141 results on '"Annette W. Fothergill"'
Search Results
102. Activity of antibiotics against Fusarium and Aspergillus
- Author
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Shelley Day, Sara J. Haug, Thomas M. Lietman, Namperumalsamy Venkatesh Prajna, Stephen D. McLeod, Annette W. Fothergill, Nisha R. Acharya, Rajendran Vijayakumar, Vicky Cevallos, and Prajna Lalitha
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Fusarium ,Male ,Antifungal Agents ,India ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pharmacology ,Article ,Microbiology ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Natamycin ,Moxifloxacin ,Drug Resistance, Fungal ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Tobramycin ,Aspergillosis ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Corneal Ulcer ,Aspergillus ,biology ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Eye infection ,biology.organism_classification ,Sensory Systems ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Ophthalmology ,Mycoses ,Female ,biological phenomena, cell phenomena, and immunity ,business ,Eye Infections, Fungal ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background/aims: To study the susceptibility of Fusarium and Aspergillus isolated from keratitis to amoxicillin, cefazolin, chloramphenicol, moxifloxacin, tobramycin and benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Methods: 10 isolates of Fusarium and 10 isolates of Aspergillus from cases of fungal keratitis at Aravind Eye Hospital in South India were tested using microbroth dilution for susceptibility to amoxicillin, cefazolin, chloramphenicol, moxifloxacin, tobramycin and BAK. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) median and 90th percentile were determined. Results: BAK had the lowest MIC for both Fusarium and Aspergillus . Chloramphenicol had activity against both Fusarium and Aspergillus , while moxifloxacin and tobramycin had activity against Fusarium but not Aspergillus . Conclusions: The susceptibility of Fusarium to tobramycin, moxifloxacin, chloramphenicol and BAK and of Aspergillus to chloramphenicol and BAK may explain anecdotal reports of fungal ulcers that improved with antibiotic treatment alone. While some of the MICs of antibiotics and BAK are lower than the typically prescribed concentrations, they are not in the range of antifungal agents such as voriconazole, natamycin and amphotericin B. Antibiotics may, however, have a modest effect on Fusarium and Aspergillus when used as initial treatment prior to identification of the pathological organism.
- Published
- 2008
103. Molecular Phylogenetic Diversity, Multilocus Haplotype Nomenclature, and In Vitro Antifungal Resistance within the Fusarium solani Species Complex▿
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Deanna A. Sutton, Ning Zhang, Dora I. McCarthy, Annette W. Fothergill, David M. Geiser, Kerry O'Donnell, and Mary E. Brandt
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Microbiology (medical) ,Species complex ,Antifungal Agents ,Genotype ,Genes, Fungal ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Animals, Wild ,Mycology ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,Fungal Proteins ,Peptide Elongation Factor 1 ,Fusarium ,Phylogenetics ,Drug Resistance, Fungal ,Terminology as Topic ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,Internal transcribed spacer ,Clade ,DNA, Fungal ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,Genetic diversity ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Phylogenetic tree ,Genes, rRNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Ribosomal RNA ,Phylogenetic diversity ,Protein Subunits ,Haplotypes ,Mycoses ,Animals, Domestic ,RNA Polymerase II - Abstract
Members of the species-richFusarium solanispecies complex (FSSC) are responsible for approximately two-thirds all fusarioses of humans and other animals. In addition, many economically important phytopathogenic species are nested within this complex. Due to their increasing clinical relevance and because most of the human pathogenic and plant pathogenic FSSC lack Latin binomials, we have extended the multilocus haplotype nomenclatural system introduced in a previous study (D. C. Chang, G. B. Grant, K. O'Donnell, K. A. Wannemuehler, J. Noble-Wang, C. Y. Rao, L. M. Jacobson, C. S. Crowell, R. S. Sneed, F. M. T. Lewis, J. K. Schaffzin, M. A. Kainer, C. A. Genese, E. C. Alfonso, D. B. Jones, A. Srinivasan, S. K. Fridkin, and B. J. Park, JAMA 296:953-963, 2006) to all 34 species within the medically important FSSC clade 3 to facilitate global epidemiological studies. The typing scheme is based on polymorphisms in portions of the following three genes: the internal transcribed spacer region and domains D1 plus D2 of the nuclear large-subunit rRNA, the translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene (EF-1α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2). Of the 251 isolates subjected to multilocus DNA sequence typing, 191 sequence types were differentiated, and these were distributed among three strongly supported clades designated 1, 2, and 3. All of the mycosis-associated isolates were restricted to FSSC clade 3, as previously reported (N. Zhang, K. O'Donnell, D. A. Sutton, F. A Nalim, R. C. Summerbell, A. A. Padhye, and D. M. Geiser, J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:2186-2190, 2006), and these represent at least 20 phylogenetically distinct species. Analyses of the combined DNA sequence data by use of two separate phylogenetic methods yielded the most robust hypothesis of evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity within the FSSC to date. The in vitro activities of 10 antifungals tested against 19 isolates representing 18 species that span the breadth of the FSSC phylogeny show that members of this complex are broadly resistant to these drugs.
- Published
- 2008
104. ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of a Carbohydrate Ring-Expanded Pyranosyl Nucleoside Analogue of Nikkomycin B
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Annette W. Fothergill, Michael G. Rinaldi, Christina S. Stauffer, Apurba Datta, and Pushpal Bhaket
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nucleoside analogue ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Stereochemistry ,Antibiotics ,Total synthesis ,General Medicine ,Carbohydrate ,In vitro ,Amino acid ,medicine ,Stereoselectivity ,Nucleoside ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In a study aimed at investigating an as yet unknown structure-activity relationship of the nikkomycin family of antifungal peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics, the present research reports the synthesis and antifungal evaluation of a carbohydrate ring-expanded pyranosyl nucleoside analogue of nikkomycin B. Employing a convergent synthetic route, independent synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid side chain and a stereoselective de novo construction of the desired pyranosyl nucleoside amino acid fragment was followed by peptidic coupling of the two components, leading to the first synthesis of a carbohydrate ring-enlarged pyranosyl nikkomycin B analogue. In vitro biological evaluation of the above analogue against a variety of human pathogenic fungi demonstrated significant antifungal activity against several fungal strains of clinical significance.
- Published
- 2008
105. Infections Caused by Scedosporium spp
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Charalampos Antachopoulos, Karoll J. Cortez, Jeffrey Milanovich, Wendy Buchanan, Flavio Quiroz-Telles, Emmanuel Roilides, Joseph Meletiadis, Theoklis E. Zaoutis, Yvonne R. Shea, Thomas J. Walsh, Michael G. Rinaldi, Shyam Kottilil, Deanna A. Sutton, Annette W. Fothergill, and Tena A. Knudsen
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Microbiology (medical) ,Antifungal Agents ,Epidemiology ,Scedosporium boydii ,Reviews ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Microbiology ,Scedosporium ,Immunocompromised Host ,Central Nervous System Fungal Infections ,Administration, Inhalation ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Phylogeny ,Hyalohyphomycosis ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,Scedosporium prolificans ,Arthritis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Scedosporium apiospermum ,Pseudallescheria ,Biodiversity ,Eye infection ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Bone Diseases, Infectious ,Pseudallescheria boydii ,Infectious Diseases ,Mycetoma ,Immunology ,Eye Infections, Fungal ,Immunosuppressive Agents - Abstract
SUMMARY Scedosporium spp. are increasingly recognized as causes of resistant life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Scedosporium spp. also cause a wide spectrum of conditions, including mycetoma, saprobic involvement and colonization of the airways, sinopulmonary infections, extrapulmonary localized infections, and disseminated infections. Invasive scedosporium infections are also associated with central nervous infection following near-drowning accidents. The most common sites of infection are the lungs, sinuses, bones, joints, eyes, and brain. Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans are the two principal medically important species of this genus. Pseudallescheria boydii , the teleomorph of S. apiospermum , is recognized by the presence of cleistothecia. Recent advances in molecular taxonomy have advanced the understanding of the genus Scedosporium and have demonstrated a wider range of species than heretofore recognized. Studies of the pathogenesis of and immune response to Scedosporium spp. underscore the importance of innate host defenses in protection against these organisms. Microbiological diagnosis of Scedosporium spp. currently depends upon culture and morphological characterization. Molecular tools for clinical microbiological detection of Scedosporium spp. are currently investigational. Infections caused by S. apiospermum and P. boydii in patients and animals may respond to antifungal triazoles. By comparison, infections caused by S. prolificans seldom respond to medical therapy alone. Surgery and reversal of immunosuppression may be the only effective therapeutic options for infections caused by S. prolificans .
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- 2008
106. Cokeromyces recurvatus Poitras, a distinctive zygomycete and potential pathogen: Criteria for identification
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Annette W. Fothergill, and D A McGough
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Microbiology (medical) ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine ,Cokeromyces recurvatus ,Identification (biology) ,Zygomycosis ,Pathogen ,Vaginitis - Published
- 1990
107. Antifungal Agents
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Russell E. Lewis and Annette W. Fothergill
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- 2007
108. Total synthesis and antifungal activity of a carbohydrate ring-expanded pyranosyl nucleoside analogue of nikkomycin B
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Apurba Datta, Annette W. Fothergill, Christina S. Stauffer, and Pushpal Bhaket
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Antifungal Agents ,Nucleoside analogue ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Carbohydrates ,Molecular Conformation ,Total synthesis ,Peptide ,Nucleosides ,Stereoisomerism ,Dipeptides ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Carbohydrate ,Chemical synthesis ,Amino acid ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Aminoglycosides ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,medicine ,Stereoselectivity ,Mitosporic Fungi ,Nucleoside ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In a study aimed at investigating an as yet unknown structure-activity relationship of the nikkomycin family of antifungal peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics, the present research reports the synthesis and antifungal evaluation of a carbohydrate ring-expanded pyranosyl nucleoside analogue of nikkomycin B. Employing a convergent synthetic route, independent synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid side chain and a stereoselective de novo construction of the desired pyranosyl nucleoside amino acid fragment was followed by peptidic coupling of the two components, leading to the first synthesis of a carbohydrate ring-enlarged pyranosyl nikkomycin B analogue. In vitro biological evaluation of the above analogue against a variety of human pathogenic fungi demonstrated significant antifungal activity against several fungal strains of clinical significance.
- Published
- 2007
109. Antifungal susceptibility testing of micafungin against Candida glabrata isolates
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Thomas F. Patterson, Spencer W. Redding, Erica R. Oliveira, William R. Kirkpatrick, and Annette W. Fothergill
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Antifungal ,Susceptibility testing ,Antifungal Agents ,medicine.drug_class ,Lipoproteins ,Candida glabrata ,HIV Infections ,Drug resistance ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Microbiology ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,Drug Resistance, Fungal ,medicine ,Humans ,General Dentistry ,Fluconazole ,biology ,Micafungin ,Fungi imperfecti ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,biology.organism_classification ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Head and Neck Neoplasms ,Surgery ,Oral Surgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective Antifungal susceptibility of micafungin against isolates of C. glabrata was performed to evaluate the hypothesis that micafungin may be a suitable alternative in treating those patients whose infections are from C. glabrata and have developed resistance to fluconazole. Study design A total of 119 clinical isolates were obtained from the oral cavity of 22 patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis or oral colonization with C. glabrata. All strains evaluated were from patients who had either HIV infection or were receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Inocula were prepared using Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A2 guidelines. The plates were incubated at 35°C and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined at 24 and 48 hours. Results Micafungin exhibited good in vitro activity against most isolates, including those showing marked resistance to fluconazole. Conclusion Micafungin has excellent antifungal effects in vitro against C. glabrata isolates and appears to be a good treatment option even against those isolates resistant to fluconazole. A clinical trial should be performed to confirm these findings.
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- 2007
110. In vitro susceptibilities of 217 clinical isolates of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungal agents
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Deanna A. Sutton, Annette W. Fothergill, Shimon Kusne, and Nikolaos G. Almyroudis
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Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Flucytosine ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pharmacology ,In Vitro Techniques ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,Caspofungin ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Mucormycosis ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Fluconazole ,Voriconazole ,biology ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Cunninghamella bertholletiae ,Infectious Diseases ,Ketoconazole ,Pyrimidines ,chemistry ,Susceptibility ,medicine.drug - Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro susceptibilities of 217 zygomycetes to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, and flucytosine. The significant in vitro activity of posaconazole against several species appears to support its reported clinical efficacy. Decreased susceptibility to amphotericin B was noted with Cunninghamella bertholletiae .
- Published
- 2007
111. Comparative Evaluation of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Broth Macrodilution and Agar Dilution Screening Methods for Testing Fluconazole Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans
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Dora I. McCarthy, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, William R. Kirkpatrick, Annette W. Fothergill, Sanjay G. Revankar, and Robert K. McAtee
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Microbiology (medical) ,Cryptococcus neoformans ,Antifungal Agents ,food.ingredient ,biology ,Mycology ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,equipment and supplies ,biology.organism_classification ,Culture Media ,Agar dilution ,Microbiology ,Comparative evaluation ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,food ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Screening method ,Triazole derivatives ,medicine ,Humans ,Agar ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A simple screening method for fluconazole susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans using 2% dextrose Sabouraud dextrose agar (SabDex) with fluconazole was compared to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) broth macrodilution method. By this method, fluconazole-susceptible C. neoformans isolates are significantly smaller on medium with fluconazole than on fluconazole-free medium. Isolates with decreased susceptibility have normal-size colonies on medium containing fluconazole. The 48-h NCCLS broth macrodilution MICs (NCCLS MICs) for isolates with normal-size colonies on 8- or 16-μg/ml fluconazole plates were predicted to be ≥8 or ≥16 μg/ml, respectively. On medium with 16 μg of fluconazole per ml, all strains (84 of 84) for which the NCCLS MICs were C. neoformans.
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- 1998
112. Posaconazole prophylaxis in experimental systemic zygomycosis
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Alfredo Santinelli, Daniele Giannini, Francesco Barchiesi, Giorgio Scalise, Michael G. Rinaldi, Annette W. Fothergill, Eleonora Pisa, and Elisabetta Spreghini
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Male ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Time Factors ,Antifungal drug ,Spleen ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Kidney ,Microbiology ,Mice ,Absidia ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Animals ,Mucormycosis ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Experimental Therapeutics ,Lung ,Mycosis ,Cells, Cultured ,Pharmacology ,biology ,Brain ,Antibiotic Prophylaxis ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Disease Models, Animal ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Zygomycosis ,Rhizopus ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Three isolates of zygomycetes belonging to two different genera ( Rhizopus oryzae and Absidia corymbifera ) were used to produce a systemic infection in neutropenic mice. On days −2 and −1 and at 2 h prior to infection, the mice received either posaconazole (POS) at doses ranging from 20 to 80 mg/kg of body weight/day or amphotericin B (AMB) at 1 mg/kg/day. Antifungal drug efficacy was assessed by determination of the prolongation of survival, determination of the percentage of infected organs (brain, lung, spleen, and kidney), and histological examination for the number of infection foci and their sizes in brain and kidney tissues. AMB significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with all isolates. POS significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with zygomycetes. Cultured organs from mice infected with R. oryzae were all positive, while treated mice challenged with A. corymbifera generally showed lower percentages of infected organs compared with the percentages for the controls. Zygomycete isolates established an active infection (the presence of hyphae) in the brains and the kidneys of all controls. In mice challenged with R. oryzae , both antifungal drugs were effective at reducing the number and the size of infection foci in the kidneys. Only AMB reduced the numbers, but not the sizes, of infection foci in the brain. Finally, both drugs significantly reduced the numbers and the sizes of infection foci in both tissues of mice infected with A. corymbifera . Our data suggest that prophylaxis with POS has some potential to prevent zygomycosis.
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- 2006
113. Efficacy of Caspofungin against Aspergillus terreus
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Daniele Giannini, Alfredo Santinelli, Maria Iris Cassetta, Francesco Barchiesi, Andrea Novelli, Teresita Mazzei, Stefania Fallani, Giorgio Scalise, Elisabetta Spreghini, Annette W. Fothergill, Esther Manso, and Eleonora Pisa
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Drug ,Antifungal Agents ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Aspergillosis ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,Mice ,In vivo ,Caspofungin ,medicine ,polycyclic compounds ,Animals ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Aspergillus terreus ,Experimental Therapeutics ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,media_common ,Pharmacology ,Aspergillus ,biology ,Fungi imperfecti ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,In vitro ,Disease Models, Animal ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry - Abstract
We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activities of caspofungin against Aspergillus terreus . The drug increased survival and reduced tissue fungal burden in neutropenic mice. Therefore, our data support the role of caspofungin in treating systemic infections due to this emerging pathogen.
- Published
- 2005
114. In vitroantifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates ofArthrographis kalrae, a poorly known opportunistic fungus
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Josep Guarro, Deanna A. Sutton, Annette W. Fothergill, Marcelo Sandoval-Denis, and Alejandra Giraldo
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Voriconazole ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Broth microdilution ,Micafungin ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Dermatology ,General Medicine ,Pharmacology ,Biology ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Infectious Diseases ,Ascomycota ,Mycoses ,chemistry ,medicine ,Humans ,Anidulafungin ,Terbinafine ,Caspofungin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin were evaluated by a broth microdilution technique against 22 isolates of Arthrographis kalrae of clinical origin. TRB showed the highest activity, followed by the azoles, particularly posaconazole. AMB exerted low activity whereas the echinocandins showed almost no antifungal activity.
- Published
- 2013
115. Interlaboratory comparison of results of susceptibility testing with caspofungin against Candida and Aspergillus species
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Laurie A. Proia, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, David Ellis, Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela, Christine E. Shields, Elyse Foraker, Amanda Denise Davidson, Frank C. Odds, Christian Durussel, Jacques Bille, Robert A. Giacobbe, Michael G. Rinaldi, Michel Laverdière, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner, William G. Merz, Deanna A. Sutton, Michael A. Pfaller, John R. Perfect, David W. Warnock, Mary Motyl, Rosemary Handke, Wendy Lee-Yang, Paul E. Verweij, Manuel Cuenca-Estrella, Miguel Gobernado, Annette W. Fothergill, Roberto Andrade, Emilia Cantón, Sophia Perea, Javier Pemán, Wiley A. Schell, and John H. Rex
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Microbiology (medical) ,Hyphal growth ,Quality Control ,Antifungal Agents ,Echinocandin ,Itraconazole ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,Caspofungin ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Fluconazole ,Etest ,Candida ,Aspergillus ,biology ,Geography ,Reproducibility of Results ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Microbial pathogenesis and host defense [UMCN 4.1] ,Laboratories ,Peptides ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Seventeen laboratories participated in a study of interlaboratory reproducibility with caspofungin microdilution susceptibility testing against panels comprising 30 isolates of Candida spp. and 20 isolates of Aspergillus spp. The laboratories used materials supplied from a single source to determine the influence of growth medium (RPMI 1640 with or without glucose additions and antibiotic medium 3 [AM3]), the same incubation times (24 h and 48 h), and the same end point definition (partial or complete inhibition of growth) for the MIC of caspofungin. All tests were run in duplicate, and end points were determined both spectrophotometrically and visually. The results from almost all of the laboratories for quality control and reference Candida and Aspergillus isolates tested with fluconazole and itraconazole matched the NCCLS published values. However, considerable interlaboratory variability was seen in the results of the caspofungin tests. For Candida spp. the most consistent MIC data were generated with visual “prominent growth reduction” (MIC 2 ) end points measured at 24 h in RPMI 1640, where 73.3% of results for the 30 isolates tested fell within a mode ± one dilution range across all 17 laboratories. MIC 2 at 24 h in RPMI 1640 or AM3 also gave the best interlaboratory separation of Candida isolates of known high and low susceptibility to caspofungin. Reproducibility of MIC data was problematic for caspofungin tests with Aspergillus spp. under all conditions, but the minimal effective concentration end point, defined as the lowest caspofungin concentration yielding conspicuously aberrant hyphal growth, gave excellent reproducibility for data from 14 of the 17 participating laboratories.
- Published
- 2004
116. Resistance of Candida albicans to Fluconazole During Treatment of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in a Patient with AIDS: Documentation by In Vitro Susceptibility Testing and DNA Subtype Analysis
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J. Smith, M. A. Pfaller, M. Rinaldi, G. Farinacci, Annette W. Fothergill, J. Rhine-Chalberg, and Spencer W. Redding
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Adult ,Male ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Drug resistance ,Gastroenterology ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Recurrence ,Internal medicine ,Candida albicans ,medicine ,Humans ,DNA, Fungal ,Sida ,Fluconazole ,Mycosis ,Chemotherapy ,AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ,biology ,business.industry ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,Viral disease ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
We describe a patient with recurrent episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis who required progressively higher doses of fluconazole to control and infection. The patient was treated for 14 infections over a 2-year period with doses of fluconazole that ranged from 100 to 800 mg per day. Clinical response, two methods of in vitro susceptibility testing, and molecular epidemiologic techniques were evaluated for 12 of the 14 episodes. Ultimately, the patient became unresponsive clinically to a dose of 800 mg of fluconazole per day. In vitro susceptibility testing of isolates obtained during these successive episodes of infection revealed the development of resistance to fluconazole, and molecular epidemiologic techniques confirmed the persistence of the same Candida albicans strain throughout all 12 episodes.
- Published
- 1994
117. Optimal testing conditions for determining MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations of new and established antifungal agents for uncommon molds: NCCLS collaborative study
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Vishnu Chaturvedi, Annette W. Fothergill, and Ana Espinel-Ingroff
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Microbiology (medical) ,Azoles ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Time Factors ,Itraconazole ,Trichoderma longibrachiatum ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Ravuconazole ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Cooperative Behavior ,Voriconazole ,Scedosporium prolificans ,biology ,Reproducibility of Results ,biology.organism_classification ,equipment and supplies ,Culture Media ,Aspergillus ,chemistry ,Growth inhibition ,medicine.drug - Abstract
This collaborative three-center study evaluated NCCLS M38-A document testing conditions and other testing conditions for the antifungal susceptibility testing of 35 isolates of Aspergillus nidulans , A. terreus , Bipolaris hawaiiensis , B. spicifera , Cladophialophora bantiana , Dactylaria constricta , Fusarium solani , Paecilomyces lilacinus , Scedosporium prolificans , Trichoderma longibrachiatum , and Wangiella dermatitidis for itraconazole, three new triazoles (voriconazole, posaconazole, and ravuconazole), and amphotericin B. MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined in each center by using four media (standard RPMI-1640 [RPMI], RPMI with 2% dextrose [RPMI-2%], antibiotic medium 3 [M3], and M3 with 2% dextrose [M3-2%]) and two criteria of MIC determination (complete growth inhibition [MICs-0] and prominent growth inhibition [MICs-2]) at 24, 48 and 72 h. MFCs were defined as the lowest drug concentrations that yielded
- Published
- 2002
118. In vitro activities of terbinafine in combination with fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against clinical isolates of Candida glabrata with decreased susceptibility to azoles
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Michael G. Rinaldi, Sofia Perea, Gloria M. González, Deanna A. Sutton, and Annette W. Fothergill
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Microbiology (medical) ,Azoles ,Quality Control ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,HIV Infections ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Pharmacology ,Naphthalenes ,Microbiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Fluconazole ,Terbinafine ,Mycosis ,Candida ,Voriconazole ,Mouth ,Candida glabrata ,biology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Drug interaction ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Pyrimidines ,Laboratories ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A checkerboard microdilution method, performed according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, was used to study the in vitro interaction of terbinafine (TRB) with fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITRA), voriconazole (VRC), and posaconazole (PSZ) in 24 isolates of Candida glabrata with decreased susceptibility to azoles isolated from the oral cavities of human immunodeficiency virus patients. Synergy, defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ≤0.5, was observed in 17% of TRB-FLU interactions, 21% of TRB-ITRA interactions, 33% of TRB-VRC interactions, and 12% of TRB-PSZ interactions. Where synergy was not achieved, there was still a decrease in the MIC of one or both drugs when used in combination. Antagonism was not observed in any drug combination. Clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the potential utility of these combination therapies.
- Published
- 2002
119. Reply to Ma et al.: Osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus species
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Lucia Brescini, E. Marchionni, Annette W. Fothergill, Pamela Castelli, Silvia Staffolani, Rosaria Gesuita, E. Gabrielli, Deanna A. Sutton, Francesco Barchiesi, and Elena Orsetti
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Microbiology (medical) ,Aspergillus species ,Infectious Diseases ,Osteomyelitis ,medicine ,General Medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Humanities ,Microbiology - Abstract
E. Gabrielli, A. W. Fothergill, L. Brescini, D. A. Sutton, E. Marchionni, E. Orsetti , S. Staffolani, P. Castelli , R. Gesuita and F. Barchiesi 1) Clinica Malattie Infettive, Universit a Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 2) Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas and 3) Centro di Epidemiologia, Biostatistica e Informatica Medica, Universit a Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Published
- 2014
120. Candida dubliniensis in radiation-induced oropharyngeal candidiasis
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Spencer W. Redding, Jose L. Lopez-Ribot, William R. Kirkpatrick, Annette W. Fothergill, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, and Clifton W. Bailey
- Subjects
Adult ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antifungal Agents ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Oropharynx ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Candida albicans ,medicine ,Humans ,DNA, Fungal ,Radiation Injuries ,General Dentistry ,Fluconazole ,Mycosis ,Candida ,biology ,business.industry ,Candidiasis ,Cancer ,Pharyngeal Diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Dermatology ,Radiation therapy ,stomatognathic diseases ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Epidermoid carcinoma ,Chromogenic Compounds ,Head and Neck Neoplasms ,Karyotyping ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Surgery ,Female ,Mouth Neoplasms ,Oral Surgery ,Complication ,business ,Candida dubliniensis - Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a recently described species that has been shown to cause oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with HIV. We present a detailed evaluation of a patient undergoing head and neck radiation for oral cancer who developed oropharyngeal candidiasis from a mixed infection of C dubliniensis and Candida albicans. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of C dubliniensis contributing to oropharyngeal candidiasis in this patient population. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:659-62)
- Published
- 2001
121. Comparison of in vitro activities of voriconazole and five established antifungal agents against different species of dermatophytes using a broth macrodilution method
- Author
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Deanna A. Sutton, Michael G. Rinaldi, Annette W. Fothergill, and Sofia Perea
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Pharmacology ,medicine.disease_cause ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Dermatomycoses ,Humans ,Voriconazole ,biology ,Arthrodermataceae ,Triazoles ,Griseofulvin ,biology.organism_classification ,Pyrimidines ,chemistry ,Dermatophyte ,Terbinafine ,Ketoconazole ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The in vitro activities of voriconazole against 19 different species of dermatophytes were compared with those of terbinafine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, and fluconazole. MICs were determined according to a National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth macrodilution method. Voriconazole appeared more active than ketoconazole, griseofulvin, and fluconazole and less active than itraconazole and terbinafine. Based on these results, voriconazole merits further investigation as a potentially useful agent for the treatment of dermatophytosis.
- Published
- 2001
122. Susceptibility testing and clinical outcome in fungal keratitis
- Author
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Thomas M. Lietman, Muthiah Srinivasan, Prajna Lalitha, Jaya D. Chidambaram, Brett L. Shapiro, Nisha R. Acharya, Namperumalsamy Venkatesh Prajna, Amit Kabra, Annette W. Fothergill, and Allison R. Loh
- Subjects
Susceptibility testing ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antifungal Agents ,business.industry ,Retrospective cohort study ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Eye infection ,medicine.disease ,Case review ,Dermatology ,Sensory Systems ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Ophthalmology ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Treatment Outcome ,Immunology ,Humans ,Medicine ,Fungal keratitis ,Dosing ,Corneal Ulcer ,business ,Eye Infections, Fungal ,Dimorphic fungus ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Fungal keratitis causes significant morbidity, especially in tropical climates, and is notoriously difficult to manage. The choice of antifungal agent for fungal keratitis remains largely empirical, with no consensus on the role of susceptibility testing in guiding therapy. Studies suggest that susceptibility and outcome may be associated in systemic fungal infections with some dimorphic fungi,1 but this correlation may not exist for filamentous fungi or in ocular disease because of frequent topical dosing and high drug concentration. Given the availability of new topical medications, tailoring antifungal therapy based on microbial sensitivity is important.2 Here, we assess whether fungal susceptibility testing correlates with clinical outcomes in cases of fungal keratitis. This study was a retrospective case review of consecutive patients with culture proven fungal keratitis presenting to the Aravind Eye Hospital cornea clinic between March and July 2004. Of 98 consecutive patients, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data was available for 90.3 Eighty-one corresponding charts were available, and 54 charts had follow-up of at least 3 weeks to allow determination of healing. All cases were …
- Published
- 2010
123. Small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence shows Paracoccidioides brasiliensis closely related to Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Author
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Ralf Bialek, Annette W. Fothergill, Aida Ibricevic, and Dominik Begerow
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Ajellomyces ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Mycology ,DNA, Ribosomal ,Paracoccidioides ,Blastomycosis ,Emmonsia parva ,medicine ,RNA, Ribosomal, 18S ,Humans ,Internal transcribed spacer ,DNA, Fungal ,Ribosomal DNA ,Phylogeny ,Paracoccidioides brasiliensis ,Genetics ,Blastomyces ,biology ,Blastomyces dermatitidis ,Genes, rRNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient ,Paracoccidioidomycosis - Abstract
The similarities of paracoccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis are highly suggestive of a close relation of the two etiological agents. Whereas the agent of the first disease is exclusively endemic in Latin America, the agent of the latter one is endemic in North America and Africa. In symptomatic travelers visiting both areas of endemicity, differentiation of the diseases might be impossible, even though therapy and prognosis for these two diseases differ significantly. In order to identify differences in the 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) for use as molecular diagnostic tools, we sequenced this gene from five isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and compared them to known sequences of other fungi. Neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses and, finally, the Kishino-Hasegawa test revealed that P. brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Emmonsia parva are more closely related than Histoplasma capsulatum and B. dermatitidis, whose teleomorphic forms belong to one genus,Ajellomyces. In accordance with the work of other investigators who have used internal transcribed spacer and large subunit rDNA sequences, our small subunit rDNA data show that the dimorphic fungus P. brasiliensis must be grouped within the order Onygenales and is closely related to members of the family Onygenaceae. There are hints in the molecular phylogenetic analysis that the family Onygenaceae might be further divided into two families. The subgroup that includes P. brasiliensis comprises all zoopathogenic species. The differences in the 18S rDNAs appear to be too small to allow species identification of the members of the family Onygenaceae pathogenic for humans by use of target sequences within this gene.
- Published
- 2000
124. SCH 56592, Amphotericin B, or Itraconazole Therapy of Experimental Murine Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Ramichloridium obovoideum ('Ramichloridium mackenziei')
- Author
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David Loebenberg, Annette W. Fothergill, Michael G. Rinaldi, Hail M. Al-Abdely, John R. Graybill, Laura K. Najvar, and Rosie Bocanegra
- Subjects
Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Ratón ,Biology ,Pharmacology ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Mice ,Pharmacotherapy ,Ascomycota ,Central Nervous System Fungal Infections ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Animals ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Experimental Therapeutics ,Mycosis ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Mice, Inbred ICR ,Triazoles ,medicine.disease ,Phaeohyphomycosis ,Disease Models, Animal ,Infectious Diseases ,Mycoses ,Female ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Ramichloridium obovoideum (“ Ramichloridium makenziei ”) is a rare cause of lethal cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. It has been, so far, geographically restricted to the Middle East. BALB/c mice were inoculated with two strains of R. obovoideum intracranially. Therapy with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or the investigational triazole SCH 56592 was conducted for 10 days. Half the mice were monitored for survival and half were killed for determination of the fungal load in brain tissue. Recipients of SCH 56592 had significantly prolonged survival and lower brain fungal burden, and this result was found for mice infected with both of the fungal strains tested. Itraconazole reduced the brain fungal load in mice infected with one strain but not the other, while amphotericin B had no effect on brain fungal concentrations. This study indicates a possible role of SCH 56592 in the treatment of the serious cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to R. obovoideum.
- Published
- 2000
125. Efficacy of SCH56592 in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis
- Author
-
Robert K. McAtee, David Loebenberg, Annette W. Fothergill, William R. Kirkpatrick, Thomas F. Patterson, and Michael G. Rinaldi
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pharmacology ,Aspergillosis ,Pharmacotherapy ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,polycyclic compounds ,Animals ,Pharmacology (medical) ,heterocyclic compounds ,Experimental Therapeutics ,Immunosuppression Therapy ,Aspergillus ,Lagomorpha ,biology ,organic chemicals ,Immunosuppression ,Triazoles ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Disease Models, Animal ,Infectious Diseases ,nervous system ,Rabbit model ,Female ,Rabbits ,medicine.drug - Abstract
SCH56592 (SCH) was evaluated in an immunosuppressed rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. SCH was more effective than similar doses of itraconazole and as effective as amphotericin B in the clearance of Aspergillus spp. from tissues. Compared with controls, SCH regimens reduced mortality, improved survival, and significantly reduced tissue colony counts.
- Published
- 2000
126. In Vitro Activities of the New Antifungal Triazole SCH 56592 against Common and Emerging Yeast Pathogens
- Author
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Michael G. Rinaldi, D. Arzeni, Luigi Falconi Di Francesco, Annette W. Fothergill, Giorgio Scalise, Francesca Caselli, and Francesco Barchiesi
- Subjects
Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Triazole ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pharmacology ,Microbiology ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Yeasts ,medicine ,polycyclic compounds ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Cryptococcus neoformans ,biology ,Broth microdilution ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,Yeast ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Susceptibility ,Ketoconazole ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A broth microdilution method performed in accordance with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines was used to compare the in vitro activity of the new antifungal triazole SCH 56592 (SCH) to that of fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), and ketoconazole (KETO) against 257 clinical yeast isolates. They included 220 isolates belonging to 12 different species of Candida , 15 isolates each of Cryptococcus neoformans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and seven isolates of Rhodotorula rubra . The MICs of SCH at which 50% (MIC 50 ) and 90% (MIC 90 ) of the isolates were inhibited were 0.06 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. In general, SCH was considerably more active than FLC (MIC 50 and MIC 90 of 1.0 and 64 μg/ml, respectively) and slightly more active than either ITC (MIC 50 and MIC 90 of 0.25 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively) and KETO (MIC 50 and MIC 90 of 0.125 and 4.0 μg/ml, respectively). Our in vitro data suggest that SCH has significant potential for clinical development.
- Published
- 2000
127. In Vitro Natamycin Susceptibility of Ocular Isolates of Fusarium and Aspergillus Species: Comparison of Commercially Formulated Natamycin Eye Drops to Pharmaceutical-Grade Powder
- Author
-
Prajna Lalitha, Namperumalsamy Venkatesh Prajna, R. Vijaykumar, and Annette W. Fothergill
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Fusarium ,Antifungal Agents ,Natamycin ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Microbiology ,Keratitis ,medicine ,Humans ,Antibacterial agent ,Aspergillus ,biology ,Eye drop ,Fungi imperfecti ,Eye infection ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Ophthalmic Solutions ,Powders ,Eye Infections, Fungal ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptibility method prohibits the use of pharmacy preparations, but obtaining pure powders is difficult. The activity of natamycin against isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from keratitis was assessed by using both powder and pharmacy eye drop preparations. Eye drop preparations may be a viable option for testing natamycin activity.
- Published
- 2008
128. Detection of Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in North America by primary CHROMagar candida screening and susceptibility testing of isolates
- Author
-
Sanjay G. Revankar, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, Dora I. McCarthy, Jose L. Lopez-Ribot, Robert K. McAtee, Stephen E. Sanche, Rebecca A. Cantu, Annette W. Fothergill, and William R. Kirkpatrick
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Antifungal Agents ,Genotype ,Germ tube ,HIV Infections ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,Biology ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Microbiology ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Candida albicans ,Fluconazole ,Mycosis ,Candida ,Voriconazole ,Mouth ,AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Corpus albicans ,Phenotype ,Pyrimidines ,North America ,Pharynx ,Itraconazole ,Candida dubliniensis ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Candida dubliniensis has been associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). C. dubliniensis isolates may have been improperly characterized as atypical Candida albicans due to the phenotypic similarity between the two species. Prospective screening of oral rinses from 63 HIV-infected patients detected atypical dark green isolates on CHROMagar Candida compared to typical C. albicans isolates, which are light green. Forty-eight atypical isolates and three control strains were characterized by germ tube formation, differential growth at 37, 42, and 45°C, identification by API 20C, fluorescence, chlamydoconidium production, and fingerprinting by Ca3 probe DNA hybridization patterns. All isolates were germ tube positive. Very poor or no growth occurred at 42°C with 22 of 51 isolates. All 22 poorly growing isolates at 42°C and one isolate with growth at 42°C showed weak hybridization of the Ca3 probe with genomic DNA, consistent with C. dubliniensis identification. No C. dubliniensis isolate but only 18 of 28 C. albicans isolates grew at 45°C. Other phenotypic or morphologic tests were less reliable in differentiating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans . Antifungal susceptibility testing showed fluconazole MICs ranging from ≤0.125 to 64 μg/ml. Two isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC, 64 μg/ml) and one strain was dose dependent susceptible (MIC, 16 μg/ml). MICs of other azoles, including voriconazole, itraconazole, and SCH 56592, for these isolates were lower. C. dubliniensis was identified in 11 of 63 (17%) serially evaluated patients. Variability in phenotypic characteristics dictates the use of molecular and biochemical techniques to identify C. dubliniensis . This study identifies C. dubliniensis in HIV-infected patients from San Antonio, Tex., and shows that C. dubliniensis is frequently detected in those patients by using a primary CHROMagar screen.
- Published
- 1998
129. Interpretation of trailing endpoints in antifungal susceptibility testing by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method
- Author
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Annette W. Fothergill, Spencer W. Redding, Robert K. McAtee, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, Sanjay G. Revankar, and William R. Kirkpatrick
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Antifungal Agents ,biology ,Fungi imperfecti ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Mycology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Microbiology ,Agar dilution ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Candida albicans ,medicine ,Humans ,Restriction fragment length polymorphism ,Fluconazole ,Mycosis ,Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Trailing endpoints remain a problem in antifungal susceptibility testing using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method. For isolates for which trailing endpoints are found, MICs of ≤1 μg/ml at 24 h and of >64 μg/ml at 48 h are usually observed. In a study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis, we identified three patients with multiple serial isolates for which trailing endpoints were observed with fluconazole. At 24 h, MICs were generally ≤1 μg/ml by both broth macro- and microdilution methods. However, at 48 h, MICs were >64 μg/ml, while the organism remained susceptible by agar dilution testing with fluconazole. Most episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis with trailing-endpoint isolates responded to doses of fluconazole as low as 100 mg/day. Two patients had both susceptible and trailing-endpoint isolates by NCCLS broth macro- and microdilution testing; these isolates were found to be the same strain by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Another patient had two different strains, one for which trailing endpoints were observed and one which was susceptible at 48 h. Trailing endpoints may be seen with selected isolates of a strain or may be a characteristic finding for most or all isolates of a strain. In addition, with isolates for which trailing endpoints are observed, reading the endpoint for the NCCLS method at 24 h may be more appropriate.
- Published
- 1998
130. In vitro evaluation of voriconazole against some clinically important fungi
- Author
-
Chester R. Cooper, Deanna A. Sutton, Michael G. Rinaldi, L. Pasarell, Annette W. Fothergill, and Michael R. McGinnis
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Voriconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Amfotericina B ,Fungi ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,In Vitro Techniques ,Triazoles ,In vitro ,Microbiology ,Amphotéricine B ,Infectious Diseases ,Pyrimidines ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Dimorphic fungus ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug ,Research Article - Abstract
Voriconazole was compared to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole by using an in vitro macrobroth dilution test based upon current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards tentative standards against the dimorphic fungi and several opportunistic molds and yeasts. In all instances, the voriconazole MICs were lower than those of fluconazole. In most instances, the MICs were lower than the recorded MICs of amphotericin B and itraconazole.
- Published
- 1997
131. In Vitro Interaction of Posaconazole and Caspofungin against Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata
- Author
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Thomas F. Patterson, Spencer W. Redding, Erica R. Oliveira, Brent J. Coco, Annette W. Fothergill, and William R. Kirkpatrick
- Subjects
Antifungal ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,medicine.drug_class ,Candida glabrata ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Microbiology ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Caspofungin ,Drug Resistance, Fungal ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Fluconazole ,Pharmacology ,Drug Synergism ,Fungi imperfecti ,Triazoles ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,biology.organism_classification ,In vitro ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Susceptibility ,Antagonism ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Combinations of caspofungin and posaconazole were evaluated by fractional inhibitory concentration index against 119 Candida glabrata isolates. Synergy was seen in 18% of all isolates and in 4% of fluconazole-resistant isolates at 48 h without evidence of antagonism. This antifungal combination may have utility against this organism.
- Published
- 2005
132. Molecular Mycological Diagnosis and Correct Antimycotic Treatments
- Author
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Daniel B. DiGiulio, Michael G. Rinaldi, Nicasio Mancini, Joanna Schaenman, Gerald J. Berry, C. Ossi, Massimo Clementi, Laurence F. Mirels, Nancy B. McClenny, Annette W. Fothergill, Jose G. Montoya, Mario Perotti, Mancini, Nicasio, Ossi, Cm, Perotti, M, Clementi, Massimo, Digiulio, Db, Schaenman, Jm, Montoya, Jg, Mcclenny, Nb, Berry, Gj, Mirels, Lf, Rinaldi, Mg, and Fothergill, Aw
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antifungal Agents ,Administration, Oral ,Case Reports ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Drug resistance ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,Scedosporium ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Medical prescription ,DNA, Fungal ,Letters to the Editor ,Intensive care medicine ,Voriconazole ,Soft Tissue Infections ,Scedosporium apiospermum ,Middle Aged ,Triazoles ,Hand ,Pyrimidines ,Treatment Outcome ,Mycetoma ,Injections, Intravenous ,Arm ,Female ,Identification (biology) ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In a recent report, Schaenman and colleagues (5) describe a case of a Scedosporium apiospermum soft tissue infection in an immunocompromised patient successfully treated with voriconazole. The article focuses on one of the hottest topics in current medical mycology, the emergence of antimycotic-resistant fungal isolates (3). Indeed, Scedosporium apiospermum is, also in our direct experience, one of the emerging fungal pathogens frequently endowed with resistance against drugs used as first-line agents (i.e., amphotericin B and fluconazole) (2). Therefore, we agree to the general message of the paper regarding the need of a prompt and well designed antifungal therapy. However, we would like to address a major point on how this could be achieved. In fact, we disagree that presumptive fungal identification based on aspecific morphological aspects is sufficient to take into account a new drug such as voriconazole as a first-line agent in the management of fungal infections. As admitted by the authors and clearly shown in Fig. 2 of their case report, many fungal genera feature morphological characteristics difficult to discriminate and the identification is not straightforward, especially if specific structures are not usually evident, as may be the case upon direct examination of clinical samples. A clinician making the same assumption as the authors might feel free to treat critically ill patients with voriconazole in the majority of cases, thus putting the whole community at risk for the emergence of new resistances to this valuable drug, as has already and inevitably happened for narrow-spectrum triazoles. Moreover it is still far from being proven that the toxicity profile of the new extended-spectrum triazoles is really safer than that of narrow-spectrum drugs, with severe side effects reported in up to 10% of patients receiving voriconazole (1). We think that a rapid and precise identification, at least at the genus level, is crucial for the prescription of a well designed empirical therapy, but we are convinced that it should be based on objective data. Recently, we addressed the diagnosis of mycotic keratitis using, in parallel with cultural methodologies, a molecular approach based on direct amplification from the biological sample and sequencing, by means of universal fungal primers (4, 6), of genus- and species-specific targets on the fungal genome. In our opinion this molecular approach allowing unequivocal identification of a fungal pathogen, at least at the genus level, in only one day is, together with a more thorough understanding of mechanisms of drug resistance, a real improvement of the conventional mycological diagnosis and represents a correct answer to the clinical questions posed by the availability of multiple classes of antifungal agents.
- Published
- 2005
133. Comparative evaluation of macrodilution and chromogenic agar screening for determining fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans
- Author
-
Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, William R. Kirkpatrick, Annette W. Fothergill, Dora I. McCarthy, Sanjay G. Revankar, and Robert K. McAtee
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,food.ingredient ,Antifungal Agents ,Agar Dilution Method ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Microbiology ,Comparative evaluation ,food ,Candida albicans ,Screening method ,medicine ,Agar ,Humans ,Fluconazole ,biology ,Chromogenic ,Candidiasis ,Reference Standards ,biology.organism_classification ,Chromogenic Compounds ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,Chromagar candida ,medicine.drug ,Research Article - Abstract
A simple screening method for fluconazole susceptibility using CHROMagar Candida with fluconazole was compared with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) macrobroth method. In this agar dilution method, susceptible Candida albicans colonies are smaller on medium with fluconazole than on fluconazole-free medium. Yeasts with decreased susceptibility have normal-sized colonies on medium containing fluconazole. On agar with 16 micrograms of fluconazole per ml, 32 of 34 strains with NCCLS MICs of > or = 16 micrograms/ml were correctly predicted, as were 66 of 68 with MICs of < 16, an agreement of 96%. On agar with 8 micrograms of fluconazole per ml, 38 of 41 isolates with MICs of > or = 8 were correctly predicted, as were 59 of 61 isolates with MICs of < 8, an agreement of 95%. This agar dilution methods appears to highly correlate with NCCLS macrobroth methods for detection of C. albicans and may be an effective screen for fluconazole susceptibility.
- Published
- 1996
134. Detection and significance of fluconazole resistance in oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
- Author
-
Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, Spencer W. Redding, Robert K. McAtee, Olga P. Dib, Annette W. Fothergill, Sanjay G. Revankar, and William R. Kirkpatrick
- Subjects
Antifungal Agents ,AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Drug Resistance ,Immunosuppression ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Corpus albicans ,Infectious Diseases ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Candida albicans ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,Sida ,Fluconazole ,Mycosis ,Immunodeficiency ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The epidemiology and clinical significance of fluconazole resistance were assessed in a cohort of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. Fifty patients were prospectively evaluated using a novel method of detecting fluconazole resistance with chromogenic media containing fluconazole; results were confirmed with macrobroth testing. Resistant yeasts, defined as MICs > or = 8 micrograms/mL, were detected in 16 (32%) of 50 patients: 7 (14%) had resistant Candida albicans, 7 (14%) had resistant non-C. albicans yeast, and 2 (4%) had mixed resistant yeasts. MICs were > or = 32 in 11 of 16 isolates. Previous fluconazole use and severe immunosuppression were risk factors for resistance. However, 5 of 26 patients had resistant isolates with no prior fluconazole use, and all were severely immunosuppressed. Despite the high prevalence of resistance, 48 patients clinically responded to fluconazole. Fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and non-C. albicans yeast infections are common in patients with advanced immunodeficiency, but clinical efficacy of fluconazole remains high.
- Published
- 1996
135. Simple method for detecting fluconazole-resistant yeasts with chromogenic agar
- Author
-
Annette W. Fothergill, Deanna A. Sutton, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, Spencer W. Redding, William R. Kirkpatrick, Olga P. Dib, and Sanjay G. Revankar
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,food.ingredient ,Antifungal Agents ,Drug resistance ,Mycology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Microbiology ,food ,Candidiasis, Oral ,Yeasts ,Candida albicans ,medicine ,Agar ,Humans ,Fluconazole ,Candida ,biology ,Chromogenic ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,Fungi imperfecti ,biology.organism_classification ,Chromogenic Compounds ,Yeast ,Culture Media ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,medicine.drug ,Research Article - Abstract
A method for detecting fluconazole-resistant yeasts was developed that uses chromogenic agar containing fluconazole. Yeasts were plated on media with fluconazole at 0, 8, and 16 micrograms/ml. On media without fluconazole, normal growth of susceptible yeasts (defined as those having a fluconazole MIC of < 8 micrograms/ml) was detected, while fluconazole-containing media suppressed susceptible strains and normal colonies of resistant yeasts (fluconazole MICs of > or = 8 micrograms/ml) were detected. This method was used to screen for resistance in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Isolates having fluconazole MICs of > or = 8 micrograms/ml and < 8 micrograms/ml were correctly predicted in 43 of 45 cultures and 115 of 116 cultures, respectively. This screening method appears to be rapid and sensitive for detection of fluconazole-resistant yeasts.
- Published
- 1996
136. Identification of dematiaceous fungi and their role in human disease
- Author
-
Annette W. Fothergill
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,fungi ,Phialophora ,Fungus ,Disease ,Mycology ,Biology ,Hyphomycetes ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Microbiology ,Phaeohyphomycosis ,Infectious Diseases ,Mycoses ,Species Specificity ,Exophiala ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Identification (biology) ,Mitosporic Fungi ,Sinusitis ,Organism - Abstract
Phaeohyphomycosis is the disease caused by the dematiaceous hyphomycetes or those fungi that are darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in their cell wall. Infections with these fungi may remain localized at the site of traumatic inoculation or within the sinuses or may become disseminated. As these fungi pose a significant problem to both the clinician who must treat the patient and the laboratorian faced with identification of the organism, a selection of representative organisms was presented at the meeting entitled "Focus on Fungus Infections." These fungi often infect patients who are not overtly immunocompromised and therefore may be encountered in a wide variety of cases.
- Published
- 1996
137. Bleomycin therapy of experimental disseminated candidiasis in mice
- Author
-
Michael G. Rinaldi, Annette W. Fothergill, Rosie Bocanegra, and John R. Graybill
- Subjects
medicine.medical_treatment ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Spleen ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Pharmacology ,Bleomycin ,Kidney ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mice ,In vivo ,medicine ,Animals ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Candida albicans ,Mycosis ,Chemotherapy ,Mice, Inbred ICR ,Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ,biology ,Candidiasis ,respiratory system ,Disseminated Candidiasis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Corpus albicans ,respiratory tract diseases ,Rats ,carbohydrates (lipids) ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Immunology ,Research Article - Abstract
Bleomycin, an antineoplastic agent, was found to be very effective in vitro against a variety of fungi, including Candida albicans. Mice were infected with C. albicans intravenously and then treated with various doses of bleomycin. No efficacy was shown by either prolongation of survival or reduction of tissue counts.
- Published
- 1996
138. In Vitro Activities of Posaconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Amphotericin B, and Fluconazole against 37 Clinical Isolates of Zygomycetes
- Author
-
Michael G. Rinaldi, Annette W. Fothergill, Dora I. McCarthy, Qiu N. Sun, and John R. Graybill
- Subjects
Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Itraconazole ,Triazole ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,Pharmacology ,Microbiology ,Minimum inhibitory concentration ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Voriconazole ,Fungi ,Triazoles ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Mycoses ,chemistry ,Susceptibility ,Zygomycosis ,Fluconazole ,medicine.drug - Abstract
In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing results of a new antifungal triazole, posaconazole (POS), were compared to results with amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC), and fluconazole (FLC) against clinical agents of zygomycosis. The MICs of POS at which 50% and 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.25 and 4 μg/ml, respectively. POS was significantly more active than VRC and FLC and slightly more active than ITC. The results suggest that POS has significant potential for clinical development against the zygomycetes.
- Published
- 2002
139. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Other Filamentous Fungi Isolated From Keratitis
- Author
-
Namperumalsamy Venkatesh Prajna, Muthiah Srinivasan, Kevin C. Hong, Brett L. Shapiro, Annette W. Fothergill, Prajna Lalitha, Stephen D. McLeod, Kathryn Maxey, Nisha R. Acharya, Jaya D. Chidambaram, Thomas M. Lietman, and Jazmin Ruiz
- Subjects
Fusarium ,Posaconazole ,Antifungal Agents ,Natamycin ,Itraconazole ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Biology ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Microbiology ,Echinocandins ,Lipopeptides ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Caspofungin ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Humans ,Fungal keratitis ,Prospective Studies ,Corneal Ulcer ,Voriconazole ,Triazoles ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Ophthalmology ,Aspergillus ,Pyrimidines ,chemistry ,Eye Infections, Fungal ,medicine.drug - Abstract
To characterize the susceptibility of filamentous fungi isolated from keratitis to amphotericin B, natamycin, caspofungin acetate, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.Ninety isolates from fungal keratitis cases at Aravind Eye Hospital in South India were tested using macrobroth dilution for susceptibility to amphotericin B, natamycin, caspofungin, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) median and 90th percentile were determined.The 90 isolates included 41 Aspergillus species, 38 Fusarium species, and 11 others. The triazoles and caspofungin had the lowest MICs against Aspergillus species; voriconazole, amphotericin B, and posaconazole had the lowest MICs against Fusarium species, and none of the Fusarium species were inhibited by itraconazole or caspofungin. Amphotericin B had significantly lower MICs compared with natamycin, but after correcting for the typical prescription dose, natamycin was superior.No single agent was universally most effective, but voriconazole and other triazoles demonstrated the broadest spectrum. Itraconazole and caspofungin were not effective against Fusarium species.Fungal ulcers are commonly treated empirically; drugs are typically selected without regard to susceptibility data. The nonocular infectious disease literature suggests modern fungal susceptibility methods are clinically relevant, but ocular studies are limited. Our results suggest antifungal therapy might be tailored to individual organisms.
- Published
- 2007
140. In VitroAntifungal Activities of Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Terbinafine, Caspofungin, Voriconazole, and Posaconazole against 30 Clinical Isolates ofCryptococcus neoformansvar.neoformancs
- Author
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Annette W. Fothergill and Young Ki Lee
- Subjects
Cryptococcus neoformans ,Voriconazole ,Posaconazole ,biology ,Itraconazole ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,In vitro ,body regions ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Infectious Diseases ,chemistry ,Amphotericin B ,medicine ,Terbinafine ,Caspofungin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Aantifungal agents were tested against 30 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans using the NCCLS method (M27-A2). Posaconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B had lower MIC t...
- Published
- 2003
141. Candida glabrata is an emerging cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer
- Author
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Brent J. Coco, Spencer W. Redding, Annette W. Fothergill, Thomas F. Patterson, Michael G. Rinaldi, Tony Yuen Eng, Rajiv S. Dahiya, Charles R. Thomas, William R. Kirkpatrick, Lee Sadkowski, and Marta Caceres Dahiya
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Radiation ,Candida glabrata ,biology ,business.industry ,Head and neck cancer ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Dermatology ,Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ,Oncology ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,In patient ,business - Published
- 2002
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