultured in vitro, infected with different concentration of Cowdria, and treated or not with IFNy. We observed that Cowdria induced a reduction of MHC molecules expression on the surface of BUEC and BBEC. This inhibitory effect of Cowdria on MHC molecules could affect the capacity of endothelial cells to act as efficient antigen-presenting cells. (Resume d'auteur)

Apolipoprotein H (apo H), isolated from human plasma albumin solution, was shown to capture HIV-1-related antigens from antigen-positive sera (HIV-1 AG+) of AIDS patients, by using HIV-1-specific polyclonal antibodies. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ligand blot and dot assays, apo H was able to bind recombinant retroviral HIV antigens, especially Gag proteins p18 of HIV-1, p26 of HIV-2, and Env gp160 of HIV-1. Binding was shown to be pH and NaCl dependent, with an optimum at acidic pH and low ionic strength. Specificity was demonstrated by saturation of this binding and inhibition either by homologous competition or by specific antisera. Binding was also observed in cell line-harvested viral blotted proteins. The mechanism of this apo H-polyspecific binding is discussed in relation to conformational changes due to the influence of lipids or detergents. (Résumé d'auteur)

A field study of the immune response to the shed acute phase antigen (SAPA) of #Trypanosoma cruzi$ was carried out in the locality of Mizque, Cochabamba department, Bolivia. Schoolchildren (266), with an average of 8.6 + or - 3.6 years, were surveyed for parasitological and serological diagnosis, as well as antibodies directed against SAPA using the corresponding recombinant protein in ELISA. The antibodies against SAPA were shown in 82% of patients presenting positive serological diagnosis (IgG specific antibodies). The positive and negative predictive values were 0.88. Antibodies anti-SAPA were shown in 80.8% of the chagasic patients in the initial stage of the infection (positive IgM serology and/or positive buffy coat (BC) test) and in 81.4% of the patients in the indeterminate stage of the infection (positive IgG serology with negative BC and IgM tests). These results show that the anti-SAPA response is not only present during the initial stage of the infection (few months) but extends some years after infection. (Résumé d'auteur)

Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium closely related to the genus Rickettsia, is the causative agent of scrub typhus, a major cause of febrile illness in rural areas of Asia–Pacific region. Scrub typhus is transmitted by the bite of infected mites of the genus Leptotrombidium. The region of the 56-kDa TSA gene spanning from variable domain I (VDI) to variable domain IV (VDIV) was sequenced and used for genotyping 77 O. tsutsugamushi samples from human patients confirmed with scrub typhus from 2001 to 2003 and 2009 to 2010 in different regions of Thailand. These sequences were also compared to previously published 56-kDa TSA sequences. Only 4 genotypes out of 8 previously reported in Thailand were identified, i.e. Karp, JG-v, TA763 and Kato, respectively. Two strains were not associated with known genotypes but were closely related to Taiwanese strains. The Karp genotype was confirmed as the predominant clade. The JG-v and TA763 genotypes, in contrast to other studies, also were found. The genotype TA716 was not found, except for one strain previously described.

International audience; Background: Diagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis is vital to controlling this severe disease which hampers development across 10 million km(2) of Africa endemic to tsetse flies. Diagnosis at the point of treatment is currently dependent on parasite detection which is unreliable, and on clinical signs, which are common to several other prevalent bovine diseases. Methodology/Principle Findings: the repeat sequence of the GM6 antigen of Trypanosoma vivax (TvGM6), a flagellar-associated protein, was analysed from several isolates of T. vivax and found to be almost identical despite the fact that T. vivax is known to have high genetic variation. The TvGM6 repeat was recombinantly expressed in E. coli and purified. An indirect ELISA for bovine sera based on this antigen was developed. The TvGM6 indirect ELISA had a sensitivity of 91.4% (95% CI: 91.3 to 91.6) in the period following 10 days post experimental infection with T. vivax, which decreased ten-fold to 9.1% (95% CI: 7.3 to 10.9) one month post treatment. With field sera from cattle infected with T. vivax from two locations in East and West Africa, 91.5% (95% CI: 83.2 to 99.5) sensitivity and 91.3% (95% CI: 78.9 to 93.1) specificity was obtained for the TvGM6 ELISA using the whole trypanosome lysate ELISA as a reference. For heterologous T. congolense field infections, the TvGM6 ELISA had a sensitivity of 85.1% (95% CI: 76.8 to 94.4). Conclusion/Significance: this study is the first to analyse the GM6 antigen of T. vivax and the first to test the GM6 antigen on a large collection of sera from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. This study demonstrates that the TvGM6 is an excellent candidate antigen for the development of a point-of-treatment test for diagnosis of T. vivax, and to a lesser extent T. congolense, African animal trypanosomosis in cattle.

Trypanosoma congolense is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes African animal trypanosomosis, a wasting disease of cattle and small ruminants. Current control methods are unsatisfactory and no conventional vaccine exists due to antigenic variation. An anti-disease vaccine approach to control T. congolense has been proposed requiring the identification of parasitic factors that cause disease. Immunoprecipitation of T. congolense antigens using sera from infected trypanotolerant cattle allowed the identification of several immunogenic antigens including two M1 type aminopeptidases (APs). The two APs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. As the APs were expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies it was necessary to develop a method for solubilisation and subsequent refolding to restore conformation and activity. The refolded APs both showed a distinct substrate preference for H-Ala-AMC, an optimum pH of 8.0, puromycin-sensitivity, inhibition by bestatin and amastatin, and cytoplasmic localisation. The two APs are expressed in procyclic metacyclic and bloodstream form parasites. Down-regulation of both APs by RNAi resulted in a slightly reduced growth rate in procyclic parasites in vitro.

International audience; Salmonella typhi, l'agent étiologique de la fièvre typhoïde humaine, exprime un polyoside capsulaire appelé antigène Vi. Certains auteurs ont impliqué cet antigène dans la virulence de s. typhi, plus particulièrement dans la résistance à l'activité bactéricide du sérum humain normal. Cependant, S. typhi étant une bactérie strictement adaptée à l'homme, le rôle de l'antigène Vi dans la virulence de cette bactérie reste controversé faute de modèle expérimental animal. Récemment, pour une meilleure appréhension du rôle de cet antigène dans la virulence, l'étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la biogenèse de l'antigène Vi a été entreprise. Il apparaît que l'expression de cet antigène est régulée par au moins deux systèmes de régulation à deux composants, les systèmes OmpR-EnvZ et RcsB-RcsC, ce qui suggère un rôle important du micro-environnement rencontré par S. typhi dans l'expression de l'antigène Vi, et par là même, de sa virulence. Par ailleurs, les propriétés immunogéniques et protectrices de l'antigène Vi ont été utilisées à des fins vaccinales. Un vaccin polyosidique, constitué exclusivement d'antigène Vi, a été mis au point. La protection observée dans des régions où la fièvre typhoïde est endémique, est supérieure à 65 % et, trois ans après la vaccination, les titres d'anticorps anti-Vi restent très élevés. Le développement de vaccins constitués d'antigène Vi conjugués à des protéines porteuses est en cours, dans le but, notamment, d'obtenir l'augmentation des taux de protection contre la fièvre typhoïde chez les enfants.

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to malaria in pregnant women, we determined the level of malaria-specific immunity in primigravidae. Humoral and cellular in vitro responses to unpurified (a crude schizont extract and a gametocyte preparation) and purified (affinity-purified Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen [RESA]) Plasmodium falciparum proteins, an immunodominant 45/47-kilodalton antigen from Mycobacterium bovis, and leucoagglutinin were compared between 52 primigravidae and 52 nonpregnant women from a semirural area of Cameroon. In vitro cellular responses were investigated in terms of lymphocyte proliferation, as well as production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4. Cells from primigravidae exhibited a reduced proliferative response to schizont and gametocyte antigens, as well as to the M. bovis antigen. Conversely, the IL-2 response to Pf155/RESA was reduced. Interleukin-4 and IFN-γ production did not appear to be affected in primigravidae. Antibody levels were also similar between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Our results underline the importance of examining several parameters of T cell activation with different types of antigens for a correct evaluation of the ability of lymphocytes to respond to malaria.

National audience

Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs), nucleic acid analogues showing high stability to enzyme degradation and strong affinity and specificity of binding toward DNA and RNA are widely investigated as tools to interfere in gene expression. Several studies have been focused on PNA analogues with modifications on the backbone and bases in the attempt to overcome solubility, uptake and aggregation issues. γ PNAs, PNA derivatives having a substituent in the γ position of the backbone show interesting properties in terms of secondary structure and affinity of binding toward complementary nucleic acids. In this paper we illustrate our results obtained on new analogues, bearing a sulphate in the γ position of the backbone, developed to be more DNA-like in terms of polarity and charge. The synthesis of monomers and oligomers is described. NMR studies on the conformational properties of monomers and studies on the secondary structure of single strands and triplexes are reported. Furthermore the hybrid stability and the effect of mismatches on the stability have also been investigated. Finally, the ability of the new analogue to work as antigene, interfering with the transcription of the ErbB2 gene on a human cell line overexpressing ErbB2 (SKBR3), assessed by FACS and qPCR, is described. © 2012 Avitabile et al.

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) is a leading cause of infections in neonates and an emerging pathogen in adults. The Lancefield Group B carbohydrate (GBC) is a peptidoglycan-anchored antigen that defines this species as a Group B Streptococcus. Despite earlier immunological and biochemical characterizations, the function of this abundant glycopolymer has never been addressed experimentally. Here, we inactivated the gene gbcO encoding a putative UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate:lipi​dphosphate transferase thought to catalyze the first step of GBC synthesis. Indeed, the gbcO mutant was unable to synthesize the GBC polymer, and displayed an important growth defect in vitro. Electron microscopy study of the GBC-depleted strain of S. agalactiae revealed a series of growth-related abnormalities: random placement of septa, defective cell division and separation processes, and aberrant cell morphology. Furthermore, vancomycin labeling and peptidoglycan structure analysis demonstrated that, in the absence of GBC, cells failed to initiate normal PG synthesis and cannot complete polymerization of the murein sacculus. Finally, the subcellular localization of the PG hydrolase PcsB, which has a critical role in cell division of streptococci, was altered in the gbcO mutant. Collectively, these findings show that GBC is an essential component of the cell wall of S. agalactiae whose function is reminiscent of that of conventional wall teichoic acids found in Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, our findings raise the possibility that GBC-like molecules play a major role in the growth of most if not all beta –hemolytic streptococci.