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Copper (Cu) is a vital trace mineral involved in many physiological functions of the body. In the poultry industry, copper sulfate is being used as a major source of Cu. Copper in the bulk form is less available in the body, and much of its amount excreted out with feces causing environmental pollution and economic loss. The application of nanotechnology offers promise to address these issues by making nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) are relatively more bioavailable due to their small size and high surface to volume ratio. Although, there is limited research on the use of Cu-NP in the poultry industry. Some researchers have pointed out the importance of Cu-NP as an effective alternative of chemical, anti-bacterial agents, and growth promoters. The effect of Cu-NP depends on their size, dose rate and the synthesis method. Apart from there, high bioavailability Cu-NP exhibited positive effects on the immunity of the birds. However, some toxic effects of Cu-NP have also been reported. Further investigations are essentially required to provide mechanistic insights into the role of Cu-NP in the avian physiology and their toxicological properties. This review aims to highlight the potential effects of Cu-NP on growth, immune system, antioxidant status, nutrient digestibility, and feed conversion ratio in poultry. Moreover, we have also discussed the future implications of Cu-NP as a growth promoter and alternative anti-bacterial agents in the poultry industry.

In the present study, we developed a novel niosomal nanocarrier embedded into a collagen/β- tricalcium phosphate (Col/β-TCP) scaffold for the local delivery of thymol as a natural anti-bacterial reagent. The niosomal Col/β-TCP (N-Col/β-TCP) scaffolds with different weight ratios of β-TCP to Col were prepared by freeze-drying. The antimicrobial activities of the prepared samples against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were assessed by agar diffusion method. The release profile of niosomal thymol from the optimized composite scaffolds showed a sustained profile where 66% of the loaded thymol was released over 30 days. The compressive modulus of niosome added scaffolds with an equal ratio of β-TCP and Col was calculated as 972±1.3KPa. This scaffold showed significantly higher values of cell viability (as evaluated by an MTT assay) against L929 fibroblasts than a scaffold without niosomal thymol after 24 and 72 h. Among synthesized samples, Col/β-TCP1 showed the greatest effectiveness of anti-bacterial activity toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with higher activity against Gram-positive ones. The results of this study highlight the potential of niosomal-thymol loaded Col/β-TCP1 scaffold as an anti-bacterial bone substitute for possible osteomyelitis treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the influence of three local anesthetic dental formulations manufactured in France (Septodont), Korea (Medicaine) and Pakistan (HD-Caine) in terms of cytotoxicity and anti-bacterial activities. METHODOLOGY: 90 commercially available local anesthetic cartridges of similar composition (2% lidocaine with epinephrine 100,000) viz. Septodont, Medicaine and HD-Caine were randomly collected from three different Pakistani cities and were assigned as Group S, Group M and Group H, respectively. The cartridges were further divided into three sub-groups each consisting of 10 cartridges to first evaluate cytotoxicity on Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) using a flow cytometer and secondly to investigate anti-bacterial activity by measuring zones of inhibition and through Broth Dilution Method against five bacterial strains. RESULTS: The results indicated that Septodont (94.5±0.1) and Medicaine (94.7±0.0) showed the highest viability percentage with no significant difference when the two were compared (P=0.6). HD-Caine (93.9±0.0) showed the least, being significantly (P

Background Viburnums comprise a taxonomic group of plants distributed all over the world and were reported to have many biological activities. Viburnum coriaceum Blume is one of the least explored members of the group. The present study was aimed to explore the phytochemical profile of the plant, Viburnum coriaceum Blume with special emphasis to its anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Results Extracts of all parts of plants were found to possess a spectrum of chemicals in considerable amount, including triterpenoids and glycosides. Anti-oxidant property was found in extracts made of any part of the plant. Methanol extract of root expressed a prominent zone of inhibition in agar gel well-diffusion assay involving many microorganisms. Inhibition of enzymes, LOX, and trypsin showed by the hexane extract of root suggested a prominent anti-inflammatory potential of the plant under investigation. Conclusion Phytochemical profiling and the other assays using the plant extracts provide us with a plant having many valuable medicinal properties. Viburnum coriaceum Blume could be noted as a promising material for drug leads.

The present study was aimed at investigating anti-bacterial effects of Bletilla striata dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) on clinically isolated Escherichia coli (E. coli), including extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-carrying E. coli and carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CRE). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of two extracts, DHP and residual substances extracted by ethanol and n-butanol (NBE), were determined by the serial dilution method. The light absorption value of macromolecular substances, total leakage rate, and total protein content in the nutrient solution were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Quantification of protein expression and drug susceptibility verification were determined by mass spectroscopy. In addition, the elimination of drug-resistant plasmids was evaluated. Our data showed that the DHP had a more powerful antibacterial effect on E. coli than that of NBE, with MICs of 0.82–1.38 mg/mL and 1.07–1.51 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, DHP enhanced the absorbance value of macromolecular substances, and increased protein expression in E. coli when compared with NBE. Moreover, NBE increased the total leakage rate of small molecule substances, total protein content, and reversed drug resistance when compared with DHP. Both NBE and DHP eliminated the banding patterns related to multidrugresistant plasmids, selectively inhibited bacterial growth and reversed multidrug resistance by regulating cell membrane permeability and protein expression levels in E. coli. The reversal of drug resistance may be mediated through elimination of drug-resistant plasmids in E. coli. Therefore, DHP and NBE may be promising antibacterial drug candidates, and DHP is more likely.

Extensive burns of more than 50% have high mortality and those over 90% have almost nil survival rate. All resuscitative measures fail as patient gets infected leading to burn wound sepsis causing septicemia and leading to mortality as the end clinical result. So we need clinically evidenced and rationally based burn dressing strategy to increase extensive burn patient survival. This is random retrospective selection of five patients in each two groups from second degree burn patients of more than 50 percent treated by collagen in one group and other by Nanocrystalline Silver dressings and observed for clinical evidence of patients survival keeping all resuscitative and treatment modalities as standard treatment protocol in all cases. The nano crystalline silver dressing is cost effective, rational and evidence based strategy. It is easy to use, has powerful anti bacterial effect, decreased frequency of dressing changes, shortened time of wound cleaning and painless dressing. It helps make the wound sterile for further treatment within a week. It is a great weapon in the hand of Burn Surgeon for rapid and better recovery of patients. This nano crystalline sustained release silver dressings are best suited to take care of burn wounds of more than 50%. Bacteriophages treatment is reserved for multiple drug resistant bacteria and had good recovery. Keywords: Extensive burns, Nano crystalline silver, Acticoat, SSD, Bacteriophage, Collagen, Skin tempII.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) in all ages are related with high morbidity and long term difficulties. Use of antibiotics is useful in cases of UTI, consequently opposition of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics is of high clinical concern. According to Ayurveda drugs especially important components which have been utilized for the treatment of various diseases. The review paper highlighted different clinical studies and scientific studies which are useful to prove the adequacy of Ayurveda drugs against urinary tract infections. Ayurvedic drugs were reviewed in the current paper in the awake of evaluating their well being for the clinical condition like UTI. Ayurvedic medications showed good anti bacterial properties against both gram positive and negative microscopic organisms causing UTI. Other aspects are highlighted likewise mitigating, diuretic, cell reinforcement, nephroprotective and antiurolithiatic properties helpful in the administration of UTI and all medications are protected even in high dosages subsequently can be adequately utilized for UTI conditions. In this paper an attempt is made to highlight the research work of herbal drugs of Ayurveda which would be effective in the treatment of UTI.

A facile and highly efficient one-pot three-component synthesis of chromene pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives from available substrates catalyzed by heteropoly acid (H3PW12O40) is described. In this protocol, the reaction of diverse aldehydes, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and 4-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil in the mixture of EtOH / H2O (1:2) at room temperature in the presence of heteropoly acid (H3PW12O40) as a highly efficient catalyst affords the corresponding chromene pyrimidine-2,4-dione in good to excellent yields. Operational simplicity, low cost, eco-friendly with the environment, easy workup and purification, short reaction time, high yield of products, green media of the reaction and mild conditions are the advantages of this method. The in vitro antibacterial activities of title compounds were obtained against Escherichia coli (ATTC 35218) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, and their activities were compared to gentamycin and penicillin as reference drugs.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) has been implicated in the attachment and formation of marine biofilms which initiate biofouling and biocorrosion. To this end, several hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings have been suggested for anti-bacterial application, but some possess toxic substances which affect useful aquatic lives. Thus, the aim of this study was to appraise the anti-bacterial and anti-corrosion performance of hydrophobic perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS)-modified poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-ZnO coating using P. aeruginosa. The surface analytical, physico-chemical and electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the properties of the coatings. Results show that FDTS-modified PDMS-ZnO coating displayed higher resistance to adhesion of P. aeruginosa biofilm and better corrosion resistance performance than the unmodified coating. The outstanding performance of FDTS-modified coating was attributed to the low surface activity of FDTS which increased the kinetic barrier between the coating surface and biofilm. It is therefore anticipated that these results would provide insight in the design of future anti-bacterial coatings for marine application.

The use of plant extracts is a low-cost and green way to synthesize nanoparticles. In this research, the authors investigated the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Amaranthus cruentus extract. The fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and X-ray diffraction. The TEM results showed that the typical size of the AgNPs recorded was 15 nm. Biological tests indicated that the biosynthesized AgNPs had caused a decrease in cancerous cells (MCF-7) and had a high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. According to data analysis, the number and length of the blood vessels in different concentrations of AgNPs reduced significantly (depending on the dose). The chorioallantoic membrane assay revealed a large decrease in the number and length of angiogenic blood vessels in the presence of AgNPs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry studies showed a dramatic increase in the gene expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8.

Hairy root induction in Plantago lanceolata was optimized to take advantage of transformed root cultures. The highest frequency of transformation was achieved using leaf explant, A4 strain, pre-cul...

Textiles are considered to be an integral part of human life, since they are associated with the human body round the clock. Because of the various application of textiles in several fields, it is ...

In the present study silver nanoparticles were synthesized from Elaeodendron croceum stem bark and leaf extracts (ECB-AgNPs and ECL-AgNPs respectively) and were characterized using UV-visible spect...

Soaps are the sodium salts or potassium salts of stearic acids. They are prepared by the saponification process, which is, reacting the oil which contains triglycerides with Caustic soda (NaOH) to give the soap. In the present work prepared total ten numbers of herbal soaps by using Guava and Neem leaves extract with 5 different types of oils (Coconut, Teel, Olive, Mustard and Sunflower). In this process used turmeric, indigo, milk powder, henna and coffee powder as a colouring agent and Lemon grass leaves extract as a flavouring agent. After preparation of soaps analyzed different properties of soap such as foaming capacity, yield percentage, lathering power, cleansing power, hardness and moisture content of samples. After analysis conclude that the soap prepared with Coconut oil is best among them and soap with Sunflower oil is poor quality. It has been also concluded that the soap prepared by guava leaf extract can be used for washing wounds.due to anti bacterial properties.

Manuka honey (MH) has been shown anti-bacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. However, the inhibitory effect of MH on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 has not yet been examined. In this study, MH significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 biofilm. Moreover, pre- and post-treatment with MH also significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 biofilm. Cellular metabolic activities exhibited that the viability of E. coli O157:H7 biofilm cells was reduced in the presence of MH. Further, colony forming unit of MH-treated E. coli O157:H7 biofilm was significantly reduced by over 70%. Collectively, this study suggests the potential of anti-biofilm properties of MH which could be applied to control E. coli O157:H7.

This research comprehends iron-oxide nanoparticle (IONP) production, the apparent metallic nanostructure with unique superparamagnetic properties. Durian-rind-extract was utilized to synthesize IONP and the color of reaction mixture becomes dark brown, indicated the formation of IONPs and the peak was observed at ∼330 nm under UV-visible spectroscopy. The morphological observation under high-resolution microscopies has revealed the spherical shape and the average size (∼10 nm) of IONP. The further support was rendered by EDX-analysis showing apparent iron and oxygen peaks. XRD results displayed the crystalline planes with (110) and (300) planes at 2

The usefulness of medicinal plants has evoked increasing research interests to combat antimicrobial resistance. The current work reports on the in vitro bioactive activities, i.e., antibacterial, anti-biofilm and cytotoxicity evaluation of three medicinal plants. Extracts from different plant parts (leaves, stems, and root barks) were obtained using different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and water. The methanolic extracts of bark of Juglans regia and Tamarix aphylla L., whereas the stem of Acacia modesta (Wall.) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The maximum zone of inhibition, i.e., 21.8±0.76 mm was observed against H. influenza for a methanolic extract of J. regia. Similarly, the maximum inhibition zones of ethanolic extract of T. aphylla L. against A. baumannii and methanolic extract of A. modesta against S. aureus were recorded. Notably, a higher anti-biofilm potential of the methanolic extract of J. regia was recorded against six pathogenic strains. Finally, the cytotoxicity of plants extracts was evaluated by testing the hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes, that displayed the negligible percent lysis of RBCs. In conclusion, the results of this study provided information related to the possible use of some medicinal plants in the treatment of microbial related ailments.

To investigate the optimum extraction condition for Elaeagnus umbellata, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of the extracts were assessed under different extraction conditions. Gallic acid and kaempferol, known as major components, were quantitatively by HPLC. Extracts of E. umbellata were examined in terms of their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities in addition to their polyphenol and flavonoid contents to determine their antioxidant activities. In addition, their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was examined to determine their anti-inflammatory effects, and paper diffusion assays were used to examine their anti-microbial activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. It was found that the extract obtained using 70% EtOH at 80°C for 6 h showed the best radical scavenging activities (IC50; 8.64±0.31 μg/mL against DPPH, 9.44±0.48 μg/mL against ABTS) and NO inhibition in RAW264.7 cells (39.6% at 500 μg/mL). In addition, the extract obtained using 50–70% EtOH at 20–80°C for 6 h exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity (7.0±0.4, 6.5±0.5, and 9.0±1.0 mm against P. acnes, S. aureus, and E. coli, respectively). This extract also contained the highest contents of gallic acid (45.60 μg/mg) and kaempferol (1.16 μg/mg), and the highest extraction yield (16.83%). Our data therefore confirm that the gallic acid-rich E. umbellata extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, and can be used as a functional food to protect against skin aging and/or dermatological issues, such as acne and atopy.

Objective Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been known to have a potential antioxidant effect which was able to boost the immune system. The balanced immune system ensures a stable growth in children and prevents infection. Bangka Island one of the main green coconut plantation areas in Indonesia. However, VCO from green coconut has not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to identify the types of bioactive compounds in a homemade green coconut VCO in a qualitative study. Method This study used the phytochemical test method mainly to identify alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoid, saponins, steroids or tri-terpenoids. The VCO was produced by heating the coconut milk for an hour with medium heat. Results The qualitative identification of phytochemical compounds shown that the homemade green coconut VCO positively contained alkaloids and saponins. Alkaloids and saponins are both known to provide anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect. However, phenols, tannins, and steroids could not be found in the VCO. Conclusion The virgin coconut oil which was extracted from the Bangka Island's green coconut contained alkaloids and saponins. Alkaloids was known for its anti-inflammatory potential, meanwhile saponins for its anti-bacterial potential.

Here we report the electrospinning synthesis of Cd-substituted Ni-Co ferrite Ni0.5Co0.5-xCdxFe1.78Nd0.02O4 (x ≤ 0.25) nanofiber (NFs) with a very low concentration of Nd as a dopant. The structure ...

The current investigation explains the Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) leaf extract capped silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis. The instant formation of AgNPs was confirmed by altering the color golden yellow to dark brown and the characteristic SPR band determines by the UV-visible spectrometer. The structural specification was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive electron microscopy, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering. The particle size ranged 20–80 nm, the average crystalline size 35.26 nm were determined by HR-TEM and XRD. Further in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against different bacteria by combining antibiotic with the AgNPs. Among all the tested bacteria, the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed the highest (16.2 ± 0.6 mm) zone of inhibition. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis clearly showed the structural damage of S. aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by increasing AgNPs concentration at 4 hr treatment. In addition, the larvicidal assay was performed against Culex quinquefasciatus (C. quinquefasciatus) and Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). The higher efficiency of AgNPs was absorbed in A. aegypti (LC50 = 279 22 ppm) and C. quinque- fasciatus (LC50 = 168.98 ppm). The results proved that the An-AgNPs act as a multi-faceted effect on bacterial and controlling vectors.

This study was aimed at investigating the anti-bacterial activity of some on shelf herbal medicines for treatment of Cholera and Typhoid in markets. The sample was collected from shops that sell herbal medicines using random sampling to investigate the effectiveness of these herbal medicines on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. It was noticed that all the four herbal medicines that were subjected to antibacterial activities using E. coli and S. typhi, showed effect on the bacteria. Diameters of zones of inhibition was measured, which showed that zone of inhibition varies among the on shelf herbal medicines. Serial dilution was also carried out to check for the effect of concentration. Herbal Medicine for Typhoid 1 showed the highest zone of inhibition 14.36 mm and the lowest zone of inhibition was Herbal Medicine for Cholera 1 with 10.17mm on S. Typhi. While for E. coli, the highest zone of inhibition was 12.83mm shown by Herbal Medicine for Cholera 2 and the lowest was 10.25mm shown by Herbal Medicine for Typhoid 1.

Consumption of a range of antibiotics upon bacterial infections is a common chemotherapeutic practice. Current study attempted to detect the in vitro anti-bacterial activities of such finished medicaments against some of the selected bacterial strains in order to examine their sustainable effectiveness against microorganisms. A total of six categories of samples were randomly collected from different pharmacies within the city of Dhaka. The antibacterial susceptibility tests were conducted employing the Kirby-Bauer (agar well diffusion) method. The test bacterial strains used in this study were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida and P. fluorescence. While E. coli was found to be sensitive towards all the antibiotics used, others showed resistance to a significant extent. flucloxacillin, cephradine and salbutamol were noticed to be completely inactive against Pseudomonas species. Besides, the salbutamol was found only to suppress the growth of E. coli but the other five test organisms were completely resistant against this antibiotic solution. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 79-83

Antibiotics, both broad- and narrow spectrum, are widely used for treatment of specific infection by a consortium of microorganisms or by a single pathogen, respectively. Oral or intravenous, or even topical administration of different categories of antibiotics in various forms is a common practice round the globe. Yet for the recent years a major public health issue has been raised by the emergence of the drug-resistance microorganisms. A number of researches focused on the issue of the ineffectiveness of antibiotics as well as regarding the evolution of the drugresistance genes within the pathogenic microorganisms. Isolation of the drug-resistant microorganisms including the multi-drug resistant (MDR) and the extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria from a range of patients with microbiological infections has been seriously challenging the disease mitigation approaches. Besides, the dominance of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), etc. are quite frequent as evident from different case studies. Current review focused on the origin and evolution of such drug-resistance incidences, and the promising remedies over the problems of drug-resistance. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36 Number 2 December 2019, pp 111-114

Aims: The ability of a single-sensor gas diagnosis device (SSGDD) as a virtual sensor array data to appraise thyme essential oils (TEO) based on its quantitatively release rate from nanofibres was ...

A new luminescent In(III)-based coordination polymer with the chemical formula of {[In(ipa)(H2O)](H2O)(CH3CN)2}n (1, H3ipa = 5-hydroxyisophthalate) has been successfully prepared via a solvothermal...

Objective: Three differently designed multilayer films of TiCu/TiCuN multilayer (M1, M2, and M3) were deposited on 316L stainless steel surface using the axial magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating...

Synthesis of phytobionanoagents has become one of the most popular technologies applied in all areas of sciences. Metal nanoparticles produced from plant extract have great applications in the biomedical and physiochemical field. These are produced by nanotechnology and at present have received global attention due to their extensive role in antimicrobial activity. Plant extract and their effect on microorganism has been extensively studied as convenient nanoagents for synthesis of metal nanoparticles and recognized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting antimicrobial agent. The development of multidrug resistant microbial strains and the appearance of strains which reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continuously increasing. The problem of multidrug resistance promotes to search for new antimicrobial substances from various sources like medicinal plants. In present study focused on biological synthesis of phyto gold and silver nanoparticles through plant extract

Calixarenes with their three-dimensional structural architecture and ease of functionalization at the upper and/or lower rim are well-known for their plethora of applications in chemical, physical, biological and other disciplines. Herein, CuAAC click inspired p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tethered benzotriazolyl dendrimers, for example, N-1, N-2 type 2-fold compound 6 and 7 ‘G(0)’ and 6-fold compound 16 and 17 ‘G(1)’ generation benzotriazolyl dendrimer, were devised and also evaluated for their therapeutic potential both in vitro and in vivo. The developed calix[4]arene tethered benzotriazolyl dendrimers have been characterized by standard spectroscopic analysis including NMR (1H and 13C), MS, and SEC. Among all the benzotriazolyl dendrimers developed, compound 7 was identified as the effective one which provided potential anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against drug-resistant and slime producing organisms without imparting cytotoxicity to the eukaryotic systems.

Nowadays, the expansion of nanoparticles as antimicrobial and anticancer agents is one of the most exciting methods for cancer therapy and microbial diseases that can vanquish the problems of drug resistance. In this research, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was stated using Summer Savory extract. Moreover, these AgNPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, PSA, and zeta potential analysis were characterized, and by antimicrobial and anti-cancerous performance was evaluated. The maximum absorption peak at 472 nm by UV-Visible spectra confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles. The results obtained by FT-IR determined the presence of organic compounds such as amines, alkenes, alcohols, phenols, which performed significant roles in the fixating of these nanoparticles. The results obtained from FESEM, EDX, PSA, and Zeta Potential Analysis revealed that synthesized AgNPs had a hexagonal structure with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized AgNPs were examined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, and Minimum Fungal Concentration against five microbial strains included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results demonstrated that biosynthesized AgNPs had the most antimicrobial activity, especially against E. Coli. The anti-cancerous results of these nanoparticles through MTT assay demonstrated exceptional anticancer effects against K-562 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values 50 and 200 µg/ml, respectively.

Rapid endothelialization and prevention of restenosis are two vital challenges for the preparation of a small-diameter vascular graft (SDVG), while postoperative infection after implantation is often neglected. In the present study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and chitosan (CS) were chosen as the anti-thrombotic and anti-bacterial components, respectively; and then an asymmetric vascular graft was fabricated by co-electrospinning of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/CMC and PCL/CS. The mechanical properties of the asymmetric vascular graft were much better than those of the native vessels. In vitro blood compatibility tests indicated that the inner layer of the graft could inhibit thrombosis effectively. The outer layer of the graft had a certain anti-bacterial effect owing to the addition of chitosan. Besides, the inner layer of the graft could greatly promote the growth of endothelial cells. It is believed that the asymmetric SDVG with anti-thrombotic and anti-bacterial functions could contribute to the future clinical implantation of tissue engineered vascular grafts.

In order to develop ideal photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), a thiazolium group was introduced in cyanine dyes to possess the advantages of intense absorption in the visible region and anti-microbial activity. We evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of the three thiazolium cyanine dyes against

Pyrroles and its fused forms possess antimicrobial activities, they can easily interact with biomolecules of living systems. A series of substituted pyrroles, and its fused pyrimidines and triazines forms have been synthesised, all newly synthesised compound structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. Generally, the compounds inhibited growth of some important human pathogens, the best effect was given by: 2a, 3c, 4d on Gram-positive bacteria and was higher on yeast (C. albicans), by 5c on Gram-negative bacteria and by 5a then 3c on filamentous fungi (A. fumigatus and F. oxysporum). Such results present good antibacterial and antifungal potential candidates to help overcome the global problem of antibiotic resistance and opportunistic infections outbreak. Compound 3c gave the best anti-phytopathogenic effect at a 50-fold lower concentration than Kocide 2000, introducing a safe commercial candidate for agricultural use. The effect of the compounds on DNA was monitored to detect the mode of action.