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The purpose of this paper is to employ wavelet based noise removal technique for Liquid level system (LLS) to remove the measurement noise from differential pressure transmitter (DPT) output indicating the level of a process tank via discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The choice of which wavelet to use for denoising is of critical importance because the wavelet affects reconstructed signal quality and the design of the system as a whole. The minimum description length criterion permits to select not only the suitable wavelet filter but also the best number of wavelet retained coefficients for signal reconstruction. The hard thresholding methods typically retain a very small number of coefficients, and the results are often smoothed. By retaining a slightly larger amount of coefficients and shrinking them, the soft thresholding methods usually give better results than the hard thresholding methods to de-noise any signal. The available response is compared with that of conventional Butterworth filtering method.

Formation of iron biominerals is a naturally occurring phenomenon, particularly among magnetotactic bacteria which produce magnetite (Fe(3) O(4) ) in a subcellular compartment termed the magnetosome. Under the control of numerous genes, the magnetosome serves as a model upon which to (1) develop gene-based contrast in mammalian cells and (2) provide a mechanism for reporter gene expression in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There are two main components to the magnetosome: the biomineral and the lipid bilayer that surrounds it. Both are essential for magnetotaxis in a variety of magnetotactic bacteria, but nonessential for cell survival. Through comparative genome analysis, a subset of genes characteristic of the magnetotactic phenotype has been found both within and outside a magnetosome genomic island. The functions of magnetosome-associated proteins reflect the complex nature of this intracellular structure and include vesicle formation, cytoskeletal attachment, iron transport, and crystallization. Examination of magnetosome genes and structure indicates a protein-directed and stepwise assembly of the magnetosome compartment. Attachment of magnetosomes along a cytoskeletal filament aligns the magnetic particles such that the cell may be propelled along an external magnetic field. Interest in this form of magnetotaxis has prompted research in several areas of medicine, including magnetotactic bacterial targeting of tumors, MR-guided movement of magnetosome-bearing cells through vessels and molecular imaging of mammalian cells using MRI, and its hybrid modalities. The potential adaptation of magnetosome genes for noninvasive medical imaging provides new opportunities for development of reporter gene expression for MRI.

This book deals with a new set of triangular orthogonal functions, which evolved from the set of well known block pulse functions (BPF), a major member of the piecewise constant orthogonal function (PCOF) family.

This paper deals with an identification problem of modeling a nonlinear dynamic system of multivariable glucose-insulin process in an IDDM patient. Out of many model structures that can represent a nonlinear process effectively; the Hammerstein-Wiener model has attracted a lot of attention. The present work proposes a generalized identification method of Hammer stein-Wiener model from the input-output data of multivariable nonlinear glucose-insulin process. The present algorithm consists of a three-block (LNL) realization. For the multivariable system, the first and third blocks are standard impulse response filter (TRF) realization applied to an equivalent linear system using adaptive recursive least square (ARLS) algorithms. In the second block, i.e. the nonlinear part, ARLS algorithms have been used to solve up to second order kernels of Volterra equations with extended input vector consisting of cross components as well. The input-output data taken from the simulated nonlinear process have been used to identify the system with a filter memory length of M=3 and the validation results have shown good fit and in concordance with predicted output.

In the present work, artificial neural network (ANN) has been used to identify a servo-driven inverted pendulum system. The inverted pendulum is a benchmark problem of nonlinear multivariable system with inherent instability. The multi variable system has been considered with servomotor supply voltage as the input and four states of the system being the outputs. An LSVF controller has been used to stabilize the system for identification in closed loop. Here the non linear model of the inverted pendulum has been simulated. The Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation method has been used for the non linear system identification via Feed-forward Neural Network (FNN). The neural network is trained using the error between the model's outputs and the plant's actual outputs. The results show good match between predicted and actual outputs.

In this paper wavelet transform is used to determine the state and trajectory sensitivity of homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems. The differential-algebraic equation describing a system is converted via wavelet transform to an algebraic generalized Lyapunov equation which is solved for the coefficients of the state variables in terms of Haar basis. Further, problems of trajectory sensitivity analysis for singular as well as nonsingular systems have also been explored using the same orthogonal basis. Finally, using Kronecker product method, a generalized program is developed to determine the state and sensitivity for any number of basis function in Haar domain.

BACKGROUND: Biotrophic interaction between host and pathogen induces generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to programmed cell death of the host tissue specifically encompassing the site of infection conferring resistance to the host. However, in the present study, biotrophic relationship between Fusarium oxysporum and chickpea provided some novel insights into the classical concepts of defense signaling and disease perception where ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation followed by hypersensitive responses determined the magnitude of susceptibility or resistant potentiality of the host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Microscopic observations detected wound mediated in planta pathogenic establishment and its gradual progression within the host vascular tissue. cDNA-AFLP showed differential expression of many defense responsive elements. Real time expression profiling also validated the early recognition of the wound inducing pathogen by the host. The interplay between fungus and host activated changes in primary metabolism, which generated defense signals in the form of sugar molecules for combating pathogenic encounter. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present study showed the limitations of hypersensitive response mediated resistance, especially when foreign encounters involved the food production as well as the translocation machinery of the host. It was also predicted from the obtained results that hypersensitivity and active species generation failed to impart host defense in compatible interaction between chickpea and Fusarium. On the contrary, the defense related gene(s) played a critical role in conferring natural resistance to the resistant host. Thus, this study suggests that natural selection is the decisive factor for selecting and segregating out the suitable type of defense mechanism to be undertaken by the host without disturbing its normal metabolism, which could deviate from the known classical defense mechanisms.

Endovascular neurosurgery has gained acceptance as the best method of treatment of vascular abnormalities like cerebral aneurysms. However, the procedure is associated with difficulties in tool/tissue manipulation. Navigation of stent, catheter and, guide wire through complex arteries without any force information often causes stent snagging, plaque dislocations and formation of thrombosis caused by the damage of the arterial wall. Currently, there is no haptic device available which can provide the surgeons with the force information, related to stent placement procedure. The goal of this work is to create a data base for a fast synthetic endovascular force simulator, which will provide the surgeon with force information during tool-artery interaction, based on the various combinations of tool sizes and vessel complexity, [1, 2] to facilitate better preoperative planning, safer interventions, and advanced training of new surgeons.

The crystal structures of four protected beta-amino acid residues, Boc-(S)-beta3-HAla-NHMe (1); Boc-(R)-beta3-HVal-NHMe (2); Boc-(S)-beta3-HPhe-NHMe (3); Boc-(S)-beta3-HPro-OH (6) and two beta-dipeptides, Boc-(R)-beta3-HVal-(R)-beta3-HVal-OMe (4); Boc-(R)-beta3-HVal-(S)-beta3-HVal-OMe (5) have been determined. Gauche conformations about the C(beta)-C(alpha) bonds (theta approximately +/-60 degrees) are observed for the beta3-HPhe residues in and all four beta3-HVal residues in the dipeptides and . Trans conformations (theta is approximately 180 degrees) are observed for beta3-HAla residues in both independent molecules in and for the beta3-HVal and beta3-HPro residues in and , respectively. In the cases of compounds , molecules associate in the crystals via intermolecular backbone hydrogen bonds leading to the formation of sheets. The polar strands formed by beta3-residues aggregate in both parallel (1,3,5) and antiparallel (2,4 fashion. Sheet formation accommodates both the trans and gauche conformations about the C(beta)-C(alpha) bonds.

Innovative research and diagnostic techniques for biological testing have advanced during recent years because of the development of semiconductor nanocrystals. Although these commercially available, fluorescent nanocrystals have a protective organic coating, the inner core contains cadmium and selenium. Because these metals have the potential for detrimental environmental effects, concerns have been raised over our lack of understanding about the environmental fate of these products. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency test protocol and fluorescence microscopy were used to determine the fate and effect of quantum dots (QDs; Qdot® 545 ITK™ Carboxyl Quantum Dots [Fisher Scientific, Fisher part Q21391MP; Invitrogen Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA]) using standard aquatic test organisms. No lethality was measured following 48-h exposure of Ceriodaphnia dubia to QD suspensions as high as 110 ppb, but the 96-h median lethal concentration to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was measured at 37.1 ppb. Transfer of QDs from dosed algae to C. dubia was verified with fluorescence microscopy. These results indicate that coatings present on nanocrystals provide protection from metal toxicity during laboratory exposures but that the transfer of core metals from intact nanocrystals may occur at levels well above toxic threshold values, indicating the potential exposure of higher trophic levels. Studies regarding the fate and effects of nanoparticles can be incorporated into models for predictive toxicology of these emerging contaminants.

Background Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt is a devastating pathogen of chickpea. In chickpea, various soil borne pathogens produce (s) similar symptoms, therefore cannot be distinguished easily at field level. There is real need for a rapid, inexpensive, and easy to operate and maintain genotyping tool to facilitate accurate disease diagnosis and surveillance for better management of Fusarium wilt outbreaks. Results In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequence for visual detection of Foc. The LAMP reaction was optimal at 63°C for 60 min. When hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) was added before amplification, samples with Foc DNA developed a characteristic sky blue colour but those without DNA or with the DNA of six other plant pathogenic fungi did not. Results obtained with LAMP and HNB were confirmed when LAMP products were subjected to gel electrophoresis. The detection limit of this LAMP assay for Foc was 10 fg of genomic DNA per reaction, while that of conventional PCR was 100 pg. Conclusions In conclusion, it was found that a LAMP assay combined with HNB is simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific. The LAMP assay does not require specialized equipment, hence can be used in the field for the rapid detection of Foc. This is the first report of the use of LAMP assay for the detection of Foc. The presented LAMP method provides a specific, sensitive and rapid diagnostic tool for the distinction of Foc, with the potential to be standardized as a detection method for Foc in endemic areas and will be very useful for monitoring the disease complex in the field further suggesting the management strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-0997-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.