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Summarising and synthesising the evidence on cricket health and wellbeing can help inform cricket stakeholders and navigate future research directions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cricket participation, health and wellbeing at all ages and playing standards, and identify research gaps in the existing literature. A scoping review was performed from inception to March, 2020. Studies were included if they assessed a construct related to health and/or wellbeing in cricketers, available in English. 219 articles were eligible. Injury incidence per 1,000 player exposures ranged from 1.8–5.7 injuries. 48% of former cricketers experienced persistent joint pain. However, former cricketers reported greater physical activity levels and mental-components of quality of life compared to the general population. Heat injury/illness and skin cancer are concerns and require further research. Cricket participation is associated with an inherent injury risk, which may have negative implications for musculoskeletal health in later life. However, cricket participation is associated with high quality of life which can persist after retirement. Gaps in the literature include prospective studies on health and wellbeing of cricketers, female cricketers, injury prevention strategies, and the impact of cricket participation on metabolic health and lifetime physical activity.

Introduction Older adults with serious illness frequently receive post-acute rehabilitative care in nursing homes (NH) under the Part A Medicare Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) Benefit. Treatment is commonly focused on disease-modifying therapies with minimal consideration for goals of care, symptom relief, and other elements of palliative care. Intervention The evidence-based Primary Palliative Care in Post-Acute Care (PPC-PAC) intervention for older adults is delivered by nurse practitioners (NP). PPC-PAC NPs assess and manage symptoms, conduct goals of care discussions and assist with decision making; they communicate findings with NH staff and providers. Implementation of PPC-PAC includes online and face-to-face training of NPs, ongoing facilitation, and a template embedded in the NH electronic health record to document PPC-PAC. Objectives The objectives of this pilot pragmatic clinical trial are to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of the PPC-PAC intervention and its implementation for 80 seriously ill older adults newly admitted to a NH for post-acute care. Methods Design is a two-arm nonequivalent group multi-site pilot pragmatic clinical trial. The unit of assignment is at the NP and unit of analysis is NH patients. Recruitment occurs at NHs in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Effectiveness (patient quality of life) data are collected at two times points—baseline and 14–21 days. Conclusion This will be the first study to evaluate the implementation of an evidence-based primary palliative care intervention specifically designed for older adults with serious illness who are receiving post-acute NH care., Highlights • ECC is used to make wall panel with large hollow ratio. • Experimental investigation and finite element analysis of wind resistance of ECC wall panel with large hollow ratio. • Influence of rib on rigidity and strength of wallboard.

This infographic outlines evidence-based recommendations on COVID-19 reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) testing in elite sport settings, aiming to protect personal and population health, and acknowledging resources and expertise that are often available in elite sport. Public health recommendations vary by country and region, and protocol decisions should be made in consultation with relevant public health authorities. An expert, multidisciplinary group with input from clinical virology, microbiology, public health, infectious diseases and sports medicine provides optimal implementation and interpretation of testing. Interventions to prevent COVID-19 transmission should be implemented consistently1 2 and should include The current gold standard of testing is RT-PCR testing.4–6 The test is highly sensitive and specific to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in laboratory conditions.2 Test results should be interpreted on the basis of the pretest probability, previous test …

The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and will have, profound effects on every person on earth. Measures advocated by the WHO and put in place by national governments, businesses and individuals will save millions of lives, but current movement restrictions (ie, various degrees of lockdown) cannot continue indefinitely. The activity restrictions imposed by governments are designed to reduce human-to-human transmission; they buy time and allow international collaboration between governments and internally to build and allocate the resources and systems to 1. Test: every suspected case where testing is merited and available while having effective prevention strategies in place. 2. Trace: follow up all confirmed cases of COVID-19 and contact trace every relevant contact to identify and cut off transmission. 3. Treat: manage all cases effectively, with adequate intensive care unit capacity, ventilators and staff. Rightly, professional sport has been placed on hold during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO (#BeActive) and many governments continue to promote certain types of moderate physical activity for the benefits it confers on the immune system and physical and mental health.1–4 Sport has health, social and economic benefits for individuals and society, and when the COVID-19 pandemic is better ‘controlled’, it may be appropriate to reintroduce community sport and professional sport. In this editorial, we opine on what needs to be in place for professional sport to recommence. The relaxation of movement/activity/business restrictions is likely to happen over a gradual period, and time frames will differ across nations and even within nations. The following is expected5

© 2019 National Strength and Conditioning Association Sampson, JA, Murray, A, Williams, S, Sullivan, A, and Fullagar, HHK. Subjective wellness, acute: chronic workloads and injury risk in college football. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3367-3373, 2019-Acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWRs) are associated with injury risk across team sports. In this study, one season of workload and wellness data from 42 collegiate football players were retrospectively analyzed. Daily 7:21 day exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) ACWRs were calculated, and z-score fluctuations (“normal,” “better,” and “worse”) in sleep, soreness, energy, and overall wellness were assessed relative to the previous day ACWRs and considered as an interactive effect on the risk of noncontact injury within 0-3 days. Fifty-five noncontact injuries were observed, and injury risks were very likely higher when ACWRs were 2 SDs above (relative risk [RR]: 3.05, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-8.16) and below (RR: 2.49, 90% CI: 1.11-5.58) the mean. A high ACWR was trivially associated (p, 0.05) with “worse” wellness (r = 20.06, CI: 20.10 to 20.02), muscle soreness (r = 20.07, CI: 20.11 to 20.03), and energy (r = 20.05, CI: 20.09 to 20.01). Feelings of “better” overall wellness and muscle soreness with collectively high EWMA ACWRs displayed likely higher injury risks compared with “normal” (RR: 1.52, 90% CI: 0.91 to 2.54; RR: 1.64, 90% CI: 1.10-2.47) and likely or very likely (RR: 2.36, 90% CI: 0.83 to 674; RR: 2.78, 90% CI: 1.21-6.38) compared with “worse” wellness and soreness, respectively. High EWMA ACWRs increased injury risk and negatively impacted wellness. However, athletes reporting “better” wellness, driven by “better” muscle soreness presented with the highest injury risk when high EWMA ACWRs were observed. This suggests that practitioners are responsive to, and/or athletes are able to self-modulate workload activities.

Stress fractures or fatigue fractures are common overuse injuries that occur following repetitive bouts of mechanical loading to bones. They most often occur in the weight-bearing bones of the lower limbs. Their diagnosis can be challenging due to their insidious onset and requirement for imaging to confirm a diagnosis. The risk factors for such injuries include an increase in load, which can be from an increase in volume, intensity, or duration of exercise, abnormal biomechanical factors, and reduced bone mineral density. Their management can be relatively straightforward, but symptoms can persist for many months if load management is not adhered to. If missed, the clinical consequences can be substantial, particularly when involving the femoral neck. Stress fractures occur when bones undergo repetitive stress at a rate greater than their ability to remodel. The initial microtrauma can cause symptoms, such as a pain and swelling, without the presence of a fracture on X-rays. This phenomenon is known as a ‘stress reaction’ and cannot be detected on X-rays in the early stages. If the causative factor continues, this can cause the cortex of the bone to weaken, leading to crack initiation. If this crack propagates across the bone then a complete fracture can occur. Stress fractures should not be confused with insufficiency fractures, which occur when physiological abnormal bone fractures under normal load (that is, secondary to osteoporosis). The incidence of stress fractures in the general population is not clear and most research has studied their incidence in the athletic …

Charles the Bold claimed sovereignty resided in his personal body and was legitimised by his virtues, especially that of justice. It has been debated whether these ideas were influenced by Humanism and if he can be described as a ‘Renaissance prince’. This problem can be addressed through an analysis of Burgundian funerary ceremonies. During Charles’s rule, such events were inspired by the French example of sacral monarchy. I take as a case study Philip the Good’s funeral in Bruges in 1467 at which Charles was presented with a sword lifted from his father’s coffin. This ritual allowed Charles to compare his authority to that of a king’s by stating that, despite the reality of his ducal status, he inherited his father’s lands as a unity and at the same moment. However, borrowing the term from Susan Reynolds, this ritual communicated a general ‘regnal’ status rather than a specifically ‘regal’ one because, unlike royal funerary ceremonies, it conflated Charles’s official and individual persona, claiming legitimacy more through personal charisma than accepted laws and traditions. The importance Charles gave to his virtues and persona was therefore primarily due to his status as a regnal prince aspiring to monarchy.

While sporting governing bodies prepare guidelines and policies to comply with social distancing requirements and governmental guidelines, and some may feel that such changes threaten the very existence of their sport, is there a hidden opportunity to be found among the noise? Elite team sports generate significant financial wealth and widespread media attention, but grass-roots participation rates in many traditional team sports have been decreasing, especially over the last 5 years.1 2 This contrasts with some data suggesting that physical activity levels actually may be increasing overall across the general population, especially among women and older people.1 This begs the question, are sports losing touch with the general population, and are people turning to non-traditional sports and individual activities for leisure-time physical activity? First of all, why might people be turning away from traditional team sports? We know that some of the most frequently cited barriers to participating in sporting activities include: not feeling fit enough to participate; lack of time; poor accessibility; cost and fear of injury.3 4 However, as opposed to consigning these important findings to the pages of medical journals, could sports embrace these barriers as challenges to enhance participation, and secure their futures? Positively, there are ‘bright-spots’ around the world, where these challenges have …

International outdoor athletics championships are typically hosted during the summer season, frequently in hot and humid climatic conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the association between apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses occurrence during international outdoor athletics championships and compared its incidence rates between athletics disciplines. Heat-related illnesses were selected from illness data prospectively collected at seven international outdoor athletics championships between 2009 and 2018 using a standardized methodology. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was calculated as a measure of the apparent temperature based on weather data for each day of the championships. Heat-related illness numbers and (daily) incidence rates were calculated and analyzed in relation to the daily maximum UTCI temperature and between disciplines. During 50 championships days with UTCI temperatures between 15celcius and 37celcius, 132 heat-related illnesses were recorded. Average incidence rate of heat-related illnesses was 11.7 (95%CI 9.7 to 13.7) per 1000 registered athletes. The expected daily incidence rate of heat-related illnesses increased significantly with UTCI temperature (0.12 more illnesses per 1000 registered athletes/degrees C; 95%CI 0.08-0.16) and was found to double from 25 to 35 degrees C UTCI. Race walkers (RR = 45.5, 95%CI 21.6-96.0) and marathon runners (RR = 47.7, 95%CI 23.0-98.8) had higher heat-related illness rates than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Higher UTCI temperatures were associated with more heat-related illnesses, with marathon and race walking athletes having higher risk than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Heat-related illness prevention strategies should predominantly focus on marathon and race walking events of outdoor athletics championships when high temperatures are forecast.

IntroductionRugby football (Union and League) provides physical activity (PA) with related physical and mental health benefits. However, as a collision sport, rugby research and media coverage predominantly focus on injuries in elite players while the overall impact on health and well-being remains unclear. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of the risks and benefits of rugby participation in a diverse sample of men and women, current and former rugby Union and League players from recreational to the elite level of play. We will explore: (1) joint-specific injuries and concussion; (2) joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA); (3) medical and mental health conditions; (4) PA and sedentary behaviour and (5) well-being (quality of life, flourishing and resilience).Methods and analysisThe Rugby Health and Well-being Study is designed in two phases: (1) a UK-wide cross-sectional survey and (2) cross-validation using health register data from Scotland. Participants will be at least 16 years old, current or former rugby players who have played rugby for at least one season. We will report standardised, level of play-, sex- and age-stratified prevalence of joint injury, concussion, medical conditions and PA. We will describe injury/concussion prevention expectations and protective equipment use. Rugby-related factors associated with injury, pain, OA, PA, health and well-being will be explored in regression models. We will compare joint pain intensity and duration, elements of pain perception and well-being between recreational and elite players and further investigate these associations in regression models while controlling for confounding variables. In the second phase, we will validate self-reported with health register data, and provide further information on healthcare use.Ethics and disseminationThe Yorkshire and the Humber—Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 19/HY/0377) has approved this study (IRAS project ID 269424). The results will be disseminated through scientific publications, conferences and social media.

There is considerable evidence of widespread damage in the 7th millennium habitation sites across Jordan. The origins of this damage are unknown, but the most widely accepted hypothesis associates the resulting rubble and gravel deposits with the Holocene Rapid Climate Change. One way of testing the various hypotheses is to provide a more reliable chronology for the event(s) in question. In this study, we used quartz OSL and feldspar IRSL signals to date accumulative rubble layers at two archaeological sites in Southern Jordan; Ba'ja and Basta. By comparison with the OSL ages, the IRSL ages demonstrate that most of the quartz samples were sufficiently well bleached at deposition to provide accurate ages. Quartz ages show that deposition of the rubble layers took place in different episodes starting around 8.5 ka and 6.0 ka. Ages from Ba'ja site agree with the archaeological expectations of time of deposition. However, the results from Basta are younger than the archaeological expectations, which are based mainly on architectural style and stratigraphy.

Purpose: To assess associations between a free oxygen radical test (FORT), free oxygen radical defense test (FORD), oxidative stress index, urinary cortisol, countermovement jump (CMJ), and subjective wellness in American college football. Methods: Twenty-three male student athlete American college football players were assessed over 10 weeks: off-season conditioning (3 wk), preseason camp (4 wk), and in season (3 wk). Assessments included a once-weekly FORT and FORD blood sample, urinary cortisol sample, CMJ assessment including flight time, reactive strength index modified and concentric impulse, and a daily subjective wellness questionnaire. Linear mixed models analyzed the effect of a 2 within-subject SD change in the predictor variable on the dependent variable. The effects were interpreted using magnitude-based inference and are presented as standardized effect size (ES) ± 90% confidence intervals. Results: Small negative associations were observed between FORT–flight time, FORT–fatigue, FORT–soreness (ES range = −0.30 to −0.48), FORD–sleep (ES = 0.42 ± 0.29), and oxidative stress index soreness (ES = 0.56 ± 0.29). Small positive associations were observed between FORT–cortisol (ES = 0.36 ± 0.35), FORD–flight time, FORD reactive strength index modified and FORD–soreness (0.37–0.41), oxidative stress index concentric impulse (ES = 0.37 ± 0.28), and with soreness–concentric impulse, soreness–flight time, and soreness reactive strength index modified (0.33–0.59). Moderate positive associations were observed between cortisol–concentric impulse and cortisol–sleep (0.57–0.60). Conclusion: FORT/FORD was associated with CMJ variables and subjective wellness. Greater amounts of subjective soreness were associated with decreased CMJ performance, increased FORT and cortisol, and decreased FORD.

Aims The use of biologics in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in Olympic and professional athletes appears to be increasing. There are no studies which currently map the extent, range, and nature of existing literature concerning the use and efficacy of such therapies in this arena. The objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence regarding the use of biologics in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in Olympic and professional sport. Methods Best-practice methodological frameworks suggested by Arksey and O’Malley, Levac et al, and the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used. This scoping review will aim to firstly map the current extent, range, and nature of evidence for biologic strategies to treat injuries in professional and Olympic sport; secondly, to summarize and disseminate existing research findings; and thirdly, to identify gaps in existing literature. A three-step search strategy will identify peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed literature, including reviews, original research, and both published and unpublished (‘grey’) literature. An initial limited search will identify suitable search terms, followed by a search of five electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) using keyword and index terms. Studies will be screened independently by two reviewers for final inclusion. Dissemination We will chart key concepts and evidence, and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners and clinicians, through both peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed literature, online platforms (including social media), conference, and in-person communications. We will identify gaps in current literature and priorities for further study.

ObjectiveTo scope the relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPublished and unpublished reports of any age, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms and reference lists.MethodsA three-step search strategy identified relevant published primary, secondary studies and grey literature, which were screened usinga prioriinclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a numerical analysis and (2) a thematic summary.Results and discussion6658 records were identified, and 198 studies met the inclusion criteria. All forms of rugby union can provide health-enhancing physical activity (PA). ‘Non-contact’ and wheelchair rugby in particular provide a wide range of physical and mental health and well-being benefits. The evidence is either mixed or unclear in relation to ‘contact’ rugby union and its effects on a range of physical health domains. Injury and concussion incidence rates are high for contact rugby union relative to other sports.ConclusionsA wide range of stakeholders as well as existing and potential participants can use this information to make a more informed decision about participating in and promoting rugby union as a health-enhancing activity. Industry and policy-makers can use this review to inform policies and strategies that look to increase participation rates and use rugby union as a vehicle to contribute positively to population health. Further research understanding rugby union’s contribution to PA as well as to muscle-strengthening and balance is indicated, as well as research examining more health and well-being outcomes across more diverse cohorts.

Studying online requires well-developed self-regulated learning skills to properly manage one's learning strategies. Learning analytics research has proposed novel methods for extracting theoretically meaningful learning strategies from trace data originating from formal learning settings (online, blended, or flipped classroom). Thus identified strategies proved to be associated with academic achievement. However, automated extraction of theoretically meaningful learning strategies from trace data in the context of massive open online courses (MOOCs) is still under-explored. Moreover, there is a lacuna in research on the relations between automatically detected strategies and the established psychological constructs. The paper reports on a study that (a) applied a state-of-the-art analytic method that combines process and sequence mining techniques to detect learning strategies from the trace data collected in a MOOC (N=1,397), and (b) explored associations of the detected strategies with academic performance and personality traits (Big Five). Four learning strategies detected with the adopted analytics method were shown to be theoretically interpretable as the well-known approaches to learning. The results also revealed that the four detected learning strategies were predicted by conscientiousness, emotional instability, and agreeableness and were associated with academic performance. Implications for theoretical validity and practical application of analytics-detected learning strategies are also provided.

IntroductionCricket is a popular sport played by 2.5 billion people of all ages and abilities. However, cricket participation is decreasing in the UK, despite an increased focus of governments on increasing sport participation to enhance public health. Understanding the health benefits and mitigating the health risks of cricket participation may help cricket organisations promote cricket participation while optimising the long-term health of cricket participants. Currently, there is no literature review on the relationship between cricket participation, health and well-being; thus, this relationship remains unclear. Therefore, the aims of this scoping review were (1) to investigate the relationship between cricket participation, health and well-being and (ii) to identify the research gaps related to cricket, health and well-being.Methods and analysisDue to the broad nature of our research question and the large number of health outcomes assessed within the cricket literature and to facilitate identification of research gaps, a scoping review methodology was used. The methodology of this paper was informed by previous scoping review protocols and best practice methodological frameworks. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Web of Science and PEDro and grey literature sources (Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN Registry and ProQuest) will be systematically searched. Studies that assess a construct related to health and/or well-being in current and/or former cricketers from all ages and standards of play will be eligible. Two reviewers will independently screen full texts of identified studies for eligibility and will perform data extraction. Results will be presented in tabular and graphical forms and will be reported descriptively.Ethics and disseminationThis research is exempt from ethics approval due to the data being available through published and public available resources. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed sports and exercise medicine journal regardless of positive or negative findings. In addition, results will be disseminated through multiple platforms, including conference presentations and social media using multimedia resources (eg, infographics, animations, videos, podcasts and blogs), to engage stakeholder groups, including cricketers, cricket coaches, sporting bodies, sports medicine professionals and policy makers. There findings will inform clinical decision making, policy changes and future research agendas.

Mass-transport sediments are generally difficult to date directly by existing methods. Conventional luminescence dating of sand is unsuitable because the short transport distances provide little opportunity for bleaching. However, larger clasts are often exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods before becoming entrained in mass-movements, and these clasts have the potential to be used for rock-surface luminescence dating. Mass-transport is a major component of landscape change in mountain regions; in the Baksan valley, Caucasus Mountains, high uplift rates and high precipitation create a rapidly eroding landscape where preservation of sediments is poor. The area is particularly prone to destructive debris flows, because of the large quantity of detrital material in the catchments. The debris-flow and hillslope sediment the Baksan valley are used here to test the applicability of rock-surface burial dating to mass-transport sediment. We find that colluvial clasts show a high degree of bleaching and give reproducible ages, with a large colluvial deposit dated to the early–mid Holocene. The bleaching of debris flow clasts is more variable – we suppose due to the more complex transport history of the clasts, with opportunities for lengthy storage in moraines or colluvium. Overall, the results are encouraging, and suggest that rock-surface methods can provide a useful approach to mass-transport dating in mountainous regions. However, improved targeting of samples and measurement efficiency is desirable for widespread application.

ObjectiveThe distribution of injuries affecting professional golfers is yet to be fully understood. We performed a systematic review of the clinical literature to establish the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries affecting professional golfers.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesSearched databases in July 2018 were PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Embase.Eligibility criteriaPublished observational research articles relating to the incidence or prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in professional golfers, which were written in the English language and not restricted by age or gender.ResultsOf the 1863 studies identified on the initial search, 5 studies were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria for analysis. The mean age of the golfers in these studies was 34.8 (±3.6) years. The gender of patients in included studies compromised 72% males and 28% females. Four studies reported that lumbar spine injuries were the most common (range 22%–34%). Excluding injuries to the spine (lumbar, thoracic and cervical), the hand/wrist was the next most common region of injury (range 6%–37%). The quality of the studies was relatively poor with no study satisfying >50% of the quality assessment tool questions and only one study giving a clear definition of how they defined injury.ConclusionThere is a paucity of well-designed epidemiological studies evaluating musculoskeletal injuries affecting professional golfers. Injuries to the spine are the most frequently affected region, followed by the hand/wrist. This study has identified targeted areas of future research that aims to improve the management of injuries among professional golfers.

New knowledge from research findings rarely produces rapid efficient changes in practice.1 Barton and Merolli2 proposed a model which may help improve knowledge translation via the addition of two novel contemporary steps: multimedia creation and subsequent dissemination (see figure 1). Figure 1 Visual representation of a process to improve knowledge translation based on Barton and Merolli’s model.2 Following this model, we recently produced digital/multimedia resources to help communicate and disseminate the International Consensus on Golf and Health.3 A systematic literature review and modified Delphi process underpinned the International Consensus on Golf and Health and this was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in 2018.3 The Consensus is intended to support (1) golfers and potential golfers; (2) golf facilities and the golf industry; and (3) policy makers to make evidence-informed decisions that can maximise the health benefits of golf and minimise the health risks associated with this sport. Articles containing visual information are …