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3,957 results on '"Amaya P."'

102. Characterization of the sphere and of bodies of revolution by means of Larman points

Author

Alfonseca, María Angeles, Cordier, Michelle, Jerónimo-Castro, Jesús, and Morales-Amaya, Efrén

Subjects
Mathematics - Metric Geometry
Abstract

Let $K\subset \Rn$, $n\geq 3$, be a convex body. A point $p\in \Rn$ is said to be a \textit{Larman point} of $K$ if, for every hyperplane $\Pi$ passing through $p$, the section $\Pi\cap K$ has a $(n-2)$-plane of symmetry. If a point $p \in \Rn$ is a Larman point and if, in addition, for every hyperplane $\Pi$ passing through $p$, the section $\Pi\cap K$ has a $(n-2)$-plane of symmetry which contains $p$, then we call $p$ a \textit{revolution point} of $K$. In this work we prove that if $K\subset \Rt$ is a strictly convex centrally symmetric body with centre at $o$, $p$ is a Larman point of $K$ and there exists a line $L$ such that $p\notin L$ and, for every plane $\Gamma$ passing through $p$, the section $\Gamma \cap K$ has a line of symmetry which intersects $L$, then $K$ is a body of revolution (in some cases, we conclude that $K$ is a sphere). On the other hand, we also prove that if $p$ is a revolution point such that $p\not=o$, then $K$ is a body of revolution.

Published
2023

103. On Barker-Larman Conjecture relative to a convex body with centrally symmetric sections

Author

Morales-Amaya, E.

Subjects
Mathematics - Metric Geometry
Abstract

Let $K\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be a convex body, $n\geq 3$. We say that $K$ satisfies the \textit{Barker-Larman condition} if there exists a ball $B\subset \text{int} K$ such that for every suppor\-ting hyperplane $\Pi$ of $B$, the section $\Pi \cap K$ is a centrally symmetric set. On the other hand, we say that $K$ satisfies the \textit{Montejano condition} if there exists a ball $B\subset \text{int} K$ such that for every suppor\-ting hyperplane $\Pi$ of $B$, the section $\Pi \cap K$ is a body of constant width. In this work we prove the following results where, in both cases, $K$ is an $O$-symmetric convex body and $B\subset \text{int} K$ is a ball such that $O\notin B$: 1) If $K$ is strictly convex body and satisfies the Barker-Larman condition with respect to $B$, then $K$ is an ellipsoid; 2) If $K$ satisfies the Montejano condition relative to $B$, then $K$ is a ball.

Published
2023

104. A note on compact and {\sigma}-compact subsets of probability measures on metric spaces with an application to the distribution free newsvendor problem

Author

Vega-Amaya, Óscar and Luque-Vásquez, Fernando

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control, Mathematics - Probability
Abstract

This note identifies compact and {\sigma}-compact subsets of probability measures on a class of metric spaces with respect to the weak convergence topology. Moreover, it is shown by an example, that the space of probability measures on a {\sigma}-compact metric spaces not need to be {\sigma}-compact space, even though the converse statement holds true for metric spaces. The results are applied to an extended form of the distribution free newsvendor problem., Comment: Sixteen pages

Published
2023

105. A note on the policy iteration algorithm for discounted Markov decision processes for a class of semicontinuous models

Author

Vega-Amaya, Óscar and Luque-Vásquez, Fernando

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control, 90C40
Abstract

The standard version of the policy iteration (PI) algorithm fails for semicontinuous models, that is, for models with lower semicontinuous one-step costs and weakly continuous transition law. This is due to the lack of continuity properties of the discounted cost for stationary policies, thus appearing a measurability problem in the improvement step. The present work proposes an alternative version of PI algorithm which performs an smoothing step to avoid the measurability problem. Assuming that the model satisfies a Lyapunov growth conditions and also some standard continuity-compactness properties, it is shown the linear convergence of the policy iteration functions to the optimal value function. Strengthening the continuity conditions, in a second result, it is shown that among the improvement policies there is one with the best possible improvement and whose cost function is continuous., Comment: Fourteen pages pages

Published
2023

106. Bayesian tomography using polynomial chaos expansion and deep generative networks

Author

Meles, Giovanni Angelo, Amaya, Macarena, Levy, Shiran, Marelli, Stefano, and Linde, Niklas

Subjects
Physics - Geophysics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Implementations of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods need to confront two fundamental challenges: accurate representation of prior information and efficient evaluation of likelihoods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and related techniques can in some cases facilitate the definition and sampling of the prior distribution, as well as the training of accurate surrogate models, using for instance, polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). However, complex geological priors with sharp contrasts necessitate more complex dimensionality-reduction techniques, such as, deep generative models (DGMs). By sampling a low-dimensional prior probability distribution defined in the low-dimensional latent space of such a model, it becomes possible to efficiently sample the physical domain at the price of a generator that is typically highly non-linear. Training a surrogate that is capable of capturing intricate non-linear relationships between latent parameters and outputs of forward modeling presents a notable challenge. Indeed, while PCE models provide high accuracy when the input-output relationship can be effectively approximated by relatively low-degree multivariate polynomials, this condition is typically not met when employing latent variables derived from DGMs. In this contribution, we present a strategy combining the excellent reconstruction performances of a variational autoencoder (VAE) with the accuracy of PCA-PCE surrogate modeling in the context of Bayesian ground penetrating radar (GPR) traveltime tomography. Within the MCMC process, the parametrization of the VAE is leveraged for prior exploration and sample proposals. Concurrently, surrogate modeling is conducted using PCE, which operates on either globally or locally defined principal components of the VAE samples under examination., Comment: 25 pages, 15 figures

Published
2023

107. The Scientific Investigation of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Using Multimodal Ground-Based Observatories

Author

Watters, Wesley Andrés, Loeb, Abraham, Laukien, Frank, Cloete, Richard, Delacroix, Alex, Dobroshinsky, Sergei, Horvath, Benjamin, Kelderman, Ezra, Little, Sarah, Masson, Eric, Mead, Andrew, Randall, Mitch, Schultz, Forrest, Szenher, Matthew, Vervelidou, Foteini, White, Abigail, Ahlström, Angelique, Cleland, Carol, Dockal, Spencer, Donahue, Natasha, Elowitz, Mark, Ezell, Carson, Gersznowicz, Alex, Gold, Nicholas, Hercz, Michael G., Keto, Eric, Knuth, Kevin H., Lux, Anthony, Melnick, Gary J., Moro-Martín, Amaya, Martin-Torres, Javier, Ribes, Daniel Llusa, Sail, Paul, Teodorani, Massimo, Tedesco, John Joseph, Tedesco, Gerald Thomas, Tu, Michelle, and Zorzano, Maria-Paz

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

(Abridged) Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) have resisted explanation and have received little formal scientific attention for 75 years. A primary objective of the Galileo Project is to build an integrated software and instrumentation system designed to conduct a multimodal census of aerial phenomena and to recognize anomalies. Here we present key motivations for the study of UAP and address historical objections to this research. We describe an approach for highlighting outlier events in the high-dimensional parameter space of our census measurements. We provide a detailed roadmap for deciding measurement requirements, as well as a science traceability matrix (STM) for connecting sought-after physical parameters to observables and instrument requirements. We also discuss potential strategies for deciding where to locate instruments for development, testing, and final deployment. Our instrument package is multimodal and multispectral, consisting of (1) wide-field cameras in multiple bands for targeting and tracking of aerial objects and deriving their positions and kinematics using triangulation; (2) narrow-field instruments including cameras for characterizing morphology, spectra, polarimetry, and photometry; (3) passive multistatic arrays of antennas and receivers for radar-derived range and kinematics; (4) radio spectrum analyzers to measure radio and microwave emissions; (5) microphones for sampling acoustic emissions in the infrasonic through ultrasonic frequency bands; and (6) environmental sensors for characterizing ambient conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind velocity), as well as quasistatic electric and magnetic fields, and energetic particles. The use of multispectral instruments and multiple sensor modalities will help to ensure that artifacts are recognized and that true detections are corroborated and verifiable., Comment: This paper is published in the Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 12(1), 2340006 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171723400068

Published
2023
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108. Co-Designing Doctoral Programs to Enhance Postgraduate Students' Employability: Insights from Industry Stakeholders

Author

Raquel María Pérez-García, Amaya Erro-Garcés, Maria Elena Aramendia-Muneta, and Antonio López Peláez

Abstract

Purpose: Doctoral programs play a crucial role in promoting innovation and technology transfer in universities. To design these programs effectively and with a co-design perspective, it is essential to consider all stakeholders involved in the process, including teachers, students and employers. The main objective of this study is to enhance postgraduate programs to improve students' employability. Design/methodology/approach: This empirical study was conducted over a three-year period and employed semi-structured interviews as its primary research methodology. In the first phase, 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers from various sectors. The second phase involved 20 interviews, and the final phase of the study included 18 interviews with the same managers from previous phases. Findings: The study's main results revealed that the international networks, language proficiency and analytical skills of doctoral students were highly valued by employers. The main findings come from companies with doctoral students. Therefore, the skills were identified during the learning experience of the PhD graduates in the companies. Practical implications: The study's results can guide improvements in postgraduate program curricula and design to enhance students' employability. Originality/value: This research presents a novel approach to its findings. On the one hand, the study's conclusions may provide valuable insights for business agents, encouraging them to hire PhD students. On the other hand, it aims to drive necessary changes that promote more PhD students' focus on non-academic careers, creating significant value for research and innovation in the private sector.

Published
2024
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111. Tipifarnib potentiates the antitumor effects of PI3Kα inhibition in PIK3CA- and HRAS-dysregulated HNSCC via convergent inhibition of mTOR activity

Author

Smith, Alison E, Chan, Stacia, Wang, Zhiyong, McCloskey, Asako, Reilly, Quinn, Wang, Jayden Z, Patel, Hetika Vora, Koshizuka, Keiichi, Soifer, Harris S, Kessler, Linda, Dayoub, Ashley, Villaflor, Victoria, Adkins, Douglas R, Bruce, Justine Y, Ho, Alan L, Perez, Cesar A, Hanna, Glenn J, Hernández, Amaya Gascó, Saunders, Andrew, Dale, Stephen, Gutkind, J Silvio, Burrows, Francis, and Malik, Shivani

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Orphan Drug, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Rare Diseases, Cancer, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Humans, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Biomarkers, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Biochemistry and cell biology, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

Outcomes for patients with recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are poor, with median overall survival (OS) ranging from 6 to 18 months. For those who progress on standard-of-care (chemo)immunotherapy, treatment options are limited, necessitating the development of rational therapeutic strategies. Toward this end, we targeted the key HNSCC drivers PI3K-mTOR and HRAS via the combination of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor, and alpelisib, a PI3Kα inhibitor, in multiple molecularly defined subsets of HNSCC. Tipifarnib synergized with alpelisib at the level of mTOR in PI3Kα- or HRAS-dependent HNSCCs, leading to marked cytotoxicity in vitro and tumor regression in vivo. On the basis of these findings, the KURRENT-HN trial was launched to evaluate the effectiveness of this combination in PIK3CA-mutant/amplified and/or HRAS-overexpressing R/M HNSCC. Preliminary evidence supports the clinical activity of this molecular biomarker-driven combination therapy. Combined alpelisib and tipifarnib has potential to benefit >45% of patients with R/M HNSCC. By blocking feedback reactivation of mTORC1, tipifarnib may prevent adaptive resistance to additional targeted therapies, enhancing their clinical utility.SignificanceThe mechanistically designed, biomarker-matched strategy of combining alpelisib and tipifarnib is efficacious in PIK3CA- and HRAS-dysregulated head and neck squamous carcinoma and could improve outcomes for many patients with recurrent, metastatic disease. See related commentary by Lee et al., p. 3162.

Published
2023

112. Insights and strategies for improving equity in graduate school admissions.

Author

Cadena, Melissa, Amaya, Cathy, Duan, Daisy, Rico, Carlos, García-Bayona, Leonor, Blanco, Aníbal, Agreda, Yessica, Villegas Rodríguez, Gonzalo, Ceja, Alexis, Martinez, Vianna, Goldman, Olivia, and Fernandez, Robert

Subjects
Humans, Curriculum, Students, Education, Graduate, Minority Groups
Abstract

Applying to graduate school can be particularly challenging for students from historically minoritized backgrounds due to a hidden curriculum in the graduate admissions process. To address this issue, a team of volunteer STEM trainees established the Científico Latino Graduate Student Mentorship Initiative (CL-GSMI) in 2019 to support applicants from historically minoritized backgrounds. CL-GSMI is designed to improve access to critical resources, including information, mentorship, and financial support, and has assisted 443 students in applying and matriculating to graduate school. Using program evaluation data from 2020 to 2021, we highlight areas in graduate school admissions that can be improved to promote equity and inclusion.

Published
2023

113. Increasing the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research: a qualitative interview study in the United States

Author

Dubé, Karine, Barr, Elizabeth, Philbin, Morgan, Perez-Brumer, Amaya, Minalga, Brian, Peterson, Beth, Averitt, Dawn, Picou, Bridgette, Martel, Krista, Chung, Cecilia, Mejía, María, Cameron, Martha, Graham, Gail, Dee, Lynda, Diallo, Dázon Dixon, Gordon, Ebony, Korolkova, Anastasia, Dyer, Typhanye, Auerbach, Judith D, Scully, Eileen, Dong, Krista L, and Gianella, Sara

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Health Disparities, Women's Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prevention, Minority Health, HIV/AIDS, Good Health and Well Being, Gender Equality, Female, Humans, Male, United States, Qualitative Research, Empirical Research, Academies and Institutes, Biopsy, HIV Infections, Women, HIV, clinical trials, participation, meaningful involvement, HIV cure research
Abstract

BackgroundCisgender women represent over half of people living with HIV globally. However, current research efforts toward a cure for HIV focus predominantly on cisgender men. The under-representation of women in HIV cure clinical studies is particularly problematic given data suggesting that sex-dependent phenotypes limit scientific discovery.ObjectiveWe aimed to generate considerations to increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure-related research.Materials and methodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with biomedical researchers and community members to better understand factors that could increase the meaningful involvement of women in HIV cure clinical trials. Participants were affiliated with academia, industry, community advisory boards, and community-based organizations, and were identified using listings from the AIDS Clinical Trials Group and the Martin Delaney Collaboratories. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsWe recruited 27 participants, of whom 11 were biomedical researchers and 16 were community members. Participants included 25 cisgender women, 1 transgender woman, and 1 cisgender man. Key considerations emerged, including the need to ensure that HIV cure studies reflect HIV epidemiologic trends and having accurate representation by sex and gender in HIV cure research. To increase the meaningful involvement of women, recommendations included instituting intentional enrollment goals, frequent and mandatory reporting on enrollment, and incentives for sites to enroll women. Additional themes included the need for agency and self-determination, attention to lived experiences, trauma and healing, and adequate support for women (e.g. logistical, psychosocial, mental, emotional, and physical). Participants noted that women would be willing to participate in HIV cure trials, related procedures (e.g. biopsies), and analytical treatment interruptions. They also expressed a desired for women-centered and holistic clinical trial designs that account for intersectionality.ConclusionsOur empirical inquiry extends recent calls to action to increase diversity of people involved in HIV cure research. Redressing the under-inclusion of women in HIV cure research is an urgent imperative. The entire field must mobilize and reform to achieve this goal. Meaningfully involving women across the gender spectrum in HIV cure research is needed to ensure that interventions are safe, effective, scalable, and acceptable for all people with HIV.

Published
2023

114. Educating English Learners during the Pandemic: Insights from Experts, Advocates, and Practitioners

Author

New America, Villegas, Leslie, and Garcia, Amaya

Abstract

There is a growing body of evidence about the disproportionate impact the pandemic had on English learners (ELs). We sought to capture the complexity of learning conditions for this student population during the COVID-19 pandemic by interviewing 20 EL education leaders. These experts' experiences revealed that while remote learning posed significant challenges to EL education and services, educators improvised, collaborated, and continued to innovate throughout the pandemic. To help EL students moving forward, education leaders on all levels must acknowledge both the struggle and perseverance that shaped their educational experiences during the pandemic.

Published
2022

115. The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Author

Gardner, Jonathan P., Mather, John C., Abbott, Randy, Abell, James S., Abernathy, Mark, Abney, Faith E., Abraham, John G., Abraham, Roberto, Abul-Huda, Yasin M., Acton, Scott, Adams, Cynthia K., Adams, Evan, Adler, David S., Adriaensen, Maarten, Aguilar, Jonathan Albert, Ahmed, Mansoor, Ahmed, Nasif S., Ahmed, Tanjira, Albat, Rüdeger, Albert, Loïc, Alberts, Stacey, Aldridge, David, Allen, Mary Marsha, Allen, Shaune S., Altenburg, Martin, Altunc, Serhat, Alvarez, Jose Lorenzo, Álvarez-Márquez, Javier, de Oliveira, Catarina Alves, Ambrose, Leslie L., Anandakrishnan, Satya M., Andersen, Gregory C., Anderson, Harry James, Anderson, Jay, Anderson, Kristen, Anderson, Sara M., Aprea, Julio, Archer, Benita J., Arenberg, Jonathan W., Argyriou, Ioannis, Arribas, Santiago, Artigau, Étienne, Arvai, Amanda Rose, Atcheson, Paul, Atkinson, Charles B., Averbukh, Jesse, Aymergen, Cagatay, Bacinski, John J., Baggett, Wayne E., Bagnasco, Giorgio, Baker, Lynn L., Balzano, Vicki Ann, Banks, Kimberly A., Baran, David A., Barker, Elizabeth A., Barrett, Larry K., Barringer, Bruce O., Barto, Allison, Bast, William, Baudoz, Pierre, Baum, Stefi, Beatty, Thomas G., Beaulieu, Mathilde, Bechtold, Kathryn, Beck, Tracy, Beddard, Megan M., Beichman, Charles, Bellagama, Larry, Bely, Pierre, Berger, Timothy W., Bergeron, Louis E., Darveau-Bernier, Antoine, Bertch, Maria D., Beskow, Charlotte, Betz, Laura E., Biagetti, Carl P., Birkmann, Stephan, Bjorklund, Kurt F., Blackwood, James D., Blazek, Ronald Paul, Blossfeld, Stephen, Bluth, Marcel, Boccaletti, Anthony, Boegner Jr., Martin E., Bohlin, Ralph C., Boia, John Joseph, Böker, Torsten, Bonaventura, N., Bond, Nicholas A., Bosley, Kari Ann, Boucarut, Rene A., Bouchet, Patrice, Bouwman, Jeroen, Bower, Gary, Bowers, Ariel S., Bowers, Charles W., Boyce, Leslye A., Boyer, Christine T., Boyer, Martha L., Boyer, Michael, Boyer, Robert, Bradley, Larry D., Brady, Gregory R., Brandl, Bernhard R., Brannen, Judith L., Breda, David, Bremmer, Harold G., Brennan, David, Bresnahan, Pamela A., Bright, Stacey N., Broiles, Brian J., Bromenschenkel, Asa, Brooks, Brian H., Brooks, Keira J., Brown, Bob, Brown, Bruce, Brown, Thomas M., Bruce, Barry W., Bryson, Jonathan G., Bujanda, Edwin D., Bullock, Blake M., Bunker, A. J., Bureo, Rafael, Burt, Irving J., Bush, James Aaron, Bushouse, Howard A., Bussman, Marie C., Cabaud, Olivier, Cale, Steven, Calhoon, Charles D., Calvani, Humberto, Canipe, Alicia M., Caputo, Francis M., Cara, Mihai, Carey, Larkin, Case, Michael Eli, Cesari, Thaddeus, Cetorelli, Lee D., Chance, Don R., Chandler, Lynn, Chaney, Dave, Chapman, George N., Charlot, S., Chayer, Pierre, Cheezum, Jeffrey I., Chen, Bin, Chen, Christine H., Cherinka, Brian, Chichester, Sarah C., Chilton, Zachary S., Chittiraibalan, Dharini, Clampin, Mark, Clark, Charles R., Clark, Kerry W., Clark, Stephanie M., Claybrooks, Edward E., Cleveland, Keith A., Cohen, Andrew L., Cohen, Lester M., Colón, Knicole D., Coleman, Benee L., Colina, Luis, Comber, Brian J., Comeau, Thomas M., Comer, Thomas, Reis, Alain Conde, Connolly, Dennis C., Conroy, Kyle E., Contos, Adam R., Contreras, James, Cook, Neil J., Cooper, James L., Cooper, Rachel Aviva, Correia, Michael F., Correnti, Matteo, Cossou, Christophe, Costanza, Brian F., Coulais, Alain, Cox, Colin R., Coyle, Ray T., Cracraft, Misty M., Noriega-Crespo, Alberto, Crew, Keith A., Curtis, Gary J., Cusveller, Bianca, Maciel, Cleyciane Da Costa, Dailey, Christopher T., Daugeron, Frédéric, Davidson, Greg S., Davies, James E., Davis, Katherine Anne, Davis, Michael S., Day, Ratna, de Chambure, Daniel, de Jong, Pauline, De Marchi, Guido, Dean, Bruce H., Decker, John E., Delisa, Amy S., Dell, Lawrence C., Dellagatta, Gail, Dembinska, Franciszka, Demosthenes, Sandor, Dencheva, Nadezhda M., Deneu, Philippe, DePriest, William W., Deschenes, Jeremy, Dethienne, Nathalie, Detre, Örs Hunor, Diaz, Rosa Izela, Dicken, Daniel, DiFelice, Audrey S., Dillman, Matthew, Disharoon, Maureen O., van Dishoeck, Ewine F., Dixon, William V., Doggett, Jesse B., Dominguez, Keisha L., Donaldson, Thomas S., Doria-Warner, Cristina M., Santos, Tony Dos, Doty, Heather, Douglas Jr., Robert E., Doyon, René, Dressler, Alan, Driggers, Jennifer, Driggers, Phillip A., Dunn, Jamie L., DuPrie, Kimberly C., Dupuis, Jean, Durning, John, Dutta, Sanghamitra B., Earl, Nicholas M., Eccleston, Paul, Ecobichon, Pascal, Egami, Eiichi, Ehrenwinkler, Ralf, Eisenhamer, Jonathan D., Eisenhower, Michael, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Hamel, Zaky El, Elie, Michelle L., Elliott, James, Elliott, Kyle Wesley, Engesser, Michael, Espinoza, Néstor, Etienne, Odessa, Etxaluze, Mireya, Evans, Leah, Fabreguettes, Luce, Falcolini, Massimo, Falini, Patrick R., Fatig, Curtis, Feeney, Matthew, Feinberg, Lee D., Fels, Raymond, Ferdous, Nazma, Ferguson, Henry C., Ferrarese, Laura, Ferreira, Marie-Héléne, Ferruit, Pierre, Ferry, Malcolm, Filippazzo, Joseph Charles, Firre, Daniel, Fix, Mees, Flagey, Nicolas, Flanagan, Kathryn A., Fleming, Scott W., Florian, Michael, Flynn, James R., Foiadelli, Luca, Fontaine, Mark R., Fontanella, Erin Marie, Forshay, Peter Randolph, Fortner, Elizabeth A., Fox, Ori D., Framarini, Alexandro P., Francisco, John I., Franck, Randy, Franx, Marijn, Franz, David E., Friedman, Scott D., Friend, Katheryn E., Frost, James R., Fu, Henry, Fullerton, Alexander W., Gaillard, Lionel, Galkin, Sergey, Gallagher, Ben, Galyer, Anthony D., Marín, Macarena García, Gardner, Lisa E., Garland, Dennis, Garrett, Bruce Albert, Gasman, Danny, Gáspár, András, Gastaud, René, Gaudreau, Daniel, Gauthier, Peter Timothy, Geers, Vincent, Geithner, Paul H., Gennaro, Mario, Gerber, John, Gereau, John C., Giampaoli, Robert, Giardino, Giovanna, Gibbons, Paul C., Gilbert, Karolina, Gilman, Larry, Girard, Julien H., Giuliano, Mark E., Gkountis, Konstantinos, Glasse, Alistair, Glassmire, Kirk Zachary, Glauser, Adrian Michael, Glazer, Stuart D., Goldberg, Joshua, Golimowski, David A., Gonzaga, Shireen P., Gordon, Karl D., Gordon, Shawn J., Goudfrooij, Paul, Gough, Michael J., Graham, Adrian J., Grau, Christopher M., Green, Joel David, Greene, Gretchen R., Greene, Thomas P., Greenfield, Perry E., Greenhouse, Matthew A., Greve, Thomas R., Greville, Edgar M., Grimaldi, Stefano, Groe, Frank E., Groebner, Andrew, Grumm, David M., Grundy, Timothy, Güdel, Manuel, Guillard, Pierre, Guldalian, John, Gunn, Christopher A., Gurule, Anthony, Gutman, Irvin Meyer, Guy, Paul D., Guyot, Benjamin, Hack, Warren J., Haderlein, Peter, Hagan, James B., Hagedorn, Andria, Hainline, Kevin, Haley, Craig, Hami, Maryam, Hamilton, Forrest Clifford, Hammann, Jeffrey, Hammel, Heidi B., Hanley, Christopher J., Hansen, Carl August, Hardy, Bruce, Harnisch, Bernd, Harr, Michael Hunter, Harris, Pamela, Hart, Jessica Ann, Hartig, George F., Hasan, Hashima, Hashim, Kathleen Marie, Hashimoto, Ryan, Haskins, Sujee J., Hawkins, Robert Edward, Hayden, Brian, Hayden, William L., Healy, Mike, Hecht, Karen, Heeg, Vince J., Hejal, Reem, Helm, Kristopher A., Hengemihle, Nicholas J., Henning, Thomas, Henry, Alaina, Henry, Ronald L., Henshaw, Katherine, Hernandez, Scarlin, Herrington, Donald C., Heske, Astrid, Hesman, Brigette Emily, Hickey, David L., Hilbert, Bryan N., Hines, Dean C., Hinz, Michael R., Hirsch, Michael, Hitcho, Robert S., Hodapp, Klaus, Hodge, Philip E., Hoffman, Melissa, Holfeltz, Sherie T., Holler, Bryan Jason, Hoppa, Jennifer Rose, Horner, Scott, Howard, Joseph M., Howard, Richard J., Huber, Jean M., Hunkeler, Joseph S., Hunter, Alexander, Hunter, David Gavin, Hurd, Spencer W., Hurst, Brendan J., Hutchings, John B., Hylan, Jason E., Ignat, Luminita Ilinca, Illingworth, Garth, Irish, Sandra M., Isaacs III, John C., Jackson Jr., Wallace C., Jaffe, Daniel T., Jahic, Jasmin, Jahromi, Amir, Jakobsen, Peter, James, Bryan, James, John C., James, LeAndrea Rae, Jamieson, William Brian, Jandra, Raymond D., Jayawardhana, Ray, Jedrzejewski, Robert, Jeffers, Basil S., Jensen, Peter, Joanne, Egges, Johns, Alan T., Johnson, Carl A., Johnson, Eric L., Johnson, Patricia, Johnson, Phillip Stephen, Johnson, Thomas K., Johnson, Timothy W., Johnstone, Doug, Jollet, Delphine, Jones, Danny P., Jones, Gregory S., Jones, Olivia C., Jones, Ronald A., Jones, Vicki, Jordan, Ian J., Jordan, Margaret E., Jue, Reginald, Jurkowski, Mark H., Justis, Grant, Justtanont, Kay, Kaleida, Catherine C., Kalirai, Jason S., Kalmanson, Phillip Cabrales, Kaltenegger, Lisa, Kammerer, Jens, Kan, Samuel K., Kanarek, Graham Childs, Kao, Shaw-Hong, Karakla, Diane M., Karl, Hermann, Kassin, Susan A., Kauffman, David D., Kavanagh, Patrick, Kelley, Leigh L., Kelly, Douglas M., Kendrew, Sarah, Kennedy, Herbert V., Kenny, Deborah A., Keski-Kuha, Ritva A., Keyes, Charles D., Khan, Ali, Kidwell, Richard C., Kimble, Randy A., King, James S., King, Richard C., Kinzel, Wayne M., Kirk, Jeffrey R., Kirkpatrick, Marc E., Klaassen, Pamela, Klingemann, Lana, Klintworth, Paul U., Knapp, Bryan Adam, Knight, Scott, Knollenberg, Perry J., Knutsen, Daniel Mark, Koehler, Robert, Koekemoer, Anton M., Kofler, Earl T., Kontson, Vicki L., Kovacs, Aiden Rose, Kozhurina-Platais, Vera, Krause, Oliver, Kriss, Gerard A., Krist, John, Kristoffersen, Monica R., Krogel, Claudia, Krueger, Anthony P., Kulp, Bernard A., Kumari, Nimisha, Kwan, Sandy W., Kyprianou, Mark, Labador, Aurora Gadiano, Labiano, Álvaro, Lafrenière, David, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Laidler, Victoria G., Laine, Benoit, Laird, Simon, Lajoie, Charles-Philippe, Lallo, Matthew D., Lam, May Yen, LaMassa, Stephanie Marie, Lambros, Scott D., Lampenfield, Richard Joseph, Lander, Matthew Ed, Langston, James Hutton, Larson, Kirsten, Larson, Melora, LaVerghetta, Robert Joseph, Law, David R., Lawrence, Jon F., Lee, David W., Lee, Janice, Lee, Yat-Ning Paul, Leisenring, Jarron, Leveille, Michael Dunlap, Levenson, Nancy A., Levi, Joshua S., Levine, Marie B., Lewis, Dan, Lewis, Jake, Lewis, Nikole, Libralato, Mattia, Lidon, Norbert, Liebrecht, Paula Louisa, Lightsey, Paul, Lilly, Simon, Lim, Frederick C., Lim, Pey Lian, Ling, Sai-Kwong, Link, Lisa J., Link, Miranda Nicole, Lipinski, Jamie L., Liu, XiaoLi, Lo, Amy S., Lobmeyer, Lynette, Logue, Ryan M., Long, Chris A., Long, Douglas R., Long, Ilana D., Long, Knox S., López-Caniego, Marcos, Lotz, Jennifer M., Love-Pruitt, Jennifer M., Lubskiy, Michael, Luers, Edward B., Luetgens, Robert A., Luevano, Annetta J., Lui, Sarah Marie G. Flores, Lund III, James M., Lundquist, Ray A., Lunine, Jonathan, Lützgendorf, Nora, Lynch, Richard J., MacDonald, Alex J., MacDonald, Kenneth, Macias, Matthew J., Macklis, Keith I., Maghami, Peiman, Maharaja, Rishabh Y., Maiolino, Roberto, Makrygiannis, Konstantinos G., Malla, Sunita Giri, Malumuth, Eliot M., Manjavacas, Elena, Marini, Andrea, Marrione, Amanda, Marston, Anthony, Martel, André R, Martin, Didier, Martin, Peter G., Martinez, Kristin L., Maschmann, Marc, Masci, Gregory L., Masetti, Margaret E., Maszkiewicz, Michael, Matthews, Gary, Matuskey, Jacob E., McBrayer, Glen A., McCarthy, Donald W., McCaughrean, Mark J., McClare, Leslie A., McClare, Michael D., McCloskey, John C., McClurg, Taylore D., McCoy, Martin, McElwain, Michael W., McGregor, Roy D., McGuffey, Douglas B., McKay, Andrew G., McKenzie, William K., McLean, Brian, McMaster, Matthew, McNeil, Warren, De Meester, Wim, Mehalick, Kimberly L., Meixner, Margaret, Meléndez, Marcio, Menzel, Michael P., Menzel, Michael T., Merz, Matthew, Mesterharm, David D., Meyer, Michael R., Meyett, Michele L., Meza, Luis E., Midwinter, Calvin, Milam, Stefanie N., Miller, Jay Todd, Miller, William C., Miskey, Cherie L., Misselt, Karl, Mitchell, Eileen P., Mohan, Martin, Montoya, Emily E., Moran, Michael J., Morishita, Takahiro, Moro-Martín, Amaya, Morrison, Debra L., Morrison, Jane, Morse, Ernie C., Moschos, Michael, Moseley, S. H., Mosier, Gary E., Mosner, Peter, Mountain, Matt, Muckenthaler, Jason S., Mueller, Donald G., Mueller, Migo, Muhiem, Daniella, Mühlmann, Prisca, Mullally, Susan Elizabeth, Mullen, Stephanie M., Munger, Alan J, Murphy, Jess, Murray, Katherine T., Muzerolle, James C., Mycroft, Matthew, Myers, Andrew, Myers, Carey R., Myers, Fred Richard R., Myers, Richard, Myrick, Kaila, Nagle IV, Adrian F., Nayak, Omnarayani, Naylor, Bret, Neff, Susan G., Nelan, Edmund P., Nella, John, Nguyen, Duy Tuong, Nguyen, Michael N., Nickson, Bryony, Nidhiry, John Joseph, Niedner, Malcolm B., Nieto-Santisteban, Maria, Nikolov, Nikolay K., Nishisaka, Mary Ann, Nota, Antonella, O'Mara, Robyn C., Oboryshko, Michael, O'Brien, Marcus B., Ochs, William R., Offenberg, Joel D., Ogle, Patrick Michael, Ohl, Raymond G., Olmsted, Joseph Hamden, Osborne, Shannon Barbara, O'Shaughnessy, Brian Patrick, Östlin, Göran, O'Sullivan, Brian, Otor, O. Justin, Ottens, Richard, Ouellette, Nathalie N. -Q., Outlaw, Daria J., Owens, Beverly A., Pacifici, Camilla, Page, James Christophe, Paranilam, James G., Park, Sang, Parrish, Keith A., Paschal, Laura, Patapis, Polychronis, Patel, Jignasha, Patrick, Keith, Pattishall Jr., Robert A., Paul, Douglas William, Paul, Shirley J., Pauly, Tyler Andrew, Pavlovsky, Cheryl M., Peña-Guerrero, Maria, Pedder, Andrew H., Peek, Matthew Weldon, Pelham, Patricia A., Penanen, Konstantin, Perriello, Beth A., Perrin, Marshall D., Perrine, Richard F., Perrygo, Chuck, Peslier, Muriel, Petach, Michael, Peterson, Karla A., Pfarr, Tom, Pierson, James M., Pietraszkiewicz, Martin, Pilchen, Guy, Pipher, Judy L., Pirzkal, Norbert, Pitman, Joseph T., Player, Danielle M., Plesha, Rachel, Plitzke, Anja, Pohner, John A., Poletis, Karyn Konstantin, Pollizzi, Joseph A., Polster, Ethan, Pontius, James T., Pontoppidan, Klaus, Porges, Susana C., Potter, Gregg D., Prescott, Stephen, Proffitt, Charles R., Pueyo, Laurent, Neira, Irma Aracely Quispe, Radich, Armando, Rager, Reiko T., Rameau, Julien, Ramey, Deborah D., Alarcon, Rafael Ramos, Rampini, Riccardo, Rapp, Robert, Rashford, Robert A., Rauscher, Bernard J., Ravindranath, Swara, Rawle, Timothy, Rawlings, Tynika N., Ray, Tom, Regan, Michael W., Rehm, Brian, Rehm, Kenneth D., Reid, Neill, Reis, Carl A., Renk, Florian, Reoch, Tom B., Ressler, Michael, Rest, Armin W., Reynolds, Paul J., Richon, Joel G., Richon, Karen V., Ridgaway, Michael, Riedel, Adric Richard, Rieke, George H., Rieke, Marcia, Rifelli, Richard E., Rigby, Jane R., Riggs, Catherine S., Ringel, Nancy J., Ritchie, Christine E., Rix, Hans-Walter, Robberto, Massimo, Robinson, Michael S., Robinson, Orion, Rock, Frank W., Rodriguez, David R., del Pino, Bruno Rodríguez, Roellig, Thomas, Rohrbach, Scott O., Roman, Anthony J., Romelfanger, Frederick J., Romo Jr., Felipe P., Rosales, Jose J., Rose, Perry, Roteliuk, Anthony F., Roth, Marc N., Rothwell, Braden Quinn, Rouzaud, Sylvain, Rowe, Jason, Rowlands, Neil, Roy, Arpita, Royer, Pierre, Rui, Chunlei, Rumler, Peter, Rumpl, William, Russ, Melissa L., Ryan, Michael B., Ryan, Richard M., Saad, Karl, Sabata, Modhumita, Sabatino, Rick, Sabbi, Elena, Sabelhaus, Phillip A., Sabia, Stephen, Sahu, Kailash C., Saif, Babak N., Salvignol, Jean-Christophe, Samara-Ratna, Piyal, Samuelson, Bridget S., Sanders, Felicia A., Sappington, Bradley, Sargent, B. A., Sauer, Arne, Savadkin, Bruce J., Sawicki, Marcin, Schappell, Tina M., Scheffer, Caroline, Scheithauer, Silvia, Scherer, Ron, Schiff, Conrad, Schlawin, Everett, Schmeitzky, Olivier, Schmitz, Tyler S., Schmude, Donald J., Schneider, Analyn, Schreiber, Jürgen, Schroeven-Deceuninck, Hilde, Schultz, John J., Schwab, Ryan, Schwartz, Curtis H., Scoccimarro, Dario, Scott, John F., Scott, Michelle B., Seaton, Bonita L., Seely, Bruce S., Seery, Bernard, Seidleck, Mark, Sembach, Kenneth, Shanahan, Clare Elizabeth, Shaughnessy, Bryan, Shaw, Richard A., Shay, Christopher Michael, Sheehan, Even, Sheth, Kartik, Shih, Hsin-Yi, Shivaei, Irene, Siegel, Noah, Sienkiewicz, Matthew G., Simmons, Debra D., Simon, Bernard P., Sirianni, Marco, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Slade, Jeffrey E., Sloan, G. C., Slocum, Christine E., Slowinski, Steven E., Smith, Corbett T., Smith, Eric P., Smith, Erin C., Smith, Koby, Smith, Robert, Smith, Stephanie J., Smolik, John L., Soderblom, David R., Sohn, Sangmo Tony, Sokol, Jeff, Sonneborn, George, Sontag, Christopher D., Sooy, Peter R., Soummer, Remi, Southwood, Dana M., Spain, Kay, Sparmo, Joseph, Speer, David T., Spencer, Richard, Sprofera, Joseph D., Stallcup, Scott S., Stanley, Marcia K., Stansberry, John A., Stark, Christopher C., Starr, Carl W., Stassi, Diane Y., Steck, Jane A., Steeley, Christine D., Stephens, Matthew A., Stephenson, Ralph J., Stewart, Alphonso C., Stiavelli, Massimo, Stockman Jr., Hervey, Strada, Paolo, Straughn, Amber N., Streetman, Scott, Strickland, David Kendal, Strobele, Jingping F., Stuhlinger, Martin, Stys, Jeffrey Edward, Such, Miguel, Sukhatme, Kalyani, Sullivan, Joseph F., Sullivan, Pamela C., Sumner, Sandra M., Sun, Fengwu, Sunnquist, Benjamin Dale, Swade, Daryl Allen, Swam, Michael S., Swenton, Diane F., Swoish, Robby A., Litten, Oi In Tam, Tamas, Laszlo, Tao, Andrew, Taylor, David K., Taylor, Joanna M., Plate, Maurice te, Van Tea, Mason, Teague, Kelly K., Telfer, Randal C., Temim, Tea, Texter, Scott C., Thatte, Deepashri G., Thompson, Christopher Lee, Thompson, Linda M., Thomson, Shaun R., Thronson, Harley, Tierney, C. M., Tikkanen, Tuomo, Tinnin, Lee, Tippet, William Thomas, Todd, Connor William, Tran, Hien D., Trauger, John, Trejo, Edwin Gregorio, Truong, Justin Hoang Vinh, Tsukamoto, Christine L., Tufail, Yasir, Tumlinson, Jason, Tustain, Samuel, Tyra, Harrison, Ubeda, Leonardo, Underwood, Kelli, Uzzo, Michael A., Vaclavik, Steven, Valenduc, Frida, Valenti, Jeff A., Van Campen, Julie, van de Wetering, Inge, Van Der Marel, Roeland P., van Haarlem, Remy, Vandenbussche, Bart, Vanterpool, Dona D., Vernoy, Michael R., Costas, Maria Begoña Vila, Volk, Kevin, Voorzaat, Piet, Voyton, Mark F., Vydra, Ekaterina, Waddy, Darryl J., Waelkens, Christoffel, Wahlgren, Glenn Michael, Walker Jr., Frederick E., Wander, Michel, Warfield, Christine K., Warner, Gerald, Wasiak, Francis C., Wasiak, Matthew F., Wehner, James, Weiler, Kevin R., Weilert, Mark, Weiss, Stanley B., Wells, Martyn, Welty, Alan D., Wheate, Lauren, Wheeler, Thomas P., White, Christy L., Whitehouse, Paul, Whiteleather, Jennifer Margaret, Whitman, William Russell, Williams, Christina C., Willmer, Christopher N. A., Willott, Chris J., Willoughby, Scott P., Wilson, Andrew, Wilson, Debra, Wilson, Donna V., Windhorst, Rogier, Wislowski, Emily Christine, Wolfe, David J., Wolfe, Michael A., Wolff, Schuyler, Wondel, Amancio, Woo, Cindy, Woods, Robert T., Worden, Elaine, Workman, William, Wright, Gillian S., Wu, Carl, Wu, Chi-Rai, Wun, Dakin D., Wymer, Kristen B., Yadetie, Thomas, Yan, Isabelle C., Yang, Keith C., Yates, Kayla L., Yeager, Christopher R., Yerger, Ethan John, Young, Erick T., Young, Gary, Yu, Gene, Yu, Susan, Zak, Dean S., Zeidler, Peter, Zepp, Robert, Zhou, Julia, Zincke, Christian A., Zonak, Stephanie, and Zondag, Elisabeth

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit., Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023
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116. Interstellar Objects

Author

Seligman, Darryl Z. and Moro-Martín, Amaya

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Since 2017, two macroscopic interstellar objects have been discovered in the inner Solar System, both of which are distinct in nature. The first interstellar object, 1I/`Oumuamua, passed within $\sim63$ lunar distances of the Earth, appeared asteroidal lacking detectable levels of gas or dust loss, yet exhibited a nongravitational acceleration. 1I/`Oumuamua's brief visit left open questions regarding its provenance which has given rise to many theoretical hypotheses, including an icy comet lacking a dust coma, an elongated fragment of a planet or planetesimal that was tidally disrupted, and an ultra-porous fractal aggregate. The second interstellar object, 2I/Borisov, was distinct from 1I/`Oumuamua in terms of its bulk physical properties and displayed a definitive cometary tail. We review the discoveries of these objects, the subsequent observations and characterizations, and the theoretical hypotheses regarding their origins. We describe 1I/`Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov in the context of active asteroids and comets in the Solar System. The discovery of these two objects implies a galactic-wide population of $\sim10^{26}$ similar bodies. Forthcoming observatories should detect many more interstellar planetesimals which may offer new insights into how planetary formation processes vary throughout the Galaxy., Comment: 51 pages, 10 figures, invited review for Contemporary Physics, comments welcome

Published
2023

117. A Comparison of Classroom Pedagogical Practice Named by Middle School Mathematics Teachers in Australia and Chile

Author

Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA), Mesiti, Carmel, Grau, Valeska, Preiss, David D., and Lorca, Amaya

Abstract

The professional lexicons of middle school mathematics teachers in communities around the world were documented as part of The International Classroom Lexicon Project. This vocabulary captured teachers' naming of classroom pedagogical practice. Reported in this paper are attributes of the lexicons of teachers from Australia and Chile. A comparison of the lexical items revealed commonalities and differences in the named phenomena and in the schema employed for their organisational structure. The analysis revealed differences attributable to cultural and contextual factors. A categorisation system was developed to classify the complexity of similarity of lexical items of one lexicon with another.

Published
2022

118. Perspective on Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery: Highlights from a Schistosomiasis Drug Discovery Workshop at Wellcome Collection, London, September 2022

Author

Caldwell, Nicola, Afshar, Rana, Baragaña, Beatriz, Bustinduy, Amaya L, Caffrey, Conor R, Collins, James J, Fusco, Daniela, Garba, Amadou, Gardner, Mark, Gomes, Mireille, Hoffmann, Karl F, Hsieh, Michael, Lo, Nathan C, McNamara, Case W, Nono, Justin Komguep, Padalino, Gilda, Read, Kevin D, Roestenberg, Meta, Spangenberg, Thomas, Specht, Sabine, and Gilbert, Ian H

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Orphan Drug, Vector-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Rare Diseases, Digestive Diseases, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, London, Schistosomiasis, Praziquantel, Anthelmintics, Schistosoma, schistosomiasis, neglected tropical disease, infectious disease, drug discovery, therapeutic s, anthelmintic s, target product profile, anthelmintics, therapeutics, Medical microbiology
Abstract

In September 2022, the Drug Discovery Unit at the University of Dundee, UK, organised an international meeting at the Wellcome Collection in London to explore the current clinical situation and challenges associated with treating schistosomiasis. The aim of this meeting was to discuss the need for new treatments in view of the clinical situation and to ascertain what the key requirements would be for any potential new anti-schistosomals. This information will be essential to inform ongoing drug discovery efforts for schistosomiasis. We also discussed the potential drug discovery pathway and associated criteria for progressing compounds to the clinic. To date, praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available to treat all species causing schistosomiasis, but it is often unable to completely clear parasites from an infected patient, partially due to its inactivity against juvenile worms. PZQ-mediated mass drug administration campaigns conducted in endemic areas (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa, where schistosomiasis is primarily prevalent) have contributed to reducing the burden of disease but will not eliminate the disease as a public health problem. The potential for Schistosoma to develop resistance towards PZQ, as the sole treatment available, could become a concern. Consequently, new anthelmintic medications are urgently needed, and this Perspective aims to capture some of the learnings from our discussions on the key criteria for new treatments.

Published
2023

119. Safe streets for some: A review of local active transportation responses across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author

Dean, Matthew, Amaya, Kaelin, Hall, Jennifer, Gupta, Kalinda, Panik, Rachael, Gustat, Jeanette, and Cradock, Angie

Subjects
Built environment changes, Municipal orders, Open streets, Physical activity, Policy
Abstract

INTRODUCTION & RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted daily travel. This paper contrasts 51 US cities responses, namely street reallocation criteria and messaging related to physical activity (PA) and active transportation (AT) during the early months of the pandemic. This study can be utilized by cities for aiding in the creation of locally responsive policies that acknowledge and remedy a lack of safe active transportation. METHODS: A content analysis review was conducted of city orders and documents related to PA or AT for the largest city by population in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. Authoritative documents issued from each citys public health declaration (ca. March 2020) to September 2020 were reviewed. The study obtained documents from two crowdsourced datasets and municipal websites. Descriptive statistics were used to compare policies and strategies, with a focus on reallocation of street space. RESULTS: A total of 631 documents were coded. Considerable variation existed in city responses to COVID-19 that impacted PA and AT. Most cities stay-at-home orders explicitly permitted outdoor PA (63%) and many encouraged PA (47%). As the pandemic continued, 23 cities (45%) had pilot programs that reallocated street space for non-motorized road users to recreate and travel. Most cities explicitly mentioned a rationale for the programs (e.g., to provide space for exercise (96%) and to alleviate crowding or provide safe AT routes (57%)). Cities used public feedback to guide placement decisions (35%) and several welcomed public input to adjust initial actions. Geographic equity was a criterion in 35% of programs and 57% considered inadequately sized infrastructure in decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: If cities want to emphasize AT and the health of their citizens, safe access to dedicated infrastructure needs to be prioritized. More than half of study cities did not instate new programs within the first 6 months of the pandemic. Cities should study peer responses and innovations to inform and create locally responsive policies that can acknowledge and remedy a lack of safe AT.

Published
2023

120. 3DLatNav: Navigating Generative Latent Spaces for Semantic-Aware 3D Object Manipulation

Author

Dharmasiri, Amaya, Dissanayake, Dinithi, Afham, Mohamed, Dissanayake, Isuru, Rodrigo, Ranga, and Thilakarathna, Kanchana

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

3D generative models have been recently successful in generating realistic 3D objects in the form of point clouds. However, most models do not offer controllability to manipulate the shape semantics of component object parts without extensive semantic attribute labels or other reference point clouds. Moreover, beyond the ability to perform simple latent vector arithmetic or interpolations, there is a lack of understanding of how part-level semantics of 3D shapes are encoded in their corresponding generative latent spaces. In this paper, we propose 3DLatNav; a novel approach to navigating pretrained generative latent spaces to enable controlled part-level semantic manipulation of 3D objects. First, we propose a part-level weakly-supervised shape semantics identification mechanism using latent representations of 3D shapes. Then, we transfer that knowledge to a pretrained 3D object generative latent space to unravel disentangled embeddings to represent different shape semantics of component parts of an object in the form of linear subspaces, despite the unavailability of part-level labels during the training. Finally, we utilize those identified subspaces to show that controllable 3D object part manipulation can be achieved by applying the proposed framework to any pretrained 3D generative model. With two novel quantitative metrics to evaluate the consistency and localization accuracy of part-level manipulations, we show that 3DLatNav outperforms existing unsupervised latent disentanglement methods in identifying latent directions that encode part-level shape semantics of 3D objects. With multiple ablation studies and testing on state-of-the-art generative models, we show that 3DLatNav can implement controlled part-level semantic manipulations on an input point cloud while preserving other features and the realistic nature of the object.

Published
2022

121. Physical Considerations for an Intercept Mission to a 1I/'Oumuamua-like Interstellar Object

Author

Siraj, Amir, Loeb, Abraham, Moro-Martin, Amaya, Elowitz, Mark, White, Abigail, Watters, Wesley, Melnick, Gary, Cloete, Richard, Grindlay, Jonathan, and Laukien, Frank

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

In this paper, we review some of the extant literature on the study of interstellar objects (ISOs). With the forthcoming Vera C. Rubin Telescope and Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), we find that $0.38 - 84$ `Oumuamua-like interstellar objects are expected to be detected in the next 10 years, with 95\% confidence. The feasibility of a rendezvous trajectory has been demonstrated in previous work. In this paper, we investigate the requirements for a rendezvous mission with the primary objective of producing a resolved image of an interstellar object. We outline the rendezvous distances necessary as a function of resolution elements and object size. We expand upon current population synthesis models to account for the size dependency on the detection rates for reachable interstellar objects. We assess the trade-off between object diameter and occurrence rate, and conclude that objects with the size range between a third of the size and the size of `Oumuamua will be optimal targets for an imaging rendezvous. We also discuss expectations for surface properties and spectral features of interstellar objects, as well as the benefits of various spacecraft storage locations., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation

Published
2022

126. Dynamic nature of BRAF or KRAS p.G12C mutations in second-line therapy for advanced colorectal cancer patients: do early and late effects exist?

Author

Contreras-Toledo, Débora, Jiménez-Fonseca, Paula, López, Carlos López, Montes, Ana Fernández, López Muñoz, Ana María, Vázquez Rivera, Francisca, Alonso, Vicente, Alcaide, Julia, Salvà, Francesc, Covela Rúa, Marta, Guillot, Mónica, Martín Carnicero, Alfonso, Jimeno Mate, Raquel, Cameselle García, Soledad, Asensio Martínez, Elena, González Astorga, Beatriz, Fernandez-Diaz, Amaya B., González Villaroel, Paula, Virgili Manrique, Anna C., Melián Sosa, Marcos, Alonso, Beatriz, Cousillas Castiñeiras, Antia, Castañón López, Carmen, Aparicio, Jorge, and Carmona-Bayonas, Alberto

Published
2024
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133. HIV Vulnerabilities Associated with Water Insecurity, Food Insecurity, and Other COVID-19 Impacts Among Urban Refugee Youth in Kampala, Uganda: Multi-method Findings

Author

Logie, Carmen H., Okumu, Moses, Admassu, Zerihun, Perez-Brumer, Amaya, Ahmed, Rushdia, Luna, Marianne Lahai, MacKenzie, Frannie, Kortenaar, Jean-Luc, Berry, Isha, Hakiza, Robert, Katisi, Brenda, Musoke, Daniel Kibuuka, Nakitende, Aidah, Batte, Shamilah, Kyambadde, Peter, Taing, Lina, Giordana, Gio, and Mbuagbaw, Lawrence

Published
2024
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134. Incorporating High-Frequency Weather Data into Consumption Expenditure Predictions

Author

Christensen, Anders, Ferguson, Joel, and Amaya, Simón Ramírez

Subjects
Economics - General Economics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Recent efforts have been very successful in accurately mapping welfare in datasparse regions of the world using satellite imagery and other non-traditional data sources. However, the literature to date has focused on predicting a particular class of welfare measures, asset indices, which are relatively insensitive to short term fluctuations in well-being. We suggest that predicting more volatile welfare measures, such as consumption expenditure, substantially benefits from the incorporation of data sources with high temporal resolution. By incorporating daily weather data into training and prediction, we improve consumption prediction accuracy significantly compared to models that only utilize satellite imagery.

Published
2022

135. Vision-Based Safety System for Barrierless Human-Robot Collaboration

Author

Amaya-Mejía, Lina María, Duque-Suárez, Nicolás, Jaramillo-Ramírez, Daniel, and Martinez, Carol

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract

Human safety has always been the main priority when working near an industrial robot. With the rise of Human-Robot Collaborative environments, physical barriers to avoiding collisions have been disappearing, increasing the risk of accidents and the need for solutions that ensure a safe Human-Robot Collaboration. This paper proposes a safety system that implements Speed and Separation Monitoring (SSM) type of operation. For this, safety zones are defined in the robot's workspace following current standards for industrial collaborative robots. A deep learning-based computer vision system detects, tracks, and estimates the 3D position of operators close to the robot. The robot control system receives the operator's 3D position and generates 3D representations of them in a simulation environment. Depending on the zone where the closest operator was detected, the robot stops or changes its operating speed. Three different operation modes in which the human and robot interact are presented. Results show that the vision-based system can correctly detect and classify in which safety zone an operator is located and that the different proposed operation modes ensure that the robot's reaction and stop time are within the required time limits to guarantee safety., Comment: Accepted for publication at the 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)

Published
2022

136. Protecting the integrity of survey research.

Author

Jamieson, Kathleen, Lupia, Arthur, Amaya, Ashley, Brady, Henry, Bautista, René, Clinton, Joshua, Dever, Jill, Dutwin, David, Goroff, Daniel, Hillygus, D, Kennedy, Courtney, Langer, Gary, Lapinski, John, Link, Michael, Philpot, Tasha, Prewitt, Ken, Rivers, Doug, Vavreck, Lynn, Wilson, David, and McNutt, Marcia

Subjects
scientific integrity, survey research, weighting of data
Abstract

Although polling is not irredeemably broken, changes in technology and society create challenges that, if not addressed well, can threaten the quality of election polls and other important surveys on topics such as the economy. This essay describes some of these challenges and recommends remediations to protect the integrity of all kinds of survey research, including election polls. These 12 recommendations specify ways that survey researchers, and those who use polls and other public-oriented surveys, can increase the accuracy and trustworthiness of their data and analyses. Many of these recommendations align practice with the scientific norms of transparency, clarity, and self-correction. The transparency recommendations focus on improving disclosure of factors that affect the nature and quality of survey data. The clarity recommendations call for more precise use of terms such as representative sample and clear description of survey attributes that can affect accuracy. The recommendation about correcting the record urges the creation of a publicly available, professionally curated archive of identified technical problems and their remedies. The paper also calls for development of better benchmarks and for additional research on the effects of panel conditioning. Finally, the authors suggest ways to help people who want to use or learn from survey research understand the strengths and limitations of surveys and distinguish legitimate and problematic uses of these methods.

Published
2023

137. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackout in a diverse sample of veterans.

Author

Miller, Mary, Freeman, Lindsey, Aranda, Amaya, Shoemaker, Sydney, Sisk, Delaney, Rubi, Sofia, Everson, Adam, Flores, Lisa, Williams, Michael, Dorimé-Williams, Marjorie, McCrae, Christina, and Borsari, Brian

Subjects
alcohol, depression, discrimination, memory, veteran, Young Adult, Humans, Female, Male, Veterans, Prevalence, Ethanol, Amnesia, Anterograde, Military Personnel, Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohol Drinking
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-induced blackouts have been associated concurrently and prospectively with alcohol-related harm. Although rates of heavy drinking among military samples tend to be comparable or higher than rates among civilian samples, the prevalence and correlates of blackout in the military population are understudied. METHODS: Veterans (N = 241, 29% female, 39% Black) reported on their alcohol consumption and mental health as part of a larger health-related study among veterans. In this secondary analysis, we tested theoretically and empirically informed predictors (gender, drinking quantity, and other drug use) and consequences [depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] of alcohol-induced blackout. Given the diversity of the sample, potential roles of racial/ethnic discrimination and drinking to cope in alcohol-induced blackout were also tested. RESULTS: Past-year prevalence of alcohol-induced blackout was 53% among veterans who drank alcohol and 68% among those who screened positive for hazardous drinking. Everyday experience of racial discrimination was the strongest concurrent predictor of alcohol-induced blackout. Drinking quantity and use of other drugs were significant correlates only in bivariate models. Controlling for gender, race, drinking quantity, other drug use, and discrimination, blackout frequency was significantly associated with symptoms of depression, but not symptoms of PTSD. Both blackout and racial discrimination were associated with drinking to cope. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackout among veterans are largely consistent with those documented in civilian and young adult populations. Among racially diverse groups, racial discrimination may be more strongly associated with mental health symptoms than alcohol consumption or acute alcohol consequences such as blackout.

Published
2023

138. Safety and Efficacy of MEDI0457 Plus Durvalumab in Patients With Human Papillomavirus-associated Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Author

Aggarwal, Charu, Saba, Nabil F, Algazi, Alain, Sukari, Ammar, Seiwert, Tanguy Y, Haigentz, Missak, Porosnicu, Mercedes, Bonomi, Marcelo, Boyer, Jean, Esser, Mark T, Cheng, Lily I, Agrawal, Sonia, Jennings, Emily C, Durham, Nicholas M, Fraser, Karl, Lissa, Delphine, Gong, Maozhen, Ceaicovscaia, Natalia, Hernandez, Amaya Gasco, and Kumar, Rakesh

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Cancer, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Immunization, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Vaccine Related, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.2 Cellular and gene therapies, Humans, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck, Human Papillomavirus Viruses, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Papillomavirus Infections, Human papillomavirus 16, B7-H1 Antigen, Human papillomavirus 18, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

PurposeTumoral programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is common in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We assessed whether a DNA vaccine targeting HPV-16/18 E6/E7 with IL12 adjuvant (MEDI0457) combined with the PD-L1 inhibitor durvalumab could enhance HPV-specific T-cell response and improve outcomes in recurrent/metastatic HPV-16/18-associated HNSCC.Patients and methodsIn this phase Ib/IIa study, immunotherapy-naïve patients with ≥1 previous platinum-containing regimen (neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy or for recurrent/metastatic disease) received MEDI0457 7 mg intramuscularly with electroporation on weeks 1, 3, 7, and 12, then every 8 weeks, plus durvalumab 1,500 mg intravenously on weeks 4, 8, and 12, then every 4 weeks, until confirmed progression and/or unacceptable toxicity. Coprimary objectives were safety and objective response rate (ORR; H0: ORR ≤ 15%); secondary objectives included 16-week disease control rate (DCR-16), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS).ResultsOf 35 treated patients, 29 were response evaluable (confirmed HPV-associated disease; received both agents). ORR was 27.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.7-47.2; four complete responses, four partial responses]; responses were independent of PD-L1 tumor-cell expression (≥25% vs. 2-fold increase in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells.ConclusionsMEDI0457 plus durvalumab was well tolerated. While the primary efficacy endpoint was not reached, clinical benefit was encouraging.

Published
2023

140. A characterization of the ellipsoid by planar grazes

Author

Garcia, Ivan Gonzalez, Castro, Jesus Jeronimo, Hernandez, Diana Janett Verdusco, and Amaya, Efren Morales

Subjects
Mathematics - Metric Geometry
Abstract

In this paper we proved the following: \emph{Let $K, L\subset \mathbb R^3$ be two $O$-symmetric convex bodies with $L\subset \emph{int} K$ strictly convex. Suppose that from every $x$ in $\emph{bd} K$ the graze $\Sigma(L,x)$ is a planar curve and $K$ is almost free with respect to $L$. Then $L$ is an ellipsoid.}

Published
2022

141. The JWST Early Release Observations

Author

Pontoppidan, Klaus, Barrientes, Jaclyn, Blome, Claire, Braun, Hannah, Brown, Matthew, Carruthers, Margaret, Coe, Dan, DePasquale, Joseph, Espinoza, Nestor, Marin, Macarena Garcia, Gordon, Karl D., Henry, Alaina, Hustak, Leah, James, Andi, Koekemoer, Anton M., LaMassa, Stephanie, Law, David, Lockwood, Alexandra, Moro-Martin, Amaya, Mullally, Susan E., Pagan, Alyssa, Player, Dani, Proffitt, Charles, Pulliam, Christine, Ramsay, Leah, Ravindranath, Swara, Reid, Neill, Robberto, Massimo, Sabbi, Elena, Ubeda, Leonardo, Balogh, Michael, Flanagan, Kathryn, Gardner, Jonathan, Hasan, Hashima, Meinke, Bonnie, and Nota, Antonella

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Early Release Observations (EROs) is a set of public outreach products created to mark the end of commissioning and the beginning of science operations for JWST. Colloquially known as the "Webb First Images and Spectra", these products were intended to demonstrate to the worldwide public that JWST is ready for science, and is capable of producing spectacular results. The package was released on July 12, 2022, and included images and spectra of the galaxy cluster SMACS~J0723.3-7327 and distant lensed galaxies, the interacting galaxy group Stephan's Quintet, NGC 3324 in the Carina star-forming complex, the Southern Ring planetary nebula NGC 3132, and the transiting hot Jupiter WASP 96b. This paper describes the ERO technical design, observations, and scientific processing of data underlying the colorful outreach products., Comment: 15 pages, accepted by ApJ Letters

Published
2022
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142. Interstellar planetesimals

Author

Moro-Martín, Amaya

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

During the formation of our solar system, a large number of planetesimals were ejected into interstellar space by gravitational encounters with the planets. Debris disks observations and numerical simulations indicate that many other planetary systems, now known to be quite common, would have undergone a similar dynamical clearing process. It is therefore expected that the galaxy should be teeming with expelled planetesimals, largely unaltered since their ejection. This is why astronomers were perplexed that none had been detected passing through the solar system. Then, in 2017, the discovery of1I/'Oumuamua transformed the situation from puzzlement to bewilderment. Its brief visit and limited observations left important questions about its nature and origin unanswered and raised the possibility that 1I/'Oumuamua could be a never-seen-before intermediate product of planet formation. If so, this could open a new observational window to study the primordial building blocks of planets, setting unprecedented constraints on planet formation models. Two years later 2I/Borisov was discovered, with an unquestionable cometary composition, confirming that a population of icy interstellar planetesimals exists. These objects have remained largely unchanged since their ejection, like time capsules of their planetary system most distant past. Interstellar planetesimals could potentially be trapped into star and planet formation environments, acting as seeds for planet formation, helping overcome the meter-size barrier that challenges the growth of cm-sized pebbles into km-sized objects. Interstellar planetesimals play a pivotal role in our understanding of planetary system formation and evolution and point to the possibility that one day, we will be able to hold a fragment from another world in our hand., Comment: A review chapter for the book "Planetary systems now", edited by Luisa M. Lara and David C. Jewitt, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd

Published
2022

143. Both/And: Mixed methods analysis of network composition, communication patterns, and socio-economic support within social networks of transgender women involved in sex work in Lima, Peru

Author

Temelkovska, Tijana, Moriarty, Kathleen, Huerta, Leyla, Perez-Brumer, Amaya G, Segura, Eddy R, Passaro, Ryan Colby, Lake, Jordan E, Clark, Jesse L, and Blair, Cheríe S

Subjects
Epidemiology, Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Prevention, Behavioral and Social Science, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Communication, HIV Infections, Homosexuality, Male, Peru, Sex Work, Sexual Behavior, Social Networking, Socioeconomic Factors, Transgender Persons, Transgender women, HIV prevention, Social networks, Social support, Latin America, Public Health and Health Services
Abstract

IntroductionSocial networks contribute to normative reinforcement of HIV prevention strategies, knowledge sharing, and social capital, but little research has characterized the social networks of transgender women (TW) in Latin America. We conducted a mixed methods analysis of three network clusters of TW in Lima, Peru, to evaluate network composition, types of support exchanged, and patterns of communication.MethodsWe recruited TW residing in or affiliated with three "casas trans" (houses shared among TW) in Lima between April-May 2018. Eligible participants were 18 or older, self-reported HIV-negative, and reported recent intercourse with a cis-male partner. Participants completed demographic questionnaires, social network interviews, and semi-structured interviews to assess egocentric network structures, support exchanged, and communication patterns. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using Stata v14.1 and Atlas.ti, respectively.ResultsOf 20 TW, median age was 26 years and 100% reported involvement in commercial sex work. Respondents identified 161 individuals they interacted with in the past month (alters), of whom 33% were TW and 52% family members. 70% of respondents reported receiving emotional support from family, while 30% received financial support and instrumental support from family. Of the 13 (65%) respondents who nominated someone as a source of HIV prevention support (HPS), the majority (69%) nominated other TW. In a GEE regression analysis adjusted for respondent education and region of birth, being a family member was associated with lower likelihood of providing financial support (aOR 0.21, CI 0.08-0.54), instrumental support (aOR 0.16, CI 0.06-0.39), and HPS (aOR 0.18, CI 0.05-0.64). In qualitative interviews, most respondents identified a cis-female family member as their most trusted and closest network member, but other TW were more often considered sources of day-to-day support, including HPS.ConclusionTW have diverse social networks where other TW are key sources of knowledge sharing and support, and family members may also represent important and influential components. Within these complex networks, TW may selectively solicit and provide support from different network alters according to specific contexts and needs. HIV prevention messaging could consider incorporating network-based interventions with TW community input and outreach efforts for supportive family members.

Published
2023

144. Social Networks Play a Complex Role in HIV Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and the Uptake of PrEP Through Transgender Women Communities Centered Around Three “Casas Trans” in Lima, Peru: A Qualitative Study

Author

Temelkovska, Tijana, Moriarty, Kathleen, Huerta, Leyla, Perez-Brumer, Amaya, Segura, Eddy, Passaro, Ryan Colby, Lake, Jordan E, Clark, Jesse, and Blair, Cherie

Subjects
Public Health, Health Sciences, Human Society, Mental Health, Health Disparities, HIV/AIDS, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, Pediatric AIDS, Women's Health, Infectious Diseases, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Social Determinants of Health, Pediatric, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Prevention, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Female, Adult, Male, Transgender Persons, Peru, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, HIV Infections, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Social Networking, Anti-HIV Agents, Homosexuality, Male, transgender women, HIV prevention, PrEP, social network
Abstract

Transgender women's (TW) social networks may facilitate HIV prevention information dissemination and normative reinforcement. We conducted a qualitative study of social networks among 20 TW affiliated with 3 "casas trans" (houses shared among TW) in Lima, Peru, using diffusion of innovations theory to investigate community-level HIV prevention norms. Participants completed demographic questionnaires, social network interviews, and semistructured in-depth interviews. Median age was 26 and all participants engaged in sex work. Interviews revealed high HIV prevention knowledge and positive attitudes, but low engagement in HIV prevention. Respondents primarily discussed HIV prevention with other TW. Network members' opinions about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) frequently influenced respondents' personal beliefs, including mistrust of healthcare personnel, concern that PrEP efficacy was unproven, fear of adverse effects, and frustration regarding difficulty accessing PrEP. Patterns of influence in TW networks may be leveraged to improve uptake of HIV prevention tools, including PrEP.

Published
2023

145. Long-term exposure to house dust mites accelerates lung cancer development in mice

Author

Wang, Dongjie, Li, Wen, Albasha, Natalie, Griffin, Lindsey, Chang, Han, Amaya, Lauren, Ganguly, Sneha, Zeng, Liping, Keum, Bora, González-Navajas, José M, Levin, Matt, AkhavanAghdam, Zohreh, Snyder, Helen, Schwartz, David, Tao, Ailin, Boosherhri, Laela M, Hoffman, Hal M, Rose, Michael, Estrada, Monica Valeria, Varki, Nissi, Herdman, Scott, Corr, Maripat, Webster, Nicholas JG, Raz, Eyal, and Bertin, Samuel

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Social Determinants of Health, Lung Cancer, Cancer, Lung, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Respiratory, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Animals, Mice, NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Pyroglyphidae, Asthma, Lung Neoplasms, Disease Models, Animal, Tumor Microenvironment, Lung cancer, Kras, Urethane, House dust mites, Chronic inflammation, NLRP3, IL-1 beta, CCL2, Macrophages, Tumor microenvironment, IL-1β, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

BackgroundIndividuals with certain chronic inflammatory lung diseases have a higher risk of developing lung cancer (LC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to house dust mites (HDM), a common indoor aeroallergen associated with the development of asthma, accelerates LC development through the induction of chronic lung inflammation (CLI).  METHODS: The effects of HDM and heat-inactivated HDM (HI-HDM) extracts were evaluated in two preclinical mouse models of LC (a chemically-induced model using the carcinogen urethane and a genetically-driven model with oncogenic KrasG12D activation in lung epithelial cells) and on murine macrophages in vitro. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) or treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) was used to uncover the pro-tumorigenic effect of HDM.  RESULTS: Chronic intranasal (i.n) instillation of HDM accelerated LC development in the two mouse models. Mechanistically, HDM caused a particular subtype of CLI, in which the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway is chronically activated in macrophages, and made the lung microenvironment conducive to tumor development. The tumor-promoting effect of HDM was significantly decreased by heat treatment of the HDM extract and was inhibited by NLRP3, IL-1β, and CCL2 neutralization, or ICS treatment.ConclusionsCollectively, these data indicate that long-term exposure to HDM can accelerate lung tumorigenesis in susceptible hosts (e.g., mice and potentially humans exposed to lung carcinogens or genetically predisposed to develop LC).

Published
2023

146. A Federal Policy Agenda for English Learner Education

Author

New America, Villegas, Leslie, and Garcia, Amaya

Abstract

English learners (ELs) represent a growing share of the student population in the United States, yet are often sidelined in federal education policy discussions. At present, an uneven approach has yielded sharp differences in ELs' educational experiences, with some states prioritizing bilingual education models and others emphasizing English-dominant models. A new presidential administration brings the opportunity to reassess the condition of federal EL education policy and identify areas of prioritization and improvement. This paper takes stock of key areas in need of improvement in federal policy impacting ELs and dual language learners (DLLs), and offers recommendations aimed at improving their access to an equitable education throughout the early education and PreK-12 continuum.

Published
2021

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