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Gastrointestinal infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity especially in the developing world. It is nearly a century since it was first observed that antibodies were present in the gut and it is now clear that secreted antibodies in the gut mucosa are crucial for host defence against pathogens. In addition, they may be important in the interaction of the host with commensal bacteria and oral vaccines. The development of a new clinical technique, whole gut lavage, has facilitated the collection of large amounts of gut fluid containing antibodies for the study of immune responses in the Gl tract in health and disease. The aims and related hypotheses of this thesis were: a) To develop an antibody test that could be used as a tool to examine the gut humoral immune response to bacteria of the gut flora. In order to develop the antibody test, various antigens were prepared from the bacterial cell wall and their biological potentials were examined with human and murine cell lines. These tests could be combined with studies of other facets of gut immunity for which methods were already available, in order to explore active immunity and tolerance in the mucosal and systemic compartments. b) To examine and compare humoral immunity in the gut and serum of immunologically normal people from Edinburgh and Dhaka, in order to establish and test the following hypotheses: 1. In view of the probable higher antigenic load from a potentially contaminated environment, there would be evidence of gut damage and inflammation in the healthy people of Dhaka, and thus high levels of IgA, compared to people in Edinburgh. 2. In the developing country, the drive for production of high levels of humoral responses to bacteria would have the additional effect that antibodies to other gut antigens, such as foods, would be absent or of low titre. By studying patients with chronic colitis (inflammatory bowel disease), it might be possible to investigate how chronic gut inflammation affects specific antibodies and to identify the sources of gut antibodies, ie. serum- derived or locally produced. Prompted by the case of a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome, high gut IgA concentrations and ulcerative colitis, the stimuli for eosinophil migration into the gut and eosinophil activation were examined and possible interaction with the regulation of humoral immunity investigated. My literature review concentrates on a monograph on The gut as an immune organ' and illustrates the important features of intestinal immunoglobulins and antibodies. In the first chapter a section on bacterial structure and antigens has been included and the current knowledge on the regulation of eosinophil migration has been discussed. There is a small section on an appraisal of the whole gut lavage procedure that has been used in this thesis. Chapter 2 includes characteristics of patients and healthy volunteers, laboratory methods and technical development. A pilot study to confirm technical competence and reproducibility of methods is presented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes various gut damage and immune parameters in people from Edinburgh and Dhaka. Despite higher antigenic load, no evidence of gut damage, but high IgA, was found in the Dhaka groups. Results of anti-endotoxin and antibacterial antibodies, including those to various core types of E.coli LPS are presented in chapter 5. A section on the purity of the antigens and their biological potential by producing nitric oxide, inducing various cytokines in murine and human cell line have been presented. For the first time it has been found that IgA antibodies against various core types of LPS of E.coli are present in the gut, and their potential in the therapy of sepsis syndrome and for oral vaccine development has been discussed. Chapter 6 describes the of humoral immunity, role of gut bacteria, and cytokines controlling local and systemic immunity and pathogenicity in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence has been presented in chapter 7 to support the view that the source of IgG antibody detected in the gut of patients with active IBD is locally produced and not serum derived. The drive for production of a high humoral response to bacteria may be responsible for absent or low titre antibodies to other gut antigens, such as food. The antigen-driven bystander suppression or recently described Th1/Th2 paradigm is the purported mechanism for these results. The implications of these results in therapeutics and strategies for oral vaccine against infectious disease have been discussed in chapter 8. The stimuli of eosinophil migration in to the gut and their role in the mucosal inflammation of IBD have been discussed in chapter 9. For the first time it has been shown that the eosinophil specific chemoattractant, eotaxin, is secreted into the gut lumen; this may help in our understanding of the diseases related to eosinophil accumulation. The final chapter is an overview with some speculation on the relationship of the findings to future developments.

Depletion of stratospheric ozone and changes in lifestyles have led to increased concern about the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Exposure to UVR has been shown to induce both local and systemic suppression of immune responses initiated through the skin. The mechanism of dysregulation of immune responses following UV exposure is complex, and is initiated by chromophores. One such chromophore is urocanic acid (UCA), which is isomerised from the trans- to the cis-isoform by UVR, in the epidermis. The primary antigen presenting cell (APC) of the skin, the Langerhans cell (LC), plays a critical role in cutaneous immune responses. UVR alters LC frequency within the irradiated epidermis, and also exerts effects on the mature form of LC, the dendritic cells (DC), within lymph nodes draining irradiated sites. These changes appear to be concurrent with an alteration in T cell cytokine profiles. UVR suppresses immune responses which are normally characterised by Th1 -like cytokine profiles, possibly by immune deviation to Th2 -like cytokine profiles. The contact hypersensitivity (CH) response is commonly used to demonstrate cutaneous immunity. A model of CH in C3H/HeN mice was established. This model was utilised to examine the effects of local UVB irradiation before induction of contact sensitisation. Cytokine profiles within lymph nodes draining the site of elicitation of CH, or the site of contact sensitisation were investigated. Results suggest that UVB has no effect on cytokine production during the sensitisation phase of CH, but that it downregulates Th1 -like cytokine production upon elicitation of CH. Effects of UVR and UCA application were examined in relation to LC frequency within the epidermis. UVA1 (340- 400nm) irradiation, or trans-UCA application, did not alter the LC numbers within the exposed site. UVB (280-315nm) irradiation and cis-UCA application depleted LC, and timecourses for LC depletion were established for both treatments. Injection of antibodies against either IL-1ß or TNF-α before UVB irradiation or cis-UCA treatment completely abrogated their effects on LC numbers. Thus, the UVB-mediated reduction of LC is dependent on the cytokines IL-1P and TNF-α. Despite reports that UVA1 irradiation protects mice from subsequent immunosuppression by UVB exposure, UVA1 irradiation did not affect the decrease in LC numbers induced by UVB. Despite the differences in effects on LC frequency, both UVA1 and UVB induced an accumulation of DC within lymph nodes draining the site of irradiation. For both irradiation regimens, the accumulation of DC was dependent on IL-1ß. This was identified by injecting neutralising IL-1ß antibodies before irradiation, which inhibited the accumulation of DC within draining lymph nodes following irradiation. Similar experiments indicated that accumulation of DC following UVB irradiation, but not following UVA1 irradiation, was also dependent upon TNF-α. Induction of cytokines within irradiated skin was examined. UVB exposure increased the expression of IL-10 and TNF-α proteins at the irradiated site. Attempts to identify the source of these cytokines were inconclusive, as both keratinocyte (PAM-212) and melanocyte (B16) cell lines failed to secrete these cytokines following UVB irradiation. Intracellular stores of TNF-α decreased as the dose of radiation increased. The technique of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT -PCR) was established to examine expression of cytokine mRNA in irradiated skin. Following UVB irradiation, TNF -a mRNA was upregulated and there was induction of IL-10 mRNA. UVA1 irradiation did not result in such changes. There were also differences in the timecourse of IL-1ß mRNA upregulation. IL-1ß mRNA expression peaked transiently 4h after UVB irradiation. Following UVA1 irradiation, IL-1ß mRNA expression did not peak until 24h, and remained upregulated at 48h, after exposure.

Requirements engineering is an important part of software engineering. It consists in defining the needs of users when building a new system. These needs may be functional, i.e., what service should the system be able to provide, as well as non-functional, i.e., under which constraints should the system operate. Errors in requirements may have disastrous effects in the rest of the software engineering process (Brooks 1995, p.199), since they would lead to the construction of a system of little interest to its users or would require expensive modifications to correct. Because requirements documents may be very large, errors are usually hard to detect manually. Computer support is therefore often beneficial for their analysis. This is made easier if requirements are expressed formally. However, this support must also be adapted to and be usable by people who are expressing their requirements. These people are usually not computer specialists and are not accustomed to use formal languages. It is therefore necessary to help them express their requirements. Numerous approaches, have been suggested as aids to the acquisition of requirements (Reubenstein 1990). Much less attention has been paid to the control of the dialogue taking place between the users and the system whilst using such frameworks (Bubenko et al. 1994). Frameworks for requirements acquisition are not normally accompanied by theories of the types of dialogue which they support. Our ability to develop sophisticated formal frameworks to analyse requirements makes this deficiency more acutely felt, since increases in formality are often accompanied by greater difficulty in understanding and using the frameworks (Robertson et al. 1989). Users write their requirements in more or less natural language. This is then translated into a formal language that can be interpreted by the elicitation module. This module works on the requirements and provide feedback. The translation process is then applied to convert feedback into more or less natural language. Different systems put different emphasis on the parts of that general architecture. Some are very good at natural language interpretation while others put more emphasis on analysing the requirements and providing feedback. Natural language approaches to requirements elicitation, put an emphasis on natural language interpretation (see section 1.2.1). In these approaches, users write their specifica¬ tion in a subset of natural language. The system then translates it into a formal notation. The main benefit provided by these approaches is the improvement in the ease of use of the system: natural language is the main means of communication for human beings and does not need to be learned. However, most of these approaches do not provide a dialogue well suited for the requirements elicitation process. Because they translate the natural lan¬ guage specification into a formal notation but do not provide guidance on how to write the specification in the first place, users are left in charge of writing correct requirements. If a mistake is made while writing the specification, it will simply be translated into the formal notation. In order to actively help users in the process of writing the requirements, the elicit¬ ation system must interact with them. The emphasis, here, is no longer on translating requirements, but on actively extracting them through a dialogue with users. This is useful, since the requirements elicitation process is complex, and offering guidance is a big help for users. Unfortunately, most of the approaches providing guidance expose their formal underlying frameworks directly to users (see section 1.2.2). In order to benefit from the guidance provided, users have to learn the idiosyncrasies of the system they use. The task of providing guidance is complicated by the fact that there are numerous ways of carrying out the requirements elicitation. Very little research has been done on how to organise best the elicitation process to provide effective guidance. An arbitrary choice could be made, but forcing users to adopt a predefined method is usually not possible as it would make the elicitation process very difficult to follow and understand. The system must therefore be able to adapt itself to various elicitation methods. On the other hand, it is necessary for the system to make choices in order to provide active guidance. A "least-commitment" strategy, such as asking users at every choice point what to do next, is not a useful approach (Ferguson et al. 1996). One way of offering guidance without restricting users too much is by communicating with them in natural language, and by using natural language constraints to inform the choices made by the system to select a guidance strategy. These constraints ensure that the system adopts a strategy that will guide users in a natural and understandable manner, by taking into account the current state of the dialogue. In other words, the system takes into account the current state of the specification to help users complete it, but the current state of the dialogue is the principal factor constraining what will be spoken about next. Using such an approach reduces some of the problems discussed above. The specification does not need to be immediately correct as it will be checked and reworked by the system. The formal framework is hidden from users but is still there to ensure the correctness of the specifications. Guidance is continuously offered through dialogue, which is influenced by but does not directly follow the steps of construction of the specification. The natural language constraints we use in this thesis are theories of dialogue coherence, called "focus" theories. They define what can be spoken about next in a dialogue based on what has already been discussed and the subject under discussion. The theories take into account what participants in a dialogue pay attention to and try to ensure that the rest of the dialogue is related to it. The systems tries to help its users define how a research group WWW site should look like. The way the dialogue evolves from discussing the research group, to discussing the site and its associated home page, to discussing the set of publication can quite easily be followed. The use of pronouns helps in making the text fell natural. It would have been difficult to achieve the same result without using focus rules. Other techniques for organising dialogues, such as those based on the intentions under¬ lying the dialogue (Cohen et al. 1990), would require the dialogue manager to know what the elicitation system is trying to achieve and what its plan is. For some elicitation systems, this knowledge may not be available. Similarly, techniques based on the content of the communications exchanged and how they relate, e.g., based on RST (Mann and Thompson 1987), usually require a lot of domain knowledge. They are therefore time-consumming to code. Focus theories require less information from the elicitation module while enabling the dialogue manager to structure the dialogue. However, in some cases, focus theories are not sufficient to organise a dialogue. We use a theory based on speech act (see section 3.4.1) and some ideas from Grice's work on conversation (see section 5.2.1) to deal with these cases. More generally, although we tried to minimise the impact of other theories to study in detail focus theories, it would be interesting to know whether and how we can integrate them with the work presented in this thesis. In particular, the notion of dialog act and its application to dialog grammar could be of interest. General frameworks developped to study various aspects of dialogue, including dialog acts and focus, have started to appear but work is still at an early stage (C-Star Consortium 1998; Allen and Core 1997). Organising a dialogue based on attention requires a lot of domain knowledge in order to know how things mentioned in the dialogue relate to each other. Therefore, the amount of knowledge engineering needed to build natural language applications is also an important issue. We have tried to limit the engineering difficulties by clearly separating the domain knowledge needed by our dialogue manager from its management capabilities, and by provid¬ ing a way of re-using the existing domain knowledge as far as possible. This is done by using rules which enable us to re-use part of the domain knowledge already used by the elicitation module. The contribution of this thesis is therefore the formalisation and evaluation of focus theories for requirements elicitation dialogues in natural language. The main questions we deal with are the following: • Which focus theories should we use? • What are the relations between the constraints imposed by the focus theories and the constraints inherent to the requirements elicitation process? • Does this approach improve the perceived quality of the dialogue between the elicita¬ tion tool and its users? A prototype system has been developed. This system mainly operates in the WWW site design domain. It has also been applied in other domains as an initial demonstration of the range of problems that can be tackled by our approach.

Hubble Space Telescope A-band images of a sample of 10 radio galaxies (RG), 10 radio-loud quasars (RLQ) and 13 radio-quiet quasars (RQQ) at redshift z ≃ 0.2 are presented. The sources comprising the radio-loud sub-samples have been selected to be indistinguishable in the P₅Gₕ₂ ~ z plane. The two quasar sub-samples have been similarly selected to have indistinguishable distributions in the V — z plane. All three sub-samples have been analysed with two-dimensional modelling software, designed to accurately determine the host-galaxy parameters. The modelling results show all of the RG, and all of the quasars with Mᵥ < -23, to have bulge-dominated host galaxies, excluding the hypothesis that host morphology is responsible for the radio-loudness dichotomy. Furthermore, the host galaxies are found to be essentially identical to a de Vaucouleurs (ß = 0.25) law, with 30/33 objects having ß parameters in the range 0.2 < ß < 0.3. The hosts of all of the objects studied are found to be extremely luminous (L ≥ L*), with 25/33 objects having L ≥ 2L*, the hosts of the RQQs are found to be typically 0.4 magnitudes fainter than their radio-loud counterparts. The host galaxies of all three sub-samples are found to be larger than average ellipticals (< rₑ >= 10.5 kpc), with a trend found for the RQQ hosts to be some 20% smaller than those of the RLQs. For the first time it is demonstrated that the hosts of quasars, as well as RG, display a Kormendy relation basically identical to that of inactive ellipticals. In combination with the previous K-band modelling of this sample (Taylor et al. 1996) the first set of reliable optical-infrared colours for a significant sample of AGN host galaxies has been determined. The R - K colours of the hosts in all three xxxiii sub-samples are shown to be consistent with each other, with the close agreement of the median colour of R - K=2.5 with that expected from a ~ 14 Gyr-old stellar population implying that the host galaxies of both RGs and quasars are consistent with having formed at high redshift (z ≥ 3). The nuclear colours of the RGs are shown to be perfectly consistent with those of dust reddened RLQ nuclei. The combined luminosity, scalelength, Kormendy relation and R - K colour results for the RG and RLQ sub-samples clearly demonstrate that they are drawn from the same parent population, in strong support of the orientationbased unification scheme of Barthel (1989). The corresponding results for the full 33 object sample show that, in terms of their global structural parameters, the hosts of powerful AGN are no different to normal massive ellipticals. The host galaxy-black-hole mass correlations of Magorrian et al. (1998) and Franceschini et al. (1998) are combined with the AGN modelling results to investigate the quasar radio-loudness dichotomy. All methods of black-hole mass estimation lead to the conclusion that RLQs harbour black-holes of mass ≥ 10¹⁰M⨀. The RQQ blackhole masses estimated via the Magorrian relation are typically smaller than those of the RLQs (~ 5 x 10⁹M⨀), but show sufficient overlap to require the influence of another physical parameter, possibly black-hole spin, to explain the radio-loudness dichotomy. In contrast, the use of the Franceschini black-hole estimator predicts RQQ black-hole masses a factor of two smaller than those of the RLQs, suggesting that black-hole mass alone may be the crucial factor. The application of the modelling technique to an existing HST survey of 3CR radio galaxies at z ~ 1 shows them to have a scalelength distribution and Kormendy relation indistinguishable from their z ~ 0.2 counterparts. The implied luminosity evolution between z ~ 0.2 and z ~ 0.8 is shown to be consistent with that expected from passive evolution alone in a low density Universe, with a high galaxy formation redshift (z ≥ 3). The lack of evidence for significant merger activity in the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.8 leads to the conclusion that the traditional passive evolution interpretation of the radio galaxy K - z relation remains acceptable.

The objective of this thesis is to investigate the use of computers with artificial intelligence methods for the teaching of basic literacy skills to be applied eventually to the teaching of illiterate adults in Brazil. In its development many issues related to adult education have been considered, and two very significant approaches to the teaching of reading were focused on in detail: Phonological Awareness (PA) and Generative Themes. After being excluded from literacy curricula for a long time during the ascendancy of the "Whole Word" approaches, activities for the development of phonological awareness are currently being accepted as fundamental for teaching reading, and are being incorporated in most English literacy programmes. Generative Themes, in turn, were first introduced in Brazil in a massive programme for teaching reading to adults, and have since then been used successfully in a number of developing countries for the same purpose. However, these two approaches are apparently conflicting in their principles and emphasis, for the first (PA) is generally centred on the technical aspects of phonology, based on well controlled experiments and research, whereas the second is socially inspired and focused mainly on meaning and social relationships. The main question addressed in this research, consequently, is whether these two apparently conflicting approaches could be combined to create a method that would be technically PA oriented but at the same time could concentrate on meaning by using thematic vocabularies as stimuli for teaching. Would it be possible to find words to illustrate all the phonological features with which a PA method deals using a thematic vocabulary? To answer this question diverse concepts, languages and tools have been developed as part of this research, in order to allow the selection of thematic vocabularies, the description of PA curricula, the distribution of thematic words across PA curricula, the description of teaching activities and the definition of the teaching strategy rules to orient the teaching sequence. The resultant vocabularies have been evaluated and the outcomes of the research have been assessed by literacy experts. A prototype system for delivering experimental teaching activities through the Internet has also been developed and demonstrated.

The problem we have addressed in this dissertation is that of designing a pragmatic framework for integrating the synthesis and management of organisational process knowledge which is based on domain-independent AI planning and plan representations. Our solution has focused on a set of framework components which provide methods, tools and representations to accomplish this task. In the framework we address a lifecycle of this knowledge which begins with a methodological approach to acquiring information about the process domain. We show that this initial domain specification can be translated into a common constraint-based model of activity (based on the work of Tate, 1996c and 1996d) which can then be operationalised for use in an AI planner. This model of activity is ontologically underpinned and may be expressed with a flexible and extensible language based on a sorted first-order logic. The model combines perspectives covering both the space of behaviour as well as the space of decisions. Synthesised or modified processes/plans can be translated to and from the common representation in order to support knowledge sharing, visualisation and mixed-initiative interaction. This work united past and present Edinburgh research on planning and infused it with perspectives from design rationale, requirements engineering, and process knowledge sharing. The implementation has been applied to a portfolio of scenarios which include process examples from business, manufacturing, construction and military operations. An archive of this work is available at: http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~oplan/cpf.

Leptin is a 167-amino acid hormone produced chiefly by adipocytes. It plays an important role in regulation of food intake, energy metabolism and reproduction in mammals. However, a leptin gene homologue has yet to be cloned in a non-mammalian vertebrate. The aim of this thesis was to establish the existence of a leptin gene homologue in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) genome, and to determine the degree of sequence identity with mammalian leptin genes, and with a putative chicken leptin sequence published during the course of the thesis work. An initial attempt was made to clone the chicken leptin gene by heterologous RT-PCR using degenerate primers to conserved regions of mammalian leptin sequences. However, no leptin-like products were amplified from chicken adipose tissue and liver cDNAs,or from genomic DNA. RTPCR was also used to test the existence of a published chicken leptin cDNA sequence that shares 95% identity with mouse leptin at the nucleotide level. When PCR primers identical to the mouse and published chicken leptin sequences were used, no PCR product sharing close similarity to the mouse leptin sequence were generated from any chicken templates, whereas amplification of mouse leptin leptin sequences was consistently obtained from control mouse templates. Following the failure to clone the chicken leptin by RT-PCR, evidence for the existence of a mammalian-like leptin in the chicken genome was sought by Southern analysis. Southern blots under low stringency hybridization and washing conditions revealed hybridization of a mouse leptin probe to chicken genomic DNA. With high stringency washing, the chicken signal disappeared, while those from sheep and mouse genomic DNA remained. Screening of a chicken adipose tissue cDNA library, and chicken genomic DNA and cosmid libraries with the same mouse probe failed to isolate a chicken leptin homologue. Collectively, these results indicate that if a chicken leptin homologue exists in the chicken genome, it is likely to be of low homology to mammalian leptin sequences. The results do not support the existence of a mouse-like leptin sequence in the chicken genome, an assertion supported by theoretical analysis of the molecular evolution of leptin based on the rate of synonymous substitution. This analysis indicated that the probability that the chicken and mouse leptin sequences are 95% identical, is less than one in a million.

In this thesis we will be concerned with the relation between ontologies and software design. Ontologies are studied in the artificial intelligence community as a means to explicitly represent standardised domain knowledge in order to enable knowledge shar¬ ing and reuse. We deploy ontologies in software design with emphasis on a traditional software engineering theme: error detection. In particular, we identify a type of error that is often difficult to detect: conceptual errors. These are related to the description of the domain whom which the system will operate. They require subjective knowledge about correct forms of domain description to detect them. Ontologies provide these forms of domain description and we are interested in applying them and verify their correctness(chapter 1). After presenting an in depth analysis of the field of ontologies and software testing as conceived and implemented by the software engineering and artificial intelligence communities(chapter 2), we discuss an approach which enabled us to deploy ontologies in the early phases of software development (i.e., specifications) in order to detect conceptual errors (chapter 3). This is based on the provision of ontological axioms which are used to verify conformance of specification constructs to the underpinning ontology. To facilitate the integration of ontology with applications that adopt it we developed an architecture and built tools to implement this form of conceptual error check(chapter 4). We apply and evaluate the architecture in a variety of contexts to identify potential uses (chapter 5). An implication of this method for de¬ ploying ontologies to reason about the correctness of applications is to raise our trust in the given ontologies. However, when the ontologies themselves are erroneous we might fail to reveal pernicious discrepancies. To cope with this problem we extended the architecture to a multi-layer form(chapter 4) which gives us the ability to check the ontologies themselves for correctness. We apply this multi-layer architecture to cap¬ ture errors found in a complex ontologies lattice(chapter 6). We further elaborate on the weaknesses in ontology evaluation methods and employ a technique stemming from software engineering, that of experience management, to facilitate ontology testing and deployment(chapter 7). The work presented in this thesis aims to improve practice in ontology use and identify areas to which ontologies could be of benefits other than the advocated ones of knowledge sharing and reuse(chapter 8).

This thesis is on Natural Language Generation. It describes a linguistic realisation system that translates the semantic information encoded in a conceptual graph into an English language sentence. The use of a non-hierarchically structured semantic representation (conceptual graphs) and an approximate matching between semantic structures allows us to investigate a more general version of the sentence generation problem where one is not pre-committed to a choice of the syntactically prominent elements in the initial semantics. We show clearly how the semantic structure is declaratively related to linguistically motivated syntactic representation — we use D-Tree Grammars which stem from work on Tree-Adjoining Grammars. The declarative specification of the mapping between semantics and syntax allows for different processing strategies to be exploited. A number of generation strategies have been considered: a pure topdown strategy and a chart-based generation technique which allows partially successful computations to be reused in other branches of the search space. Having a generator with increased paraphrasing power as a consequence of using non-hierarchical input and approximate matching raises the issue whether certain 'better' paraphrases can be generated before others. We investigate preference-based processing in the context of generation.

The present dissertation addresses problems related to robot learning from demonstra¬ tion. It presents the building of a connectionist architecture, which provides the robot with the necessary cognitive and behavioural mechanisms for learning a synthetic lan¬ guage taught by an external teacher agent. This thesis considers three main issues: 1) learning of spatio-temporal invariance in a dynamic noisy environment, 2) symbol grounding of a robot's actions and perceptions, 3) development of a common symbolic representation of the world by heterogeneous agents. We build our approach on the assumption that grounding of symbolic communication creates constraints not only on the cognitive capabilities of the agent but also and especially on its behavioural capacities. Behavioural skills, such as imitation, which allow the agent to co-ordinate its actionn to that of the teacher agent, are required aside to general cognitive abilities of associativity, in order to constrain the agent's attention to making relevant perceptions, onto which it grounds the teacher agent's symbolic expression. In addition, the agent should be provided with the cognitive capacity for extracting spatial and temporal invariance in the continuous flow of its perceptions. Based on this requirement, we develop a connectionist architecture for learning time series. The model is a Dynamical Recurrent Associative Memory Architecture, called DRAMA. It is a fully connected recurrent neural network using Hebbian update rules. Learning is dynamic and unsupervised. The performance of the architecture is analysed theoretically, through numerical simulations and through physical and simulated robotic experiments. Training of the network is computationally fast and inexpensive, which allows its implementation for real time computation and on-line learning in a inexpensive hardware system. Robotic experiments are carried out with different learning tasks involving recognition of spatial and temporal invariance, namely landmark recognition and prediction of perception-action sequence in maze travelling. The architecture is applied to experiments on robot learning by imitation. A learner robot is taught by a teacher agent, a human instructor and another robot, a vocabulary to describe its perceptions and actions. The experiments are based on an imitative strategy, whereby the learner robot reproduces the teacher's actions. While imitating the teacher's movements, the learner robot makes similar proprio and exteroceptions to those of the teacher. The learner robot grounds the teacher's words onto the set of common perceptions they share. We carry out experiments in simulated and physical environments, using different robotic set-ups, increasing gradually the complexity of the task. In a first set of experiments, we study transmission of a vocabulary to designate actions and perception of a robot. Further, we carry out simulation studies, in which we investigate transmission and use of the vocabulary among a group of robotic agents. In a third set of experiments, we investigate learning sequences of the robot's perceptions, while wandering in a physically constrained environment. Finally, we present the implementation of DRAMA in Robota, a doll-like robot, which can imitate the arms and head movements of a human instructor. Through this imitative game, Robota is taught to perform and label dance patterns. Further, Robota is taught a basic language, including a lexicon and syntactical rules for the combination of words of the lexicon, to describe its actions and perception of touch onto its body.

For nearly 24 years, the archaeology of northern Cyprus has not been investigated as thoroughly as that in the southern part of the island. All foreign projects, which are responsible for the substantial majority of the archaeological work in Cyprus, are active in the south. This has created a major imbalance in our knowledge of the prehistory of the island. The new discoveries in the south have advanced our knowledge of the prehistoric period in Cyprus in many ways, but at the same time the lack of archaeological work in the north makes these potentially biased, and theoretical approaches cannot be confirmed without knowledge of the whole island. This thesis is an attempt to narrow this gap by applying a survey method that has not been applied on such a large scale in Cyprus before, with new interpretative aims and methods. The period of interest is from the Aceramic Neolithic to the end of the Chalcolithic, approximately 7,500 - 2,800 BC. The survey was carried out in Kyrenia district, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, over two field seasons. A total of twenty-eight sites was selected according to their surface richness from Stanley Price's gazetteer of sites published in 1979. Out of these sites twenty-two had surface finds, three had no surface finds and three were not found. In addition to these sites two previously unknown sites were discovered and surveyed. The method of survey was two-fold. The first was intensive total surface collection using a five metre grid, with results fed into a mapping programme to create scatter maps showing artefact distribution. The second was extensive area survey, which involved systematic field walking accompanied by surface collection. This thesis comprises an overview of previous surveys in Cyprus, explanation of methodologies used for the current survey, discussion of the survey results, and comparisons with results from excavations and other surveys. Questions regarding the interpretation of surface scatters, the shifting and drifting of settlements, and the cultural homogeneity of Cyprus during the period of interest are also addressed.

This dissertation investigates the evolutionary design of oscillatory artificial neural networks for the control of animal-like locomotion. It is inspired by the neural organ¬ isation of locomotor circuitries in vertebrates, and explores in particular the control of undulatory swimming and walking. The difficulty with designing such controllers is to find mechanisms which can transform commands concerning the direction and the speed of motion into the multiple rhythmic signals sent to the multiple actuators typically involved in animal-like locomotion. In vertebrates, such control mechanisms are provided by central pattern generators which are neural circuits capable of pro¬ ducing the patterns of oscillations necessary for locomotion without oscillatory input from higher control centres or from sensory feedback. This thesis explores the space of possible neural configurations for the control of undulatory locomotion, and addresses the problem of how biologically plausible neural controllers can be automatically generated. Evolutionary algorithms are used to design connectionist models of central pattern generators for the motion of simulated lampreys and salamanders. This work is inspired by Ekeberg's neuronal and mechanical simulation of the lamprey [Ekeberg 93]. The first part of the thesis consists of developing alternative neural controllers for a similar mechanical simulation. Using a genetic algorithm and an incremental approach, a variety of controllers other than the biological configuration are successfully developed which can control swimming with at least the same efficiency. The same method is then used to generate synaptic weights for a controller which has the observed biological connectivity in order to illustrate how the genetic algorithm could be used for developing neurobiological models. Biologically plausible controllers are evolved which better fit physiological observations than Ekeberg's hand-crafted model. Finally, in collaboration with Jerome Kodjabachian, swimming controllers are designed using a developmental encoding scheme, in which developmental programs are evolved which determine how neurons divide and get connected to each other on a two-dimensional substrate. The second part of this dissertation examines the control of salamander-like swimming and trotting. Salamanders swim like lampreys but, on the ground, they switch to a trotting gait in which the trunk performs a standing wave with the nodes at the girdles. Little is known about the locomotion circuitry of the salamander, but neurobiologists have hypothesised that it is based on a lamprey-like organisation. A mechanical sim¬ ulation of a salamander-like animat is developed, and neural controllers capable of exhibiting the two types of gaits are evolved. The controllers are made of two neural oscillators projecting to the limb motoneurons and to lamprey-like trunk circuitry. By modulating the tonic input applied to the networks, the type of gait, the speed and the direction of motion can be varied. By developing neural controllers for lamprey- and salamander-like locomotion, this thesis provides insights into the biological control of undulatory swimming and walking, and shows how evolutionary algorithms can be used for developing neurobiological models and for generating neural controllers for locomotion. Such a method could potentially be used for designing controllers for swimming or walking robots, for instance.

The research described in this thesis examines how machine learning mechanisms can be used in an assembly robot system to improve the reliability of the system and reduce the development workload, without reducing the flexibility of the system. The justification foi' this is that for a robot to be performing effectively it is frequently necessary to have gained experience of its performance under a particular configuration before that configuration can be altered to produce a performance improvement. Machine learning mechanisms can automate this activity of testing, evaluating and then changing. From studying how other researchers have developed working robot systems the activities which require most effort and experimentation are:- • The selection of the optimal parameter settings. • The establishment of the action-sensor couplings which are necessary for the effective handling of uncertainty. • Choosing which way to achieve a goal. One way to implement the first two kinds of learning is to specify a model of the coupling or the interaction of parameters and results, and from that model derive an appropriate learning mechanism that will find a parametrisation for that model that will enable good performance to be obtained. From this starting point it has been possible to show how equal, or better performance can be obtained by using iearning mechanisms which are neither derived from nor require a model of the task being learned. Instead, by combining iteration and a task specific profit function it is possible to use a generic behavioural module based on a learning mechanism to achieve the task. Iteration and a task specific profit function can also be used to learn which behavioural module from a pool of equally competent modules is the best at any one time to use to achieve a particular goal. Like the other two kinds of learning, this successfully automates an otherwise difficult test and evaluation process that would have to be performed by a developer. In doing so effectively, it, like the other learning that has been used here, shows that instead of being a peripheral issue to be introduced to a working system, learning, carried out in the right way, can be instrumental in the production of that working system.

This study relates the historical development of fenestration in Irish buildings (mostly those of the classical tradition), using buildings or windows characteristic of each definable architectural period (chosen from published sources or site work). It shows that there is a close relationship between window design and the Irish interpretation of the classical idiom, and that change in the period under review came about from a fusion of aesthetic ideals and ongoing technological development. Because of the aesthetic and practical importance of the constituent elements in the window, a detailed mention is made of the types of glass and framing materials used. The history of window -glassmaking in Ireland is also chronicled. The details and elements of the windows used during this period - types of glazing, shaped windows, and openings, frames and lights - are examined (referring back to the important windows introduced in the historical account) to underline the variety found at every period. The foregoing analysis establishes the importance of fenestration in Irish architecture, especially that of the classical style. Irish developments are then set within the North European classical architectural context, in which fenestration has long been recognised as a fundamental design tool. The research carried out brings to light the high standards of design and workmanship achieved in Ireland, underpinning the argument for conservation. The philosophy and practicalities of conservative repair are discussed in an inquiry into the requirements for window conservation, expanded upon by reference to case histories and discussion of educational and financial matters. A glossary of terms is given and five appendices complement the text. Two inventories present the physical evidence and documentation used in this research, listing the relevant details of the key buildings and the window- glasshouses. There is an essay on the glazing fraternity, and some information is given on Irish window joiners and carpenters. The final appendix defines some of the more commonly used conservation terms.

Iran is currently subject to a number of adverse factors affecting good development in the built environment: population explosion, oil- dependent economy, finite resources, war and natural disasters, etc. The object of the study is to research a development model appropriate to the Country's needs for a proactive system of building environment. This model is not specific to Iran and, as the case studies and the discourse of the thesis indicate, is universal. However, the author suggests that the validity of development approaches will not be determined as a result of theoretical and ideological debate but in the realm of practice. Therefore, he has explored diverse ways in which professionals in the built environment can provide an analytical survey of the problems that beset them. An attempt has been made to bring these various elements into perspective and offer a model of 'endogenous development'. The process for achieving a viable, exciting and humane built environment is very complex and calls for contributions from many individuals and small multi -disciplinary groups. Beside professionals contributions (which is accomplished by deduction inference), there is a need for people's participation in design process (which is accomplished either by deduction or by abduction inferences). This participatory approach can also help shifting the process of design towards a wider domain that of the 'production process' (which is accomplished by abduction and induction inferences). Production process is the first paradigm of the model of endogenous development and is a manifestation of a feedback mechanism and acts as an open - ended living system. The second is 'supply- demand' paradigm which shows the relationships between the components of a system or between different systems in surface- structures This model is directed at society's development, not just its economic growth, but it does not preclude the possibility of such growth. The reduction of the problems' effect in an endogenous development is viewed more as a way of improving the quality of life than of increasing the standard of living. Nowadays, people are passive recipients in the consumer society and are totally dependent on others for their survival. This style of living is assumed to project an image of economic development and higher productivity, but there is a confrontation of preadjusted commodities which are the products of others. That is because the process of production is not natural (i.e. a closed loop cyclic process via feedback control). It is artificial (i.e. an open -loop linear process via a feed -forward control) which may not help satisfying the user's needs and wants entirely. In the built environment, the great majority have no say in the planning and design of their homes or places of work. Accordingly, endogenous development offers a framework within which the necessity of employing the people's creative power in building their environment is explained. It is based on the assumption that each individual and society's knowledge and experiences play a central and mediating role between professionals' perceptions of the environment and a series of preferences judgements or choices they might make towards and within that environment. Indigenous knowledge and cultural attributes of traditional societies and the organizational capabilities of traditional polities are essential in qualification of the development plans, which are also evaluated and assessed by this proposed framework.

This thesis investigates central issues of self-understanding in modern western society. Given that modernity is defined and grasped in terms of the postulate of human autonomy these issues are central to sociological theory and the historical sociology of modern society. The development of self-understanding is presented, firstly, through a study of the nature and development modern rational science. The success of the natural sciences since the seventeenth century has provided a particular model of rational investigation which has proved influential for every form of knowledge in modern society. The thesis is concerned primarily with the impact of the scientific world view on human self-understanding in terms of the content of its view of nature rather than its methodological position. The social dimension of scientific knowledge comes into prominence in this perspective as does the relation of science to both pre-modern and novel non-rational forms of human self-understanding. The continuity of modern and pre-modern conceptions of human being is investigated through a discussion of the historical transformation of religion in western society. As distinct from any view of modernity as a process of secularization, a focus on existential aspects of self-understanding makes clear both the persistence and novel form of religious traditions for modern selfunderstanding. These larger historical studies are followed by two detailed monographic works in which issues of modern psychology are treated in detail. The writings of Kierkegaard and Freud are dealt with as rich sources of distinctive psychological insight into modern experience which indicate alternative traditions of modernity. In different ways and from quite different perspectives Kierkegaard and Freud focus on the contradictory and paradoxical character of modern selfhood and personal identity. The thesis is further illustrated by an outline of an historical sociology of the body-image. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS: Ferguson, Harvie (1983) Essays in Experimental Psychology London, Macmillan. • (1990) The Science of Pleasure: Cosmos and Psyche in the Bourgeois World View London, Routledge. • (1992) Religious Transformation in Western Society, The End of Happiness London, Routledge. • (1994) Melancholy and the Critique of Modernity: Soren Kierkegaard's Religious Psychology London, Routledge. • (1996) The Lure of Dreams: Sigmund Freud and the Construction of Modernity London, Routledge. • (1997) Destino Delia Felicita: trasformazione Religiosa Nella Societa Occidentale Genoa, ECIG. • • ARTICLES: Ferguson, Harvie (1983) 'Reclusione e Infanzia: Aspetti di Un'Utopia', Rassegna Ltaliana de Sociologia, vol. XXIV, no.3. • (1989) 'Sigmund Freud and the Pursuit of Pleasure', in C. Rojek (ed.) Leisure for Leisure: Critical Essays, London, Macmillan. • (1992) 'Watching the World Go Round: Atrium Culture and the Psychology of Shopping', in R. Shields (ed.) Lifestyle Shopping, London, Routledge. • (1997) 'Me and My Shadows: on the accumulation of body-images in western society Part One - The Image and the Image of the Body in Pre-modern Society', Body and Society, vol.3, no.3. • (1997) 'Me and My Shadows: on the accumulation of body-images in western society Part Two - Corporeal Forms of Modernity', Body and Society, vol.4, no.3. • (1998) 'Sigmund Freud and the Dynamics of Modernity', in Anthony Elliott (ed) Freud 2000, Cambridge, Polity Press.

A common feature of news reports is the reference to events other than the one which is central to the discourse. Previous research has suggested Gricean explanations for this; more generally, the phenomenon has been referred to simply as "journalistic style". Whatever the underlying reasons, recent investigations into information extraction have emphasised the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that can be used to recognise and distinguish between multiple events in discourse. Existing information extraction systems approach the problem of event recognition in a number of ways. However, although frameworks and techniques for black box evaluations of information extraction systems have been developed in recent years, almost no attention has been given to the evaluation of techniques for event recognition, despite general acknowledgment of the inadequacies of current implementations. Not only is it unclear which mechanisms are useful, but there is also little consensus as to how such mechanisms could be compared. This thesis presents a formalism for representing event structure, and introduces an evaluation metric through which a range of event recognition mechanisms are quantitatively compared. These mechanisms are implemented as modules within the CONTESS event recognition system, and explore the use of linguistic phenomena such as temporal phrases, locative phrases and cue phrases, as well as various discourse structuring heuristics. Our results show that, whilst temporal and cue phrases are consistently useful in event recognition, locative phrases are better ignored. A number of further linguistic phenomena and heuristics are examined, providing an insight into their value for event recognition purposes.

The relevance of cultural history to the development of Karl Barth's theology has been greatly undervalued. Taking a short term view, Barth's development can be compared in detail with the modernist movements of the early twentieth century, and in particular with the history of German Expressionism; taking a longer view, Barth's theology can be seen as a response to the failure of the Enlightenment project. These two perspectives, moreover, yield complementary insights. Barth's earliest ventures into theological print coincided with the emergence of Expressionism; both were given direction by the First World War; both achieved success in the immediate post-War period, while simultaneously suffering significant disappointments; and in the early 1920s Expressionist writers and artists turned away from their previous forms in an effort to overcome their alienation from community, just as Barth turned away from dialectical method in favour of a discourse situated in and directed to the life of the Church. Barth's theology was effectively engaged in a dialogue with the central ideas embodied in modernist movements like Expressionism, and can be read as a development towards the dialectical inversion of the core ideas of modernism. Taking a longer view, though, both modernist culture and Barth's theology can be illuminated by placing them against the history of the Enlightenment and its aftermath. This is a history which has been analysed usefully by Alasdair Maclntyre, particularly in After Virtue and subsequent publications. In the light of Maclntyre's work, Barth's inversion of modernism appears also to constitute an inversion of the ideas embodied in the social world which emerged from the failure of the Enlightenment project. This reading of Barth can be supplemented and expanded by attention to his own analysis of the Enlightenment in his lectures on the background to and history of modern Protestant theology. Barth argued there that modern theology, down to and including his own time, had been shaped decisively by the Enlightenment. Yet like Maclntyre after him he discerned a flaw inherent in the project of Enlightenment, and believed that that project had in fact failed. Barth's theology appears, in consequence, as the attempt to re-establish dogmatic theology among the ruins of Enlightenment pride.

The envelope glycoproteins of Maedi-Visna virus consist of a surface glycoprotein (gpl35) which is responsible for the characteristic spikes on the surface of the virion, and a transmembrane protein (gp41) whose function includes linkage to the surface glycoprotein, anchoring it to the virion envelope. The external glycoprotein is required for attachment to the host cell via a receptor molecule present on the surface of the cell. Cells of the macrophage lineage are the main target cells in MVV infection in vivo. The host humoral response is targeted to the surface glycoprotein resulting in neutralizing antibody production. The relevance of these antibodies is not understood as virus infection persists despite this active immune response. The external glycoprotein has also been shown to be susceptible to antigenic variation. Expression of gpl35 as three overlapping fragments in the bacterial pGEX system was undertaken with a view of using the recombinant protein as a source of immunogen to raise monoclonal antibodies. These and the three recombinant fragments could be used for epitope mapping. However, these fragments proved to be toxic to bacterial cells resulting in low yields and high levels of contamination. In depth studies were carried out to improve the yield and attempts were made to raise immune polyclonal sera. Characterization of these sera is described. Recombinant protein studies were extended to express gpl35 in the baculovirus expression system. This resulted in a reliable source of recombinant protein that was devoid of contamination and was easily purified. This protein was glycosylated and was recognised by MW-infected sheep sera. Preliminary studies were carried out to determine its interaction with sheep fibroblasts and hence its use to isolate the host cell receptor. Attempts were made to raise monoclonal antibodies against gpl35 purified from virions by lectin affinity chromatography. The development of a screening assay is described. This approach did not result in the generation of any anti-gpl35 monoclonals. The preparation of polyclonal antisera raised against two peptides within the external glycoprotein is reported.

Most architectural theorisation at present, is engaged with concepts and views that are largely the expressions of some kind of "transient" epistemological and mental constructions. The typical design solutions emerging from such an approach would be dominated therefore by a visual and physical language that disconnects with the meaning which architecture has developed over time and which is embedded in the cultural context of the different societies. The thesis elaborates on an approach of understanding architectural phenomenon which relates it to its generative origins and the evolutionary processes of change and transformation. A model is developed which demonstrates the interrelationships between the natural environment and cultural systems. The aim is to explain the role of adaptation in building up a hierarchical links between the physical characteristic of a place and the higher cultural forms and values. The thesis has achieved this through correlating human motivations explained by Abraham Maslow with the different levels of adaptation. The reading made shows that architecture is a holistic phenomenon which has resulted from processes of transformation and whose perception is contained in the semantic structure of language and the symbolic systems of culture in hand. The thesis concludes by the introduction of a framework consisting of a number of components which open up a basis for diachronic approach to theory of architecture. Several examples are selected for an analysis and interpretation to demonstrate the links which exist between the aesthetic qualities of these particular architectural phenomena and the basic needs and physical conditions. Although several of these examples have been chosen from the Middle Eastern area, the thesis argues for the universal application of the concept of adaptation in maintaining regional differences and cultural diversities that are also expressed in architectural forms and their aesthetic qualities.

Normal cellular homeostasis is established and maintained by the positive and negative regulatory activities of many genes. When these genes are mutated to forms that can contribute to tumorigenesis, either by dominant, gain of function mutations in positive regulators or recessive, loss of function mutations in negative regulators, they are termed oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes, respectively. Identified human tumour suppressor genes, though still relatively few in number, are found to be active in many different cellular processes. I have studied two such genes, the WT1 and p16 genes, which in their wild type forms are known to contribute to development of the urogenital system and the mesothelium (WTI) and to control of the cell cycle (pi6). WT1 was identified as a gene repeatedly disrupted in Wilms' tumour, a common paediatric renal malignancy. This study is one of many which sought to confirm and understand some of the roles of WTI in both normal development and tumorigenesis. Mutation analysis of WTI in samples from patients with sporadic, bilateral and syndrome-associated Wilms' tumour has produced a pattern of results consistent with the findings of other groups. No mutations were detected in the sporadic and bilateral tumours, however exonic point mutations were detected in 7 out of 9 syndrome-associated Wilms' tumour samples that were analysed in detail. Studies examining parental WTI status, genomic imprinting and allele loss distal to the WTI locus are detailed for the syndrome-associated Wilms' tumour samples. Additionally, analysis of WTI in samples from patients with testicular tumours or malignant mesothelioma did not identify any mutations believed to be significant in tumorigenesis. The contribution, resulting effects and complementary nature of WTI and p16 mutations in Wilms' tumour and malignant mesothelioma is discussed.

Designing and learning are closely related activities in that design as an ill-structure problem involves identifying the problem of the design as well as finding its solutions. A knowledge-based design support system should support learning by capturing and reusing design knowledge. This thesis addresses two fundamental problems in computational support to design activities: the development of an intelligent design support system architecture and the integration of inductive learning techniques in this architecture. This research is motivated by the belief that (1) the early stage of the design process can be modelled as an incremental learning process in which the structure of a design problem or the product data model of an artefact is developed using inductive learning techniques, and (2) the capability of a knowledge-based design support system can be enhanced by accumulating and storing reusable design product and process information. In order to incorporate inductive learning techniques into a knowledge-based design model and an integrated knowledge-based design support system architecture, the computational techniques for developing a knowledge-based design support system architecture and the role of inductive learning in Al-based design are investigated. This investigation gives a background to the development of an incremental learning model for design suitable for a class of design tasks whose structures are not well known initially. This incremental learning model for design is used as a basis to develop a knowledge-based design support system architecture that can be used as a kernel for knowledge-based design applications. This architecture integrates a number of computational techniques to support the representation and reasoning of design knowledge. In particular, it integrates a blackboard control system with an assumption-based truth maintenance system in an object-oriented environment to support the exploration of multiple design solutions by supporting the exploration and management of design contexts. As an integral part of this knowledge-based design support architecture, a design concept learning system utilising a number of unsupervised inductive learning techniques is developed. This design concept learning system combines concept formation techniques with design heuristics as background knowledge to build a design concept tree from raw data or past design examples. The design concept tree is used as a conceptual structure for the exploration of new designs. The effectiveness of this knowledge-based design support architecture and the design concept learning system is demonstrated through a realistic design domain, the design of small-molecule drugs one of the key tasks of which is to identify a pharmacophore description (the structure of a design problem) from known molecule examples. In this thesis, knowledge-based design and inductive learning techniques are first reviewed. Based on this review, an incremental learning model and an integrated architecture for intelligent design support are presented. The implementation of this architecture and a design concept learning system is then described. The application of the architecture and the design concept learning system in the domain of small-molecule drug design is then discussed. The evaluation of the architecture and the design concept learning system within and beyond this particular domain, and future research directions are finally discussed.

The research presented in this thesis focuses on the development of tactile event sig¬ nature sensors and their application, especially in reactive behaviour-based robotic assembly systems. In pursuit of practical and economic sensors for detecting part contact, the application ofPVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) film, a mechanical vibration sensitive piezo material, is investigated. A Clunk Sensor is developed which remotely detects impact vibrations, and a Push Sensor is developed which senses small changes in the deformation of a compliant finger surface. The Push Sensor is further developed to provide some force direction and force pattern sensing capability. By being able to detect changes of state in an assembly, such as a change of contact force, an assembly robot can be well informed of current conditions. The complex structure of assembly tasks provides a rich context within which to interpret changes of state, so simple binary sensors can conveniently supply a lot more information than in the domain of mobile robots. Guarded motions, for example, which require sensing a change of state, have long been recognised as very useful in part mating tasks. Guarded motions are particularly well suited to be components of assembly behavioural modules. In behaviour-based robotic assembly systems, the high level planner is endowed with as little complexity as possible while the low level planning execution agent deals with actual sensing and action. Highly reactive execution agents can provide advantages by encapsulating low level sensing and action, hiding the details of sensori-motor complexity from the higher levels. Because behaviour-based assembly systems emphasise the utility of this kind of quali¬ tative state-change sensor (as opposed to sensors which measure physical quantities), the robustness and utility of the Push Sensor was tested in an experimental behaviourbased system. An experimental task of pushing a ring along a convoluted stiff wire is chosen, in which the tactile sensors developed here are aided by vision. Three differ¬ ent methods of combining these different sensors within the general behaviour-based paradigm are implemented and compared. This exercise confirms the robustness and utility of the PVDF-based tactile sensors. We argue that the comparison suggests that for behaviour-based assembly systems using multiple concurrent sensor systems, bottom-level motor control in terms of force or velocity would be more appropriate than positional control. Behaviour-based systems have traditionally tried to avoid symbolic knowledge. Considering this in the light of the above work, it was found useful to develop a taxonomy of type of knowledge and refine the prohibition.

The goal of this thesis is to investigate the computer generation of various kinds of anaphors in Chinese, including zero, pronominal and nominal anaphors, from the se¬ mantic representation of multisentential text. The work is divided into two steps: the first is to investigate linguistic behaviour of Chinese anaphora, and the other is to implement the result of the first part in a Chinese natural language generation system to see how it works. The first step is in general to construct a set of rules governing the use of all kinds of anaphors. To achieve this, we performed a sequence of experiments in a stepwise refined manner. In the experiments, we examined the occurrence of anaphors in humangenerated text and those generated by algorithms employing the rules, assuming the same semantic and discourse structures as the text. We started by distinguishing between the use of zero and other anaphors, termed non-zeroes. Then we performed experiments to distinguish between pronouns and nominal anaphors within the nonzeroes. Finally, we refined the previous result to consider different kinds of descriptions for nominal anaphors. In this research we confine ourselves to descriptive texts. Three sets of test data consisting of scientific questions and answers and an introduction to Chinese grammar were selected. The rules we obtained from the experiments make use of the following conditions: locality between anaphor and antecedent, syntactic constraints on zero anaphors, discourse segment structures, salience of objects and animacy of objects. The results show that the anaphors generated by using the rules we obtained are very close to those in the real texts. To carry out the second step, we built up a Chinese natural language generation system which is able to generate descriptive texts. The system is divided into a strategic and a tactical component. The strategic component arranges message contents in response to the input goal into a well-organised hierarchical discourse structure by using a text planner. The tactical component takes the hierarchical discourse structure as input and produces surface sentences with punctuation marks inserted appropriately. Within the tactical component, the first task consists of linearising in depth-first order the message units in the discourse structure and mapping them into syntactic-oriented representations. Referring expressions, the main concern in this thesis, are generated within the mapping process. A linguistic realisation program is then invoked to convert the syntactic representation into surface strings in Chinese. After the implementation, we sent some generated texts to a number of native speakers of Chinese and compared human-created results and computer-generated text to investigate the quality of the generated anaphors. The results of the comparison show that the rules we obtained are effective in dealing with the generation of anaphors in Chinese.

The Hierarchical Architectural design and Simulation Environment (HASE)is intended as a flexible tool for computer architects who wish to experiment with alternative architectural configurations and design parameters. HASE is both a design environment and a simulator. Architecture components are described by a hierarchical library of objects defined in terms of an object oriented simulation language. HASE instantiates these objects to simulate and animate the execution of a computer architecture. An event trace generated by the simulator therefore describes the interaction between architecture components, for example, fetch stages, address and data buses, sequencers, instruction buffers and register files. The objects can model physical components at different abstraction levels, eg. PMS (processor memory switch), ISP (instruction set processor) and RTL (register transfer level). HASE applies the concepts of inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism associated with object orientation, to simplify the design and implementation of an architecture simulation that models component operations at different abstraction levels. For example, HASE can probe the performance of a processor's floating point unit, executing a multiplication operation, at a lower level of abstraction, i.e. the RTL, whilst simulating remaining architecture components at a PMS level of abstraction. By adopting this approach, HASE returns a more meaningful and relevant event trace from an architecture simulation. Furthermore, an animator visualises the simulation's event trace to clarify the collaborations and interactions between architecture components. The prototype version of HASE is based on GSS (Graphical Support System), and DEMOS (Discrete Event Modelling On Simula).

This thesis presents a case-based reasoning system (KICS) which can assist domain experts in interpreting building regulations in relaxation cases. In traditional legal decision support systems, it has been regarded as natural to represent legal rules in statutes in terms of If-Then decision rules and to link these rules to a separate case-based reasoning system for handling cases. However, we take a view that legal rules in the statutory regulations are the results of accumulation and generalisation of rulings made in case histories and this has led us to a unified case-based approach to handle both statutory regulations and cases. First, we propose a unified case-based model of regulatory information. In this model, regulatory information, i.e., legal rules from statutes and precedent cases, are represented as models, and interpretation hierarchies of legal rules are represented as abstraction hierarchies of models in the Model Knowledge Base. Actual cases are stored in the Case Library together with arguments debated. Background domain knowledge used in classifying input cases are represented as semantic networks and heuristic rules in the Domain Knowledge Base. Second, we propose to use case-based reasoning to access and maintain regulatory information. Models relevant to the input case are retrieved by identifying the level of abstraction at which the input case is described and by selecting models similar to the input case. If the input case is not compliant with the retrieved models, principles behind retrieved legal rules and previous similar cases are explained to the user and ask whether relaxation can be granted. Decision on relaxation is made by the user, and rulings made in cases in which relaxation is granted are acquired by generalising them and (if possible) combining them with existing models in the abstraction hierarchies. Third, we describe the results of the evaluation of the prototype system carried out using the Scottish building regulations and 22 appeals cases from the Building Direc¬ torate of The Scottish Office. The proposed framework has been successfully used to process 22 appeal cases and has been demonstrated to be a flexible and efficient index¬ ing mechanism. The evaluation with real-world cases has also suggested that, as the system moves towards the real-world environment, the retrieval algorithm needs to be refined and supplied with more domain-specific knowledge. The case-based approach proposed in this thesis provides a representational framework in which legal rules at various abstraction levels including principles or legislative intentions can be explicitly represented and used to provide explanation. It also allows both statutes and precedent cases to be integrated in one knowledge representation scheme. Therefore, up-to-date interpretation of regulations can be maintained by accumulating new rulings along with existing legal rules.

There has been much research interest in efficient implementations of the Committed Choice Non-Deterministic (CCND) logic languages on parallel computers. To take full advantage of the speed gains of parallel computers, methods need to be found to automatically distribute goals over the machine processors, ideally with as little involvement from the user as possible. In this thesis we explore some automatic goal distribution strategies for the execu¬ tion of the CCND languages on commercially available distributed memory parallel computers. There are two facets to the goal distribution strategies we have chosen to explore: DEMAND DRIVEN: An idle processor requests work from other processors. We describe two strategies in this class: one in which an idle processor asks only neighbouring processors for spare work, the nearest-neighbour strategy; and one where an idle processor may ask any other processor in the machine for spare work, the allprocessors strategy. WEIGHTS: Using a program analysis technique devised by Tick, weights are attached to goals; the weights can be used to order the goals so that they can be executed and distributed out in weighted order, possibly increasing performance. We describe a framework in which to implement and analyse goal distribution strategies, and then go on to describe experiments with demand driven strategies, both with and without weights. The experiments were made using two of our own implementations of Flat Guarded Horn Clauses — an interpreter and a WAM-like system — executing on a MEIKO T800 Transputer Array configured in a 2-D mesh topology. Analysis of the results show that the all-processors strategies are promising (AP-NW), adding weights had little positive effect on performance, and that nearest-neighbours strategies can reduce performance due to bad load balancing. We also describe some preliminary experiments for a variant of the AP-NW strategy: goals which suspend on one variable are sent to the processor that controls that variable, the processes-to-data strategy. And we briefly look at some preliminary results of executing programs on large numbers of processors (> 30).

This thesis describes a basis for applying causal reasoning to the problem domain of design. Causal reasoning covers one of the fundamental aspects of reasoning humans perform when dealing with dynamic change. Such temporal features prevail in design problems which aim to provide artefacts based on some desired behaviour. This thesis first investigates causal reasoning to develop a language with expressiveness for representation and reasoning about change and for application to design. The second half of the thesis describes how this can be used for simple design tasks. The language for causal reasoning is based on the logic CI introduced by Yoav Shoham. CI is a nonmonotonic temporal logic for prediction, which prefers those models which are chronologically more ignorant, i.e., if changes were to take place they should happen as late as possible. It was presented as a method for dealing with frame problems. In this thesis, a framework for abduction is suggested for CI. It assumes that certain states persist not only forward, but also backward. This thesis argues that it is often the case that reasoning about the past events is in fact reasoning about the events between two or more time points. Problems of such nature are referred to as interpolation problems, and this thesis describes a way of dealing with this class of problems by bidirectional sweeping, which performs reasoning forwards and backwards over the time range. The outcome of this operation is a plausible sequence of events that took place in that time range. This method of causal reasoning is applied to design problems; by focusing on how de¬ vices work, we develop the notion of behaviour oriented design which aims to achieve the desired behaviour of devices and their interactions with their surroundings. Es¬ sentially, the specification is provided as the sequences of events which are desired to happen by functioning of the device in the given environment. All the design knowl¬ edge involved is represented by causal theories of the language CI, which provides a mechanism to predict the performance of the current design. The comparison between the behavioural specification and the predicted model allows verification of designs and suggestions for modifications to them. The proposed design framework is useful for domains which involve dynamic change and in which design requirements can readily be expressed as temporal sequences of events.

Selected issues in the Scots international private law of sale, securities and insolvency are considered, with a view to establishing a tentative general theory of choice of law relative thereto, which could in turn be applied to further issues in the Scots international private law of property and that of other legal systems. The traditional analytical distinction between real and personal rights is applied in a specialised concrete manner in order to ascertain by each consecutive lex situs the real rights which have been created and extinguished in a given item of property. In a situation in which it becomes necessary to rank several rights in and to such an item of property, all extant rights therein and thereto are compared and evaluated relative to each other in accordance with the lex situs at that time, having been 'translated' for such purpose. This simple structure derives from the requirements of third party certainty in property law. The basic choice of law structure is qualified in situations in which it is appropriate to do so, without detracting significantly from requirements of third party certainty. Thus, for example, property issues arising between the parties to transactions are characterised in personal terms and subsidiary choice of law rules are suggested regarding 'mobile' property and in situations such as import transactions and in which several rights derive from the same legal system, concerning all of which the straightforward lex situs rule appears inappropriate. Such subsidiary rules preserve third party certainty by operating after initial permissive reference to the lex situs. Similar rules provide for coherent analysis of funds in an international context, and, in particular, funds arising on insolvency. Property is thus analysed initially in terms of individual items of property rather than in terms of ideal funds, with integration of funds analysis taking place at a later stage in the choice of law process. Further practical methods are discussed whereby differing objectives of laws, such as insolvency laws, may be attained without undue prejudice to third party certainty.

This study explores the relationship between mother and health visitor through their perceptions of a home visit. The aims are to describe the interaction on a routine home visit, compare the perceptions of the participants, and explore their contrasting views. Through this exploration the worth of home visits is demonstrated. The theoretical framework was based in thnomethodology, and multiple methods of data collection provided complementary data. Fifteen volunteer health visitors carried out a routine home visit to three primiparous mothers, with babies aged 2 to 6 months. This visit was tape recorded. Both client and health visitor were interviewed by the researcher, and were asked to complete a short questionnaire after the visit. There was a similarity of views about the visit and their relationship. Both participants judged a successful visit in terms of the client's response and satisfaction. To the health visitors, a good relationship was not necessary to carry out their work. To the clients, however, a good relationship was of prime importance. A non-authoritarian approach was much preferred. The interaction revealed a number of verbal strategies whereby the participants guided the interaction. Satisfaction does not depend on having similar aims and priorities for the visit. The health visitors, while possessing more power than they think they halve, use many strategies to ensure acceptability. The home visit is demonstrated as an interaction of some complexity, providing boundless possibilities for the exchange of information, with the client very much an equal participant. The research ends with recommendations for management, education, and practice, one of which is the use of a health visitor / client contract, which might effectively explain the service offered, and assist in forming good relationships.

The focus of this thesis is the growth of owner occupation in Edinburgh in the inter war period. The research used empirical data to test some of the theoretical debates about the relative importance of supply and demand factors in the growth of this tenure. Although Scotland had lower owner occupation rates and higher levels of council house building than England throughout this period, development in Edinburgh followed an English rather than a Scottish pattern. The reasons for this were investigated. A main aim of the thesis was to examine, using occupational data, how the processes which led to tenure change were class related. The amount of tenure change in pre -1918 housing and also the movement into new build housing in the three main tenures were investigated. The thesis focused in particular on the way in which Edinburgh Corporation influenced the growth of private sector housing in Edinburgh. This was contrasted with the situation in Glasgow, where the main housing development in this period was in the public sector. The data sources used were Edinburgh valuation rolls, the Register of Sasines and Edinburgh City Archives. The research concluded that the movement into owner occupation in the inter war period was class related and was dependent on income. However at a time when there were no particular tax advantages in owner occupation, and little chance of accumulation when selling a house, whether this tenure was chosen appeared to be dependent mainly on supply side decisions affecting the relative availability and desirability of both this and alternative tenures.

Iain MacNeacail of the Isle of Skye has been making songs since 1917, when he was fourteen years old; he still composes today. His style is that of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century bàird bhaile [township poets] who compose on a huge range of subjects. This dissertation explores the world of a Gaelic song- maker, largely in his own words through the use of tape recorded interviews and investigates his thoughts on his motives and his methods of composition. These aspects of song scholarship are under -researched in many cultures and though there are extensive collections of Gaelic songs available which allow study of the textual /musicological side, the maker's own perceptions of his work and the community's perception of their bard have been neglected. The picture that emerges is of a living village song -maker in the context of a community rich in song and cultural life, where villagers look to their local bards for articulation of their own feelings. Functional local song in its element operates on many levels. Chapter one is the biography of Iain MacNeacail, largely in his own words, which sets the scene and provides some historical background on north Skye itself. Chapter two describes the community social life, centering on the taigh céilidh [céilidh or visiting house] and other pastimes during the long winter months. Chapter three consists of an edition of MacNeacail song's, with notes and detailed transcriptions of interviews relating to their background and genesis. Chapter four elucidates the actual process of making a song: how they come to him, his conscious technique and his unconscious skill. Chapter five discusses the function of song in MacNeacail's Hebridean community. This ranges from amusement to revenge and protest and looks particularly at song as a form of response, whether to adversity, requests or questions. The functional aspect of song has changed dramatically since World War II; these changes and how MacNeacail has adapted to cope with them are discussed in some detail. The final chapter examines the song- maker's aesthetic: what poets he likes and why. MacNeacail views his world through a song- maker's eyes and everything is therefore interpreted in relation to and through the words of the great bards of the past that he admires so much and quotes so often. It concludes by examining others' and his own opinions of himself and his abilities. Iain MacNeacail's knowledge and experience provides a unique opportunity to record one of the last Gaelic bards reflecting upon his life, his art, and his role in tradition. These reflections, together with information gathered in further fieldwork, present a portrait of a type of village life once common in Gaelic society, but now rarely seen and even less frequently preserved.

The lexical development of second language learners can be seen to involve them in a process of recategorization. This is also a lifelong, though progressively attenuated, feature in the first language. For the second language learner, however, the process is complicated by the possibility of lexico-semantic interaction between the first and later languages learned. The lexical focus of the study is on the semantic domain of locomotion, which is seen in cognitive semantic terms as a realization of the Source-PathGoal schema. Talmy's typology of motion events provides the linguistic framework for the research programme. According to this typology, languages will tend to have a characteristic verb lexicalization pattern in which motion is conflated with either a Path or a Manner component. The language-learning context is one of learners of English as a second language in a multilingual African country - Kenya. The subjects in the study were drawn from three different first language communities — Luo, Nandi and Lunyore — the first two being Nilotic languages and the third a Bantu language. There were also two levels of L2 proficiency - intermediate and advanced. Four tasks were used to investigate the mental lexicon of the subjects in order to clarify the role of the Ll in lexical organization and use. Two tasks, involving story retelling and sentence completion, considered productive lexical usage and two, using sentence judging and card sorting, looked at receptive usage. Individual verb use was examined as well as Talmy's typology. The results support the view that the mother tongue does influence L2 vocabulary use, both receptive and productive, in quite subtle ways, such as lexicalization patterns, frequency of use of particular verbs, the understanding and acceptance of certain verbs. The influence will vary according to the nature of the task and between individuals. It also tends to decline with greater proficiency, although an established local variety of the L2 is likely to reinforce certain features.

Studies presented in this Thesis fall into four distinct groups: 1. Analytical characterizations have been made of the gum exudates from: (a) Eight species of the Series Gummiferae and Vulgares and three highly proteinaceous species of the Series Juliflorae of the genus Acacia; (b) Six species from the genus Leucaena which are chemically very close to gum arabic; (c) Nine specimens of gum obtained from Combretum nigricans growing in different locations; (d) Six A. senegal gum samples from Uganda and a further six "gum arabic" samples from different regions; (e) Seventeen species of gum exudates from 15 different genera such as Cassia grandis, Cercidium praecox, Parkia nitida, Prosopis chilensis, Sesbania sesban, Atalaya hemiglauca, Sclerocarya birrea, Pseudocedrela kotschyi, Senna nicaraguensis, etc.. 2. A study of some of the structural features of Combretum nigricans gum by Smith -degradation showed that uronic acid and rhamnose groups occur in internal locations within the overall structure, and not as end -groups as is the case in gum arabic (A. senegal). 3. Amino acid data and ¹³C NMR spectra are presented for various fractions of A. senegal gum and for some highly proteinaceous Acacia gums (e.g. A. difficilis, A. eriopoda, A. tumida). The effect of enzymes on these gums is reported. 4. ¹³C NMR spectra for thirty different gum exudates are presented to show the characteristic "fingerprint" patterns given by their polysaccharide structures. Information concerning their component monosaccharides, anomeric configurations, and linkages between the various sugar residues is given by spectrum analysis. This provides a most sensitive way to identify botanical species based on the total structure of exuded gums. The arabinose form (pyranose or furanose) and the various linkage configurations (α or ß) in the gum structures are important and directly affect the physico-chemical behaviour of gum exudates. Acacia gums in which rhamnose is absent (or nearly absent) generally have a large proportion of ß-L- arabinopyranose (A. seyal, A. sieberana, A. arabica gums etc.). The major arabinose form is α-L-arabinofuranose in gum arabic (A. senegal) whereas it is ß-L- arabinopyranose in gum tahla (A. seyal).

Research into a wide range of early Irish literature has yielded a large number of texts in which nature and the Sacred are clearly linked in some way. By comparing and contrasting these various nature texts with each other and with attitudes to nature in the Bible and elsewhere, it is possible to arrive at a basic understanding of the religious significance of nature in early Irish Christianity and, to some extent, in pre-christian Irish religion. The primal religions of Ireland and early Israel had many features in common. Both saw the land, water, trees, sun, fire and other aspects of nature as potentially revealing the presence and activity of the Divine. The term 'sacramental universe' is appropriate to both, and neither distinguished sharply between the spiritual and the physical. How did they come by this integrated world-view? There are of course theories of symbolism and sacramentology which one might p call upon in an attempt to explain the experience but such abstract conceptions belong to a different time and place. To say that they used their primal imagination is also to import ideas from another world, but at least they are ideas which have been formed in dialogue with surviving primal religions. Exactly what primal imagination is (as distinct from what it believes) and how it operates is another matter. It is none the less an important question. Did the people who approached the Divine in and through nature, address an external reality, or a projection, or a delusion or what? We asked similar questions in relation to the girls #10 claimed to have seen the fairywoman on Knockainy, but the answers are far from clear. What is clear however, is that in Ireland as in Israel, the life-giving energy of nature was seen as having a supernatural source or sources, upon which human beings were ultimately dependent. This was a cause of wonder and also of fear. Both cultures sometimes expressed a deep ambivalence towards the Divine. Yahweh and the deities of pre-christian Ireland represent very different conceptions of God and the cosmos. However, the primal imagination which we have seen at work in parts of the Hebrew Bible, together with the wealth of nature imagery found throughout the Bible as a whole, may have helped the early Irish Christians to retain some of their own traditional attitudes towards nature, as they made the transition from a primal to a more universal faith.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the acute phase protein (C-reactive protein) as a possible diagnostic aid in periodontal disease activity using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum, and to investigate the value of measuring CRP in predicting periodontal disease activity. Fifty-four patients with chronic periodontitis and twenty five healthy dental students (controls) from Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School were recruited for the study, and were seen at two months intervals over one year. Clinical parameters were recorded, microbiological samples taken and biological fluids sampled at each of the six examinations over the study period. GCF, saliva and serum samples were analysed for CRP levels using a modified ELISA technique developed during the study. The clinical, microbiological and CRP data was subjected to statistical analysis using a general statistic package. The results confirm the presence of CRP in GCF for both the patient and control groups, and this is the first report for CRP being present in GCF. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between attachment level change and changes in CRP levels for both short and long term. However, within the limitations of this study, CRP levels in GCF failed to predict periodontal disease activity as measured by attachment level loss. It is concluded that CRP is present in GCF and that its level in GCF is significantly associated with attachment level change. The level of CRP in GCF cannot be used as a diagnostic aid in predicting periodontal disease activity over a period of two months or one year. It is suggested that further investigation should be carried out to monitor CRP levels within a very short time period as the level rapidly increases during chronic inflammation and rapidly returns to a normal level when the inflammatory stimulus subsides.

The purpose of this study has been to provide clinicians with a simple low cost system for gnathosonic investigation in the dental surgery, instead of referring patients to specialist centres. Hitherto the literature describing the sounds made by occlusion of the teeth has offered many conflicting hypotheses as to the relationship between the sounds produced and the condition of the gnathic system. Many techniques developed to investigate factors involved in tooth vibration or impact are cumbersome and time consuming. The simple system developed in this work is based on fast digital capture using an inexpensive microcomputer of a type commonly found in the home. Specific software has been developed to capture and manipulate the transient signals generated by tooth and other impacts. As part of the study the software has been rigorously verified for timings, frequency limits and program errors, and has been validated using both mathematically generated and other control signals such as those provided by a signal generator. The system has been used both in vitro and in vivo to investigate the manner in which shock waves from tooth impacts are received after transmission through the body structures. A meaningful interpretation of the data recorded has been established, although it has had to be accepted that scientific analysis of shock wave propagation through tissue requires further investigation and is beyond the scope of this work. In addition to sounds generated by occlusion of the teeth, sounds made by the percussion of implants set into the maxilla and mandible have also been recorded, on the assumption that serial recordings taken from the time of insertion could indicate integration or give early warning of failure. The technique of digital signal capture has been applied elsewhere in the body, for example sounds made by both natural and artificial joints. This limited study indicates that the developed system may have much wider application than gnathosonic measurement alone. It is suggested that the differing results of many researchers into gnathosonics may be due to lack of standardisation of the sensors and other equipment employed, and to misinterpretation of the sound recordings of the occlusion of the teeth. It is proposed that certain parameters should be established in the field of gnathosonics, particularly in regard to the sensors and recording apparatus. It is only then that the results from serial sessions, and the work of different investigators will stand comparison.

The electronic configurations of molecular states of iodine are studied through the Optical- Optical Double Resonance excitation of the ion pair states in low vibrational levels. The two photon OODR excitation of ungerade IP states from the gerade ground state is rationalised and the strength of u/g coupling at the intermediate step interpreted in terms of a hyperfine interaction first described by Broyer et al. The potential function of the cl₉(ab) gerade coupling partner in the hyperfine Hamiltonian is derived, along with the lowest levels of a new IP state in the second cluster, the H1ᵤ(2) state. An OODR excitation scheme for populating the Oᵤ⁻(2) IP state is proposed and the dominant component of the cl₉(ab) state configuration is found for R≈5.5Å. A rationalisation for the observed energy ordering of the states within an ion pair cluster is proposed. The radiative lifetimes of nine IP states in low vibrational levels are determined and combined with the relative fluorescent intensities of the IP→Valence charge transfer transitions to derive the Einstein A-coefficients for all the strong transitions from these IP states. A theoretical model is developed in terms of a separated atom description for the electronic configurations of these states and is used to predict the relative dipole strengths of the IP→Valence transitions. The Einstein A-coefficients are then interpreted to give the electronic configurations of the IP states around Rₑᴵᴾ and the relative strengths of the transition dipoles for Pα ↔ Pα, and pπ ↔ pπ electron transfer between ionic centres. A significant difference from the free ion configurations is found with the lowest energy IP states of a given symmetry adopting as low a pα occupancy at the cationic centre as the inter-electron repulsion and spin -orbit energies will allow. This stabilisation is driven by the field gradient due to the anionic charge. The model for the charge transfer transition accounts for the large difference in the summed dipole strengths that is observed for some u/g pairs, even though they have closely similar electronic configurations, and using this model the radiative intensities are shown to be consistent with results from other techniques that probe the electronic structure of IP states. The transition dipole function for the F0ᵤ⁺ (2) ---> X0₉⁺(aa) transition is established over the range 3.13≤R≤4.12Å and its form interpreted in terms of the same electron transfer model. The inferred changes in the electronic configuration of the F0ú (2) state with internuclear separation are shown to be consistent with experimental results for related transitions and with ab initio calculations from other research groups.

The involvement of ethylene, (C₂H₄) in the formation and persistence of legume root nodules, and its interaction with carbon dioxide, (CO₂) have been studied in three different legume species, namely, pea (Pisum sativum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). This work was undertaken because of the possible connection between tolerance to ethylene in the root zone and tolerance to waterlogging. Two different techniques for root aeration were employed: a 'constant flow - through' system and a 'closed -vessel' (recirculatory) system. In the constant flow -through system, legume roots were exposed to an air -stream containing 0, 0.11, 0.33, and 1 ppm of C₂H₄. In the closed -vessel system C₂H₄ and /or CO₂ produced by the roots were allowed to accumulate around them. Exogenous C₂H₄ at 1 ppm significantly inhibited root -nodule formation in pea and bean. Nodule fresh weight (individual and total), nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin content per plant were significantly reduced. Total N accumulation in the shoots and shoot dry weight per plant were also significantly lower than in the other treatments. However, root dry weight and primary root length were not significantly affected in either species. Significant positive correlations were observed between leghaemoglobin content and nodule fresh weight per plant, nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin, total N accumulation in the shoots and nitrogenase activity, and root dry weight and total nodule fresh weight. Shoot N concentration, on the other hand, was negatively correlated with shoot dry weight and total nodule fresh weight. No comparable effect of 1 ppm C₂H₄ on the lentil cultivar, which is known to be moderately waterlogging tolerant, was observed. Similar results were observed in the closed- vessel experiments, where C₂H₄ (produced by the plant roots) reached concentrations of 0.6 -0.8 ppm. Carbon dioxide (0.6 -1 %) in the root atmosphere of pea and bean plants caused an increase in individual and total nodule fresh weight and the nitrogenase activity of the nodules. However, increased CO₂ in the root atmosphere did not significantly increase total N accumulation and shoot dry weight in pea. Again, no significant effect was observed with lentil. No significant interactions between C₂H₄ and CO₂ were observed in either experimental system. Comparisons of a range of bean cultivars in sealed vessels showed large differences in the amounts of C₂H₄ produced by the root systems. Abnormal shoot growth and defoliation occurred when the endogenous C₂H₄ was allowed to accumulate, suggesting that it was at least partly responsible for the effects. The relationship between sensitivity to C₂H₄ of different species and cultivars, and tolerance to waterlogging is discussed.

Cricket, Class and Colonialism examines the relationship between two elite cricket clubs (the Marylebone and Melbourne CCs), the process of class formation and the control of cricket. To this end it examines the personnel on the executive committees of the two institutions as well as the interaction between the clubs and other institutions involved in the running of the game. The thesis is divided into three sections. The first is an introduction to the historiography of class and sports as well as an examination of the nature of the ideology of cricket. The second deals with the Marylebone CC and comprises of an examination of the committee of the club and the importance that this had to the development and control of the game in Britain and its empire. The third and final section is a corresponding study of the Melbourne CC. The thesis establishes that in both cases the control of the club was placed in the hands of members of the dominant class. Equally the thesis is one of the first examinations of the role of clubs within cricket. Clubs are central social institutions in the framework of sport and they function both as a producer of sport and also as a forum for conviviality. The thesis demonstrates that cricket was used by members of the dominant class to secure or challenge cohesion within its own ranks. It was therefore part of the creation and maintenance of the class structure. Thus the Marylebone CC became one of the foci for the London Season, making membership a socially prestigious badge and strengthening its claims to control cricket. The Melbourne CC used cricket to establish its predominance as a social institution within Victoria and Australia. Both clubs 'invented' their own traditions. They built up mythologies designed to reinforce their position within the organisational structure of cricket. These traditions operated within the confines of the ideology of cricket but also developed from the social composition of the membership. Neither club was overly interested in the ideology of cricket functioning as a weapon of hegemony over a subordinate class. They were more interested in gaining paramount position within their own class. With the Marylebone the traditions were founded on a degree of reality. They were able to use these traditions combined with their own social background to take over the running of cricket. With the Melbourne CC, matters were more complex. The social structure of Australia was more fluid and the dominant class more fragmented. They faced challenges from other organisations from similar class backgrounds who felt that they had an equal right to control cricket. In the end it is possible to see that the traditions that the Marylebone CC deployed were more successful and more complete. The Melbourne CC on the other hand continually faced contestation. Their traditions were only accepted by a few groups within the. dominant class. They were therefore unable to act as a focus in the same way, although they attempted to do so. This thesis shows that cricket could have different meanings for different people. The Australian meaning is specifically different to the English meaning. Sections of the subordinate class might find completely different meanings or no meanings at all. This is perhaps the result of the cultural nature of cricket. The game could be re-invented by groups to serve their own cultural purposes. As it is the meanings that the Melbourne CC imposed on cricket were distinctly similar to the Marylebone interpretation. Nevertheless the game could take on specific usages in the Melburnian context that would have been unthought of in England.

This thesis is an attempt to analyse the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice in the review of safeguard measures in the European Community. The safeguard measures considered are the Community's anti-dumping and anti-subsidy rules under Regulation 2423/88, safeguard measures under Regulation 288/82 and rules to combat illicit commercial practices under Regulation 2641/84. These instruments are part of the European Community's arsenal designed to counteract unfair trade practices of Third Countries. Emphasis is placed on the anti-dumping rules given that the measures imposing anti-dumping duties are most frequently challenged before the Court. The thesis begins with a synopsis of the Community's competence to deal exclusively with these matters. The respective roles of the Community authorities and the Member States in the adoption of protective measures is also considered. In order to understand the rationale of the Court's rulings in cases involving safeguard measures each of the instruments are viewed from an international and European perspective. The latter involves an analysis of the Community's legislation with respect to the substantive and procedural rules governing the imposition of protective measures to combat unfair trade practices of Third Countries. Having placed the safeguard measures in their proper perspective, judicial review by the Court is viewed first from the standpoint of an applicant's locus standi or standing to challenge a Community act imposing protective measures. If an applicant has locus standi he may apply to the Court for an award of interim measures pending the outcome of the main application. The rules relating to such awards are considered and the Court's rulings in cases involving safeguard measures are analysed. Judicial review 'proper' in the sense of the Court's review of the merits of the cases that have come before it to date are considered in the light of the grounds of review in Article 173 of the EEC Treaty. This final chapter attempts to determine the extent to which the Court is prepared to review the findings of the authorities upon which the measures were adopted.

This study examines the problems of theodicy and creation in the book of Job through an exploration of some of its most important images and exegesis of the principal passages in which they occur. Four main areas of imagery: Death, the Chaos Monster, Creation and Law are explored, drawing on illustrative material especially from other parts of the Old Testament and from the Ugaritic texts. An introductory chapter sets out the guidelines for the study and analyses the relationship of imagery to mythology and Theology. It is argued that the problem of evil and suffering in Job is inextricably linked with the doctrine of creation and the legal framework of the heavenly court in which the book is set. Chapters 2-7 explore the images of Death and Supernatural evil. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the theme of Death and argue that contextually, linguistically and thematically Behemoth is to be identified with Mot, god of Death. Chapters 4 and 5 make a similar analysis of the Leviathan figure and argue his identity with the Satan of the Prose Tale. Annotated translations and detailed exegeses of the Behemoth passage (Ch. 40:15-24) and the Leviathan passage (Ch. 40:25-Ch. 41:26) form a major part of the argument. Chapter 6 looks at the figure of Rahab and briefly comments on Apocryphal and Rabbinic treatments of the subject. Chapter 7 discusses the imagery of the sea and the sea god. Chapters 8 and 9 examine the basic framework in which these images operate. Chapter 8 looks at Creation Imagery, exploring especially Job Chapters 28 and 39. Chapter 9 looks at legal imagery through an analysis of the 'witness' passages in Chapters 9, 16 and 19, with an annotated translation of the go'el passage (Ch. 19:20-27). Chapter 10 suggests three areas in which the study could be taken further: the study of the book of Job itself; issues in Old Testament Theology and areas of Pastoral Theology.

Ilya Repin (1844 -1930) was the leading member of the Russian realist school, the Peredvizhniki, widely regarded as the finest, and undoubtedly the most celebrated, painter of his generation. His artistic legacy has, however, long suffered both from a partisan brand of Soviet art history, which seeks to confirm his standing as a precursor of the propagandist school of Socialist Realism, and a Western disregard of the Peredvizhniki, based on misconceptions regarding their motives. In the East a continual stress on the socio- political nature of subject matter: content, ideology, meaning, has occasioned a lack of regard for aesthetic considerations, superfluous to the utilitarianism of Soviet art, whilst acceptance of this view in the West, during a century preoccupied with the non -narrative aspects of visual creation, has seen Repin stigmatised as an artistic ideologue, indifferent to formal considerations, and therefore of small importance to the history of 19th century art. Repin's inconsistent, often contradictory views on the aims and nature of art, have assisted the efforts of hagiographers and detractors alike, but these twin biases, which have long shadowed Russian art, have in Repin's case badly served a long and complex career by dint of crude or fallacious labelling. This thesis aims to seek a more judicious appreciation of Repin's worth through a comprehensive survey of his life and work, utilising as reference points the twin constituents of painting, form and content, which find reflection in the East /West proclivity towards ideology and aesthetics. The first chapter deals with Repin's early development, from his birth in 1844 into a provincial military settlement, to his enrolment in 1864 at the Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg, and considers the relative influences of the Academy, the secessionist Artel based around Ivan Kramskoy, and the emerging Peredvizhniki. Chapter 2 covers Repin's residency in Paris, 1873 -1876, a period of conflicting interests during which his allegiance to the nascent Russian school of critical realism was called into question by contact with Western art. The central chapters, 3-6, consider the chief genres within Repin's output: history painting, scenes from contemporary life, political themes, and portraiture, and consider to what degree ideological and formal considerations shaped his mature work. Chapter 7 deals with reactions to artistic innovations from the 1890s onwards, a period of avowed aestheticism on Repin's part, which saw his resignation from the Peredvizhniki, transference to the reformed Academy, and a brief liaison with Diaghilev's Mir iskusstva, but which ended in acrimonious public disputes with the forces of 'modernism'. Chapter 8 is devoted to the last decades of Repin's life, spent on his estate on the Finnish Gulf, a period of physical decline and post-Revolutionary isolation, during which he worked obsessively on recurrent themes with a discernibly freer style. The concluding chapter considers some of the East /West uses, abuses, and misunderstandings which have dogged Repin's work, before assessing the strengths and weaknesses, consistencies and contradictions within his oeuvre, based on the findings of previous chapters.

Much interest has been shown recently in the components of the surfaces of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the mammalian retina and in the constituents of the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) which interact with the surfaces of the photoreceptor cells. Such molecules are likely to assist in- maintaining the structures of the photoreceptor cells and /or to have functional roles in the continual interactions between the pigmented epithelium cell layer and the neural retina. Abnormalities in the composition of such molecules may lead to disease states in which such structures and functions have broken down. One approach to identifying constituents of the surfaces of cells is to use cell -specific probes in the form of monoclonal antibodies which can be raised against cell- specific surface molecules, and may be used to identify these molecules and to allow comparisons to be made between normal and diseased tissue. Mice immunised with partially purified surface molecules of photoreceptor outer segments or with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N- terminus of a cone -specific rhodopsin -like protein, gave rise to the production of monoclonal antibodies with only general immunoreactivity against the retina. Immunisation with interphotor-eceptor matrix or crude photoreceptor outer segment preparations resulted in the production of hybridomas which secreted monoclonal antibodies 1001.A1 and .1001.A3. 100l.A1 binds to the interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP), associated with the rod photoreceptor cells and the IPM, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and by Western blotting and dot blotting of IPM and purified IRBP. 1001.A3 binds a soluble high molecular weight chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan. Immunohistochemistry indicated the antigen to be present in the form of distinct sheath -like structures surrounding the photoreceptor cells. Gel filtration chromatography both in native conditions and in the presence of guanidinium chloride showed the antigen to have an apparent molecular mass of greater than 2000kDaltons and indicated the antigen was not a loosely associated aggregate of smaller components. Binding of .1007.A3 to fixed tissue sections of the bovine retina was completely abolished by their prior treatment with either chondroitinase ABC, chondroitinase AC, hyaluronidase (testicular) or trypsin. Prior treatment of tissue sections with either heparinase or neuraminidase had no effect on binding. Treatment of tissue sections with hyaluronidase (Streptomyces) had no effect on the ability of 1001.A3 to bind, but the structure of the antigen was altered. The sheath -like structure surrounding the photoreceptors was broken down and immunoreactivity was seen in the same area of the 1PM, adjacent to the photoreceptors but with no defined structure. In conclusion, the antigen is a chondroitin sulphate molecule which is associated with hyaluronic acid molecules and which together form a defined sheath -like structure surrounding the photoreceptor cells.

i. The effect of' Inbreeding on the Variation due to Recessive Genes | by A. Robertson • ii. A mathematical treatment of genetical recombination, using a four-strand model | by T. C. Carter & Alan Robertson • iii. The extent of selection for milk yield in dairy cattle | by J. M, Rendel, A. Robertson and K, Alim •

Situated to the east of the subcontinent of India and to the south of the People's Republic of China, 'Monsoon Asia' _comprises nine independent countries of diverse setting and background whose climates are dominated by large scale seasonal reversals of wind direction and have a common denominator in the distinctive seasonal rhythm of their climates. 'Within the context of setting and background the author examines each country's archaeological and architectural heritage, causes of decay, conservation policies and programmes and conservation framework. These nine 'National Profiles' are preceded by an outline of the 'Monsoon Asian Setting' and a 'Comparative Analysis' of the situation prevailing within the study area. These three parts, which together form the main body of the thesis, are augmented by a detailed bibliography and glossary and comprehensive appendices. In consultation with the International Centre for Conservation (ICCROM) Rome, the author compiled a detailed questionnaire that was circulated to 'National Conservation Agencies' in advance of undertaking local research and fieldwork. Because of the military situation prevailing in 1974 the author was unable to visit the countries of Indochina. As a result of his six -year research programme (1972 -78) the author concludes : (1) that Monsoon Asia's unique cultural heritage is endangered as much by the actions of man as of nature; (2) that the successful_ resolution of the problem is accordingly dependent as much upon 'cultural' as 'technical' policies and programmes; (3) that the necessary framework already exists within Monsoon Asia but that inadequate financing severely restricts the availability of technical and manpower resources; and (4) that 'self help' regional programmes, such as the SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA), hold the greatest future promise.

The use of performance testing in physical education tends to be based on subjective divisions of human function into qualities such as strength, speed, agility etc. All these qualities depend on the same metabolic process and the intention of this study was to determine whether it was possible to predict the capacity of this metabolic process from performance tests which are widely used in physical education. Anaerobic power and relative anaerobic power was measured in 88 female physical education students and data on 50 metre run time, 50 metre shuttle run time, basketball throw, vertical jump and anthropometric measurements was collected from the same sample. A further group of subjects was used to determine the effect of motivation on the power test results. The S.C.S.S. computer package was used to determine the following regression equations: anaerobic power = 1.202 (weight) Kg. - 5.198 (50 metre run time) sec. + 40.526 (vertical jump distance) m. + 40.477. relative anaerobic power = .562 (vertical jump distance) m. - .081 (50 metre run time) sec. - .018 (50 metre shuttle run time) sec, + 2.152. There was no evidence that motivation substantially affected performance on the power test.

Although the administration of the Dick Bequest has been the main pre-occupation of this thesis the Bequest was a force for educational reform beyond the material circumstances of the schoolmaster. The Report for 1854 took stock of the situation prevailing in the schools and showed that the Trustees saw themselves as advocates of educational improvement over and above the measurable objectives of the first twenty years. The changing political circumstances of the nineteenth century convinced Menzies of the need for a liberal educational response. Formerly there had been too little regard for "the inherent claims of humanity to the highest culture of the powers of every member of society ". He recognised that in the era of increased political awareness and the progressive extension of the franchise education was vital and of all the means for giving a salutory influence to extended privilege, the most obvious and effective is to raise the intellectual and moral condition of those upon whom political power has thus been conferred ". While Menzies was hopeful that the traditional religious character of the Parish School would act as an antidote to "democratic license" he nonetheless acknowledged that a society with representative government required the schools to produce "reflecting characters capable of appreciating, while they discharge, the responsible trust devolved upon them - capable of forming a discriminating judgement ". To achieve this laudable goal the schools were recommended to concentrate on forming the capacity for independent action among the pupils rather than measuring a good education by the amount of information acquired. The schools had to "breathe an elevated spirit and be animated by a high intellectual activity ". That improvements along these lines occurred in the parish schools of the North East during the middle and later nineteenth century was largely due to the influence of the Dick Bequest. The teacher, as the source of all "the creative power of the school" was the principal target of the reforming activity. The operation of the dividend encouraged the schoolmasters scholarship and teaching skills but the Trustees also emphasised the need for moral worth and a sympathy for the pupils. In the Report of 1854 the characteristics felt to be desirable in a teacher were set out at great length. The views of Luther, Niebuhr and Arnold, among others, were cited "more fully than would have been requisite, had there been reason to suppose that the work of those writers were generally or readily accessible to those for whom this report is intended ". After twenty years, during which. the main weaknesses of the parochial system had been eliminated, the managers of the Bequest were in a position to turn their attention to the nature and purpose of education. The Report illustrates this in the concentration on the philosophical context of education which had become possible with the attainment of the material objectives of the early years. The discipline prevailing in most Scottish schools was held up for reconsideration. The Trustees maintained that it was more than a matter of good order. Their view that discipline could only really come from the development of independent moral principles in the pupils must have seemed dangerously idealistic to many parish dominies. However, the suggestion that the atmosphere of the school should be one of "LOVE and TRUTH and PIETY" (Menzies' capitals) was not left as a naive statement of faith as so often occurs in educational writing. Menzies systematically set out the advantages of cultivating a sense of duty in the children and the disadvantages of severe punishments. The habitual sternness of the Scottish schoolmaster, it was felt, had to be modified for "there is no room for the kindly growth of a child's native powers under the depressing influence of a Teacher's asperity of language or manner ". A more universal attention to the needs of all those in school was also recommended in 1854. The lower pupils were not to be neglected and teachers were urged to remember that it was upon the less academic "principally that education will bestow its marvellous blessing ". The teacher who continually passed over the ordinary pupils to deal with the Latin scholars ran the risk of creating a sense of discouragement in "intelligent boys of being set down as incapable ". Similar observations were made about the need to pay particular attention to the needs of the younger children who were just beginning in school. The suggestion was made that the operational efficiency of the schools could be improved still further if teachers could be persuaded that pedagogic training was an essential preparation for the office. This insistence on the value of training was in keeping with the long established policy of the Bequest and on many occasions the payment of an allowance had been conditional upon the recipient's attendance at the Normal School. In commending Professor Pillans' 'Principles of Elementary Education' and citing the experiences of Cuvier in Holland who insisted on proper attention being given to the humblest details of school administration, Menzies hoped to make the traditionally academic schoolmaster of the North East more alert to the fundamentals of good organisation. Laurie's observation in the 1860's that many teachers in the area were still unaware of the value of a timetable would suggest that the teachers were resistant to the training that was recommended. Pressure from the Dick Bequest was the principal reason why the 'intellectual method' had come to be accepted as the normal practice in the parish schools. The old method of reading without understanding and handling numbers without an awareness of the principles had become virtually a thing of the past. This was markedly different from the early years when the Visitation Reports had noted many occasions when children read fluently passages of which they had not the slightest comprehension. Between 1833 and 1853 the improvement in the quality of the education offered showed itself in the increased numbers to whom Grammar and Geography were taught, in the introduction of graduated series of schoolbooks, and in the teaching of Mathematics and Latin to more pupils in a more efficient manner. The foundations laid in the first twenty years of the Bequest ti ere the basis for the elevation of the work of the parish schools which enabled Sellar and Maxwell to record in their report to the Education Commissioners in 1866 "that the teachers are more highly educated, and that the whole tone of the parochial school is higher in these counties where the Bequest applies than in any other part of Scotland ". The Endowed Institutions Commission in 1878 revealed that of the 205 graduate teachers in Scottish elementary schools no less than 134 were in the Bequest area. It was also noted that of 1,507 pupils studying the higher branches beyond the third stage 408 were in the Bequest schools; similarly 198 of the 574 pupils in the elementary schools who were preparing for the university were in the three counties. (4) Without the careful management and enlightened policies of Menzies and the Trustees in the early years it is unlikely that the Bequest would ever have developed such a commanding influence. James Dick had intended that his legacy should "form a fund for the benefit of that neglected, though useful class of men ", the Parish Schoolmasters, "and to add to their present trifling salaries ". The distribution was to be made in such a way as would "encourage active schoolmasters" and gradually improve their literary character while "taking care that the common branches of education are properly attended to ". All these things and much more the Dick Bequest did and, in so doing, made the schools of the three counties the epitome of the parochial system.