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Objective: Research on the development of pharmaceutical self-assembled mixed micells systems is in that they have the advantage of keeping the drug's encapsulating qualities while also enhancing its physicochemical characteristics. The goal of this study was to make the class II biopharmaceutical quercetin more soluble in water and more bioavailable when taken orally (QCT). The enhancement of encapsulation and flavonoids loading within mixed micelles using solvent evapouration technique. Methods: In the present study, pharmaceutical mixed micells of a BCS class II drug, QCT were prepared using solvent evapouration technique method. Prepared mixed micells were characterized using Critical micelle concentration (CMC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Particle size and zeta potential, Powder X-Ray Diffract meter (PXRD), In vitro dissolution, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition In vitro drug release studies were also performed. Results: The results of the characterization studies indicated the designing of gallen gum loaded self-assembled mixed micelles system based on flavonoid phospholipid complex. The CMC of LS-75 and LS-100 binary mixture had shows good results to be 0.0013%. The FTIR spectra of complex showed characteristic peak of QCT shows abundant effect on O-H (aromatic), C-O (aromatic), C-C, and aromatic C-O is observed at 3282.2, 1620.1, 1058.7, and 1162.2 respectively. The average particle size of design-optimized quercetin mixed micells (QCT-MMs) was demonstrated to be ~116.1 nm, as evaluated by Malvern. From the obtained particle size, it indicated that the particle size of QCT in QCT-MMs was widely distributed. The polydispersity index (PDI) for QCT-MMs was found in the range of ~ 1.000, zeta potential value for QCT-MMs as evaluated by Malvern was observed to be ~-99.2 mV. The P-XRD, SEM, showed good powder diffraction results with having good flow property. Also formulation were evaluated for the In vitro drug dissolution study for rate of extent of drug release and dissolution rate release of QCT from QCT-MMs was sustained up to 72 h. TEM images of QCT-MMs, where the micelles exhibited relatively regular dark stained shapes appearing more or less spherical or spheroid. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the QCT-MMs enhance the aqueous solubility of the QCT and increased the bioavailability and retention time.

Background: There is ongoing debate regarding platelet-rich plasma’s (PRP) ability to eff ectively heal soft tissue injuries. Lyophilized platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) was created and kept using the blood bank’s standard separation procedures. The objective of study was to evaluate eff ects of lyophilization on PRP and its properties such as level of growth factors. Also, the eff ect of storage conditions on growth factors. Methods: The PRPs were created through a two-step centrifugation process and lyophilized. After freeze-thawing to allow platelet growth factors to be released, levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), fi broblast growth factor (FGF)-basic, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured each day during storage. Results: After L-PRP preparation, levels of FGF-basic, VEGF, PDGF-AB, EGF and TGF- beta1 signifi cantly raised and levels of HGF and IGF-1 in L-PRPs had light rise. Conclusions: In comparison to F-PRP, platelet counts and seven growth factors increased during preservation in L-PRP. PRPs that have been stored may be injected several times using our method. L-PRP was effi cacious and stable for 90 days when stored at 8oC.

Background: One in four people with diabetes will experience diabetic wounds at some point in their lifespan, which is among the diabetes complications that have the worst eff ects on quality of life. The study’s objective was a comparative preclinical study of the effi cacy of fresh platelet-rich plasma (PRP) Vs L-PRP in diabetic wound. Methods: Twenty four rabbits were used to study the effi cacy. Diabetes was generated in the rabbits, and the diabetic wound’s perilesional region received PRP treatment. The comparative evaluation by done by counting the wound area and rate of healing. Results: There was more than three folds rise in growth factors in lyophillised-PRP than compared to fresh PRP. The rate of wound healing was much fast in lyophilised PRP group. In the control group the wound was unhealed by 30th day and also showed pus cell formation and symptoms of infection. However, it was completely healed on 25th day when treated with L-PRP stored at 8℃. Conclusion: The outcomes prompted clinical research to compare L-PRP to fresh PRP’s effi cacy.

Objective: The study aims to prepare and evaluate Nicorandil mucoadhesive microspheres to improve the oral physicochemical properties of nicorandil and mucoadhesion to extend the residence time at the absorption site. Methods: Nicorandil mucoadhesive microsphere was prepared by emulsion cross-linking method using fenugreek gum, karaya gum as polymer, and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, % swelling index, mucoadhesion study, differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and in vitro dissolution studies were used to characterize the microspheres. Results: The characterization studies indicated the formation of mucoadhesive microspheres. The nicorandil mucoadhesive microspheres particle size is130.83±0.48, entrapment efficiency 66.91±0.54, swelling index 82.69±0.40, % mucoadhesion 95.22±0.13 and in vitro drug release was found to be 89.96±0.17 % at the end of 12 h. Conclusion: This research work successfully formed nicorandil mucoadhesive microspheres formulation using the emulsion cross-linking method. Encapsulation efficiency and other physicochemical and functional characterization of microspheres suggested the successful formation of nicorandil mucoadhesive microspheres.

Contains fulltext : 293219.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) OBJECTIVE: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is associated with motor impairments and parkinsonian signs cross-sectionally, however, there are little longitudinal data on whether SVD increases risk of incident parkinsonism itself. We investigated the relation between baseline SVD severity as well as SVD progression, and incident parkinsonism over a follow-up of 14 years. METHODS: This study included 503 participants with SVD, and without parkinsonism at baseline, from the RUN DMC prospective cohort study. Baseline inclusion was performed in 2006 and follow-up took place in 2011, 2015, and 2020, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and motor assessments. Parkinsonism was diagnosed according to the UK Brain Bank criteria, and stratified into vascular parkinsonism (VaP) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Linear mixed-effect models were constructed to estimate individual rate changes of MRI-characteristics. RESULTS: Follow-up for incident parkinsonism was near-complete (99%). In total, 51 (10.2%) participants developed parkinsonism (33 VaP, 17 IPD, and 1 progressive supranuclear palsy). Patients with incident VaP had higher SVD burden compared with patients with IPD. Higher baseline white matter hyperintensities (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.46 per 1-SD increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-1.78), peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (HR = 1.66 per 1-SD increase, 95% CI = 1.34-2.05), and presence of lacunes (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 0.99-3.42) were associated with increased risk of all-cause parkinsonism. Incident lacunes were associated with incident VaP (HR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.32-16.32). INTERPRETATION: Both baseline SVD severity and SVD progression are independently associated with long-term parkinsonism. Our findings indicate a causal role of SVD in parkinsonism. Future studies are needed to examine the underlying pathophysiology of this relation. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:1130-1141. 01 juni 2023

Background: Identification of risk factors and causes of stroke is key to optimize treatment and prevent recurrence. Up to one-third of young patients with stroke have a cryptogenic stroke according to current classification systems (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment [TOAST] and atherosclerosis, small vessel disease, cardiac pathology, other causes, dissection [ASCOD]). The aim was to identify risk factors and leads for (new) causes of cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults, using the pediatric classification system from the IPSS study (International Pediatric Stroke Study). Methods: This is a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in 17 hospitals in the Netherlands, consisting of 1322 patients aged 18 to 49 years with first-ever, imaging confirmed, ischemic stroke between 2013 and 2021. The main outcome was distribution of risk factors according to IPSS classification in patients with cryptogenic and noncryptogenic stroke according to the TOAST and ASCOD classification. Results: The median age was 44.2 years, and 697 (52.7%) were men. Of these 1322 patients, 333 (25.2%) had a cryptogenic stroke according to the TOAST classification. Additional classification using the ASCOD criteria reduced the number patients with cryptogenic stroke from 333 to 260 (19.7%). When risk factors according to the IPSS were taken into account, the number of patients with no potential cause or risk factor for stroke reduced to 10 (0.8%). Conclusions: Among young adults aged 18 to 49 years with a cryptogenic ischemic stroke according to the TOAST classification, risk factors for stroke are highly prevalent. Using a pediatric classification system provides new leads for the possible causes in cryptogenic stroke, and could potentially lead to more tailored treatment for young individuals with stroke.

Objective: To improve ATN's solubility, permeability, and dissolution rate of pentaerythritol-eudragit®RS100 co-processed excipients (CE) and their potential as a solid dispersion carrier (ATN-CE-SD). Methods: The ATN-CE-SD was prepared using the solvent evaporation technique. The pure ATN, physical mixture, CE carrier, and optimized ATN-CE-SD was physicochemically characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffractometry, solubility, and in vitro dissolution was used to evaluate solid dispersions. Results: Physical and chemical analysis showed that ATN-CE-SD formed via the involvement of weak intermolecular forces of attraction between CE carrier and ATN. The prepared solid dispersion showed the drug content around ~ 96.94 % w/w, indicating that the solvent evaporation method improved the encapsulation of ATN and, thus, enhanced its drug content. Compared to pure ATN (~ 0.11 mg/ml), ATN-CE-SD (1:2) significantly increased the aqueous solubility by around ~ 25-fold (~ 2.78 mg/ml), indicating solid dispersion improves the solubility of ATN. ATN-CE-SD enhanced the rate of dissolution of ATV (~ 65 %) compared to pure ATN (~ 25 %) and PM (~ 34 %). Likewise, ATN-CE-SD (1:2) improved the rate and extent of ATN (~ 60 %) across the biological membrane compared to pure ATN (~ 22 %) and PM (~ 32 %). The ATN-CE-SD (1:2) improved the dissolution efficiency by around ~ (57.31%) compared to pure ATN (~ 7.02%) and PM (~ 20.43%). According to the study, co-processed excipients could serve as a promising solid dispersion carrier and improve ATN's water solubility, permeability, and dissolution rate. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is possible to use synthetic solid dispersion carriers as alternatives to improve the low water solubility and permeability of ATN.