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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoid receptor mRNA concentrations decreased with increasing fatness in normal subjects. MEASUREMENTS: Serum leptin concentrations, fat distribution parameters, lymphocyte glucocorticoid (GCR) mRNA, β[sub 2]-adrenoceptor mRNA and c-fos mRNA concentrations measured by RT-PCR-HPLC. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy non-obese young subjects with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 23.5 ± 0.3 (± s.e.m.) kg/m². RESULTS: Lymphocyte GCR and β[sub 2]-adrenoceptor mRNA concentrations averaged 4.2 ± 0.2 (± s.e.m.) amol/µg total RNA and 1.4 ± 0.1 amol/µg total RNA, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between serum leptin and lymphocyte GCR mRNA (P < 0.01). Serum leptin correlated positively with the waist-hip ratio (P < 0.03), whereas lymphocyte GCR mRNA correlated negatively to the waist-hip ratio (P < 0.04). Serum cortisol correlated with the weight of the subjects but not the waist-hip ratio or GCR mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the decrease in lymphocyte GCR mRNA concentration with increasing serum leptin concentrations is a counterregulatory response to an increased body fat content. Further studies are warranted, especially to elucidate the relationship between GCR mRNA in lymphocytes and in fat cells and to clarify the mechanism of the decrease in GCR mRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unknown whether interleukin-1 exerts a bimodal effect on Beta-cell function in vivo, and whether interleukin-1 has a diabetogenic action in normal animals. We therefore studied: (a) acute effects 2 h after an intraperitoneal bolus injection of 4 μg of recombinant human interleukin-1 β per kg body weight on blood glucose, plasma levels of insulin, glucagon and corticosterone in Wistar Kyoto rats, either untreated or pre-treated with 4 μg/kg of interleukin-1 daily for 3 or 5 days; (b) the cumulative effects of repetitive intraperitoneal injections of 4 μg/kg interleukin-1 on blood glucose, glucose tolerance, plasma levels of insulin, glucagon and corticosterone, pancreatic insulin content and pancreatic ultrastructure; and (c) blood glucose and plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon and corticosterone 10 h after the last of five intraperitoneal injections of interleukin-1, at which time point the inhibitory effect of short-term interleukin-1 exposure on insulin secretion reaches its nadir in vitro. A single injection of 4 μg/kg of interleukin-1 caused a slight, but significant lowering of blood glucose 2 h after interleukin-1 injection with no significant changes in plasma insulin and in spite of increases in plasma glucagon and corticosterone. A lowering of blood glucose 2 h after interleukin-1 administration was reproduced with 40, but not 0.4 μg/kg of interleukin-1, and was also seen in interleukin-1 pre-treated rats. Two hours after the fifth injection of interleukin-1, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was impaired with elevated plasma insulin and corticosterone levels and increased pancreatic insulin content, indicating a state of insulin resistance. Blood glucose levels significantly increased time-dependently 4-10 h after the third and fifth injection of interleukin-1, and diabetic values (blood glucose >11.0 mmol/l) were observed 6 and 10 h after the fifth injection of interleukin-1. Ten hours after the fifth injection of interleukin-1, diabetic blood glucose levels were observed together with a 50% reduction in plasma insulin concentration. Ultrastructural examination showed no signs of Betacell lysis. In conclusion, interleukin-1 has bimodal effects on glucose homeostasis in vivo, a slight lowering of the blood glucose followed by impaired glucose tolerance and later by diabetic blood glucose levels. Two hours after the last of five daily injections of interleukin-1 impaired glucose tolerance is primarily caused by a state of insulin resistance, whereas diabetic blood glucose levels are associated with inhibition of insulin secretion. Thus, interleukin-1 causes a diabetic state in normal animals, but it remains to be demonstrated that administration of interleukin-1 to normal animals leads to permanent diabetes due to Beta-cell destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The use of carotid intima-media thickness (carotid IMT) as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease is increasing and the method has now also been applied in several trials investigating patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Even though knowledge about methodology is of highest importance in order to make accurate power calculations and analyses of results, no reproducibility studies have been performed in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to quantify the variability of the measurement of carotid IMT in individuals with and without T2D. Methods We used B-mode ultrasound and a computerized software programme (MIA vascular tools) for analysis of carotid IMT. Measurement of carotid IMT in the far wall of the common carotid artery (CCA) was done for 30 patients with T2D and 30 persons without T2D. The examinations were done by two different sonographers and two different readers on two separate days in order to quantify sonographer-, reader-, and day-to-day variability. Results Comparisons of measurement of carotid IMT in CCA between sonographers (sonographer variability) resulted in limits of agreement (LoA) from -0.18 to 0.13 mm for patients with T2D and -0.12 to 0.10 mm for persons without T2D. This means, that a second scanning of the same person with 95% probability would be within this interval of the first scanning. Comparisons between readers assessing the same scanning (reader variability) resulted in LoA from -0.05 to 0.07 mm and -0.04 to 0.05 mm respectively. LoA of the day-to-day variability was -0.13 to 0.18 mm and -0.09 to 0.18 mm respectively. This corresponds to coefficients of variations (CV) of the sonographer- and day-to-day variability of 10% in patients with T2D and 8% in persons without T2D. The CV of the reader variability was 4% and 3% respectively. Conclusion Measurement of carotid IMT in the CCA can be determined with good and comparable reproducibility in both patients with T2D and persons without T2D. These findings support the use of carotid IMT in clinical trials with T2D patients and suggest that the numbers of patients needed to detect a given difference will be the same whether the patients have T2D or not.

Aims To investigate the prevalence of symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea in unselected patients with Type 2 diabetes referred to a tertiary diabetes clinic. Methods In a cross-sectional design, all newly referred patients were offered a stepwise screening for obstructive sleep apnoea with: (1) The Berlin questionnaire; then, if indicative: (2) overnight home monitoring with the ApneaLink™ device. Patients with an apnoea-hypopnoea index ⩾ 5/h were offered referral for diagnostic polygraphy and treatment initiation. Results A total of 200 patients participated (61% men; age 59.6 ± 10.5 years, diabetes duration 8.3 ± 6.3 years and BMI 31.7 ± 6.7 kg/m2). According to the questionnaire, 106 patients showed 'high risk' of obstructive sleep apnoea, and 72 of these were referred to polygraphy based on ApneaLink screening corresponding to a prevalence of symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea of 39%. Patients with symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea had significantly higher BMI, poorer glycaemic control and lower plasma HDL cholesterol levels as compared with patients unlikely to have obstructive sleep apnoea. The groups were not different with respect to sex, age, diabetes duration, blood pressure, diabetic complications or medication use. In multiple regression analyses, age, BMI and HDL cholesterol levels were all significant, independent predictors of obstructive sleep apnoea. Conclusions At least one third of people with Type 2 diabetes referred to a diabetes clinic in Denmark has symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea. Our data suggest higher age, a compromised plasma lipid profile and a more obese phenotype in patients with Type 2 diabetes who have obstructive sleep apnoea, highlighting the need to focus on screening and treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 29, e382-e389 (2012) Abstract Aims To investigate the association between glycaemic control and patient socio-demographics, activation level, diabetes-related distress, assessment of care, knowledge of target HbA1c, and self-management behaviours, and to determine to what extent these factors explain the variance in HbA1c in a large Danish population of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods Cross-sectional survey and record review of 2045 patients from a specialist diabetes clinic. Validated scales measured patient activation, self-management behaviours, diabetes-related emotional distress, and perceived care. The electronic patient record provided information about HbA1c, medication, body mass index, and duration of diabetes. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression models with stepwise addition of covariates. Results The response rate was 54% ( n = 1081). Good glycaemic control was significantly associated with older age, higher education, higher patient activation, lower diabetes-related emotional distress, better diet and exercise behaviours, lower body mass index, shorter duration of disease and knowledge of HbA1c targets ( P < 0.05 for all). Patient socio-demographics, behaviour; perceptions of care and diabetes distress accounted for 14% of the total variance in HbA1c levels ( P = 0.0134), but the variance explained was higher for respondents treated with medications other than insulin. Conclusions Our study emphasizes the complex relationships between patient activation, distress and behaviour, specific treatment modalities and glycaemic control. Knowledge of treatment goals, achieving patient activation in coping with diabetes, and lowering disease-related emotional stress are important patient education goals. However, the large unexplained component of HbA1c variance highlights the need for more research to understand the mechanisms of glycaemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 29, e163-e169 (2012) Abstract Aim As both impaired fasting glucose and silent myocardial ischaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and death, we hypothesized that these risk factors in combination would identify those subjects at the highest risk of adverse events. Methods Healthy individuals without diabetes ( n = 596, 55-75 years) were examined for silent myocardial infarction (≥ 1 mm ST-interval during ≥ 1 min) by ambulant 48-h continuous electrocardiogram monitoring and impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 5.6-6.9 mmol/l). Results After 6.3 years, 77 subjects met the endpoint of myocardial infarction and/or death. The prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia at inclusion was 12.3% in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and 11.7% in subjects with normal fasting glucose, P = 0.69. Subjects with impaired fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia more often met the endpoint (36%) than subjects with impaired fasting glucose/no silent myocardial ischaemia (15%), subjects with normal fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia (12%), and subjects with normal fasting glucose/no silent myocardial ischaemia (10%), respectively, ( P < 0.001). In a Cox model including these four study groups of interest, gender, age, smoking habits, blood pressure and total cholesterol, only subjects with impaired fasting glucose/silent myocardial ischaemia exhibited an increased risk of death or myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 2.5, P = 0.016). Conclusion The combination of impaired fasting glucose and silent myocardial ischaemia was associated with the poorest prognosis in middle-aged and older subjects without previously known glucose metabolic aberration and heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine preferences among patients with type 2 diabetes for content and format of patient education. METHODS: Using discrete choice methods, we surveyed patients about their preferences for patient education. We investigated preferred content and format regarding education on living well with diabetes, preventing complications, healthy eating, exercising, and psychosocial issues related to diabetes. RESULTS: We obtained usable responses from 2187 patients with type 2 diabetes. Acquiring competencies to live a fulfilling life with diabetes, adjust diet and exercise habits, and prevent complications was significantly more highly valued than was simply being informed about these topics. Patients preferred to be involved in the planning of their diabetes care and valued individually tailored content higher than prescheduled content. Women and younger patients found diet and exercise significantly more important than did men, and patients with poorly controlled diabetes valued all education and support more highly than did patients in better control. CONCLUSION: Patients with type 2 diabetes prefer to be actively involved in educational activities, to develop competencies to prevent and manage complications, and to involve their social network in supporting them. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Future patient education should enhance participation and competence development and include relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. We examined how improvements in muscular insulin sensitivity following rosiglitazone (ROSI) or pioglitazone (PIO) treatment would affect muscle mitochondrial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Muscle biopsies were obtained from 21 patients with T2DM before and after 12 weeks on either ROSI (4 mg once daily) [ n = 12; age, 59.2 ± 2.2 years; body mass index (BMI), 29.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2] or PIO (30 mg once daily) ( n = 9; age, 56.3 ± 2.4 years; BMI, 29.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2). An age- and BMI-matched control group was also included ( n = 8; age, 61.8 ± 2.3 years; BMI, 28.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2). Insulin sensitivity, citrate synthase- and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and protein content of complexes I–IV were measured, while mitochondrial respiration per milligram muscle was measured in saponin-treated skinned muscle fibres using high-resolution respirometry. Results: Mitochondrial respiration per milligram muscle was lower in T2DM compared to controls at baseline and decreased during ROSI treatment but increased during PIO treatment. Citrate synthase activity and average protein content of complexes I–IV were unchanged in the ROSI group, but protein content of complexes II and III increased during PIO treatment. Insulin sensitivity improved in all patients, but IMTG levels were unchanged. Conclusions: We show opposite effects of ROSI and PIO on mitochondrial respiration, and also show that insulin sensitivity can be improved independently of changes in mitochondrial respiration. We confirm that mitochondrial respiration is reduced in T2DM compared to age- and BMI-matched control subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Several mechanisms have been targeted as culprits of weight gain during antihyperglycaemic treatment in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). These include reductions in glucosuria, increased food intake from fear of hypoglycaemia, the anabolic effect of insulin, decreased metabolic rate and increased efficiency in fuel usage. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial efficiency increases as a result of insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We included ten patients with T2DM (eight males) on oral antidiabetic treatment, median age: 51.5 years (range: 39–67) and body mass index (BMI): 30.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2 (mean ± s.e.). Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis and m. deltoideus were obtained before and after seven weeks of intensive insulin treatment, and mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry. State 3 respiration was measured with the substrates malate, pyruvate, glutamate, succinate and ADP. State 4o was measured with addition of oligomycine. An age, sex and BMI-matched control group was also included. Results: HbA1c improved significantly and the patients gained on average 3.4 ± 0.9 kg. Before treatment, respiratory control ratios (RCRs) of the T2DM were lower than the obese controls [2.6 vs. 3.2 (p < 0.05)], but RCR returned to the levels of the control subjects during treatment. Average state 4o of arm and leg declined by 14% (p < 0.05) during insulin treatment. Conclusions: Tight glycaemic control leads to reductions in inner mitochondrial membrane leak and increased efficiency of mitochondria. This change in mitochondrial physiology could contribute to the weight gain seen with antihyperglycaemic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The positive metabolic outcome of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( RYGB) surgery may involve fibroblast growth factor 21 ( FGF21), in both the fasting state and postprandially. We measured the fasting levels of FGF21 before and after bariatric surgery as well as the postprandial FGF21 responses after a glucose load and after a mixed meal. Design Observational intervention trial. Patients and measurements Eight obese, nondiabetic patients underwent RYGB. Plasma FGF21 was measured both before and after surgery on three different days during oral glucose loads (25 g or 50 g glucose) or a mixed meal. Blood samples were taken right before the meal and at 15-min intervals until 90 min and at 150 min and 210 min relative to the start of the meal. Results Overall, fasting plasma FGF21 did not change significantly before and after surgery (262 ± 71 vs 411 ± 119 pg/ml), but for three subjects, fasting plasma FGF21 increased significantly after surgery. Furthermore, FGF21 levels increased significantly at t = 90 and t = 150 min in response to 50 g glucose, but not after a mixed meal. Conclusions In conclusion, the observed increase in postprandial plasma FGF21 in response to glucose and the lack of FGF21 response to a mixed meal may have important implications for the physiologic role of FGF21. The increase in postprandial FGF21 in response to glucose in the early postoperative period may contribute to the metabolic improvements observed after gastric bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Improving glycaemic control in people with Type 1 diabetes is known to reduce complications. Our aim was to compare glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes using data gathered in regional or national registries. Methods Data were obtained for children and/or adults with Type 1 diabetes from the following countries (or regions): Western Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, Champagne-Ardenne (France), Germany, Epirus, Thessaly and Thessaloniki (Greece), Galway (Ireland), several Italian regions, Latvia, Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Otago (New Zealand), Norway, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Volyn (Ukraine), USA and Wales) from population or clinic-based registries. The sample size with available data varied from 355 to 173 880. Proportions with HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) and ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥ 9.0%) were compared by age and sex. Results Data were available for 324 501 people. The proportions with HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) varied from 15.7% to 46.4% among 44 058 people aged < 15 years, from 8.9% to 49.5% among 50 766 people aged 15-24 years and from 20.5% to 53.6% among 229 677 people aged ≥ 25 years. Sex differences in glycaemic control were small. Proportions of people using insulin pumps varied between the 12 sources with data available. Conclusion These results suggest that there are substantial variations in glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes between the data sources and that there is room for improvement in all populations, especially in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) induces several physiological changes that can affect plasma glucose levels in patients with diabetes and in turn their glycemic control. Studies using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to assess glucose variations on dialysis days compared with nondialysis days report conflicting results. Here, we used CGM to examine glucose variations induced by HD in patients with type 2 diabetes., Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing maintenance HD were included. CGM (Ipro2®, Medtronic) was performed at baseline and Week 4, 8, 12, and 16 for up to 7 days at each visit. CGM profiles on days where participants received HD were compared with days without HD using a linear mixed model., Findings: Twenty-seven patients were included. The median number of CGM days performed was 8 (interquartile range [IQR] 6-10) for dialysis days and 16 (IQR 12-17) for nondialysis days. The median sensor glucose was 9.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.8-10.2) mmol/L on dialysis days compared with 9.5 (95% CI 8.9-10.2) mmol/L on nondialysis days (p = 0.58). Nocturnal mean sensor glucose was higher on dialysis days compared with nondialysis days: 8.8 (95% CI 8.0-9.6) mmol/L versus 8.4 (95% CI 7.7-9.2) mmol/L (p = 0.029)., Discussion: Similar median sensor glucose values were found for days on and off HD. Nocturnal glucose levels were modestly increased on dialysis days. Our findings indicate that antidiabetic treatment does not need to be differentiated on dialysis versus nondialysis days in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing maintenance HD., (© 2023 The Authors. Hemodialysis International published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Hemodialysis.)

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is suggested as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence of NAFLD is rising globally in parallel to the increasing incidences of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes remains the leading cause of CKD, but the co-existence of NAFLD, CKD, and type 2 diabetes is not well elucidated. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without CKD., Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD stages 3-5 (no dialysis), and 50 patients with type 2 diabetes without CKD. Liver fat content was estimated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction. NAFLD was defined as liver fat fraction ≥5.6% according to guidelines., Results: Mean age was 72 ± 4.9 years in patients with CKD and 65.9 ± 7.8 years in patients without CKD (p < 0.0001). Three out of four participants were men. BMI was 28.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2 and 27 ± 4.0 kg/m2 in patients with and without CKD, respectively (p = 0.0087). NAFLD was identified in 22 (44%) patients with CKD and 19 (38%) patients without CKD (p = 0.6845). Median (IQR) liver fat fraction was 4.7% (3.0-8.5) and 4.1% (2.9-7.7) in patients with and without CKD, respectively (difference in geometric means 5.3%, 95% CI -23; 45, p = 0.7463)., Conclusion: These findings do not support any association between NAFLD and CKD (stages 3-5) in patients with type 2 diabetes., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and particularly liver fibrosis, has been suggested as a risk factor of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Given that NAFLD affects every fourth person globally, better insight is needed. Our aim was to investigate the association between hepatic fibrosis and CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes and to compare different methods for diagnosing liver fibrosis in this study population., Methods: Cross-sectional study including patients with type 2 diabetes with CKD stages 3-5 (N = 50) or without CKD (N = 50). CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with or without proteinuria. Three methods were used to detect significant liver fibrosis defined as either ≥8 kilopascal measured by transient elastography (FibroScan®), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score ≥2.67, or NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) &gt;0.675., Results: Significant liver fibrosis was found in 38% and 28% of the patients with and without CKD, respectively, using at least one of the three methods. Both FIB-4 score and NFS were significantly higher in patients with CKD (p &lt; 0.0009 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively), although insignificant after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, and duration of diabetes. In patients without CKD, a significant association between steatosis and fibrosis was observed (p = 0.0007)., Conclusion: Our data do not support any strong independent association between liver fibrosis and established CKD as assessed by FibroScan, FIB-4 score, and NFS, respectively., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: A systematic review of the prevalence and prognosis of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following the transplantation of heart, lung, liver and kidney and a metaanalysis of randomised studies of glucose-lowering treatment is reported., Methods: We searched for publications on solid organ transplants and PTDM in relation to the risk and total mortality of PTDM and randomized controlled trials aiming at reducing glucose levels., Results: PTDM prevalence one year after transplantation was reported to be 9-40%. Ten years after transplantation, 60-85% of people without PTDM and 30-76% of people with PTDM were alive. Following kidney transplantation, we identified six randomized controlled trials on the treatment of PTDM. Intervention ranged from 3 to 12 months. Four studies used intervention with oral glucose-lowering drugs, one used dietician appointments and exercise, and one used insulin treatment. Among the intermediate results reported, a reduction in HbA1c of 2.7 mmol/mol, and an increase in the odds ratio of serious adverse events of 3.0 was significant., Conclusion: In conclusion, information on the prevalence and effect on survival of PTDM is heterogeneous, and the randomized studies on the effect of treatment available are short and lack information on clinically important endpoints, such as mortality or morbidity., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Shortened erythrocyte life span and erythropoietin-stimulating agents may affect hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). We compared HbA1c with interstitial glucose measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving PD., Methods: Fourteen days of CGM (Ipro2, Medtronic) were performed in 23 patients with type 2 diabetes receiving PD and in 23 controls with type 2 diabetes and an estimated glomerular filtration rate over 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients were matched on gender and age (±5 years). HbA1c (mmol/mol), its derived estimate of mean plasma glucose (eMPGA1c) (mmol/L), and fructosamine (µmol/L) were measured at the end of the CGM period and compared with the mean sensor glucose (mmol/L) from CGM., Results: In the PD group, mean sensor glucose was 0.98 (95% con-fidence interval (CI): 0.43-1.54) mmol/L higher than the eMPGA1c compared with the control group (p = 0.002) where glucose levels were nearly identical (-0.05 (95% CI: -0.35-0.25) mmol/L). A significant association was found between fructosamine and mean sensor glucose using linear regression with no difference between slopes (p = 0.89) or y-intercepts (p = 0.28)., Discussion/conclusion: HbA1c underestimates mean plasma glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving PD. However, the clinical significance of this finding is undetermined. Fructosamine seems to more accurately reflect glycemic status. CGM or fructosamine could complement HbA1c to increase the accuracy of glycemic monitoring in the PD population., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: The accuracy of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a glycemic marker in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving hemodialysis (HD) remains unknown. To assess accuracy, we compared HbA1c and fructosamine levels with interstitial glucose measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with T2D receiving HD., Methods: Thirty patients in the HD group and 36 patients in the control group (T2D and an estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73 m2) completed the study period of 17 weeks. CGM (Ipro2®, Medtronic) was performed 5 times for periods of up to 7 days (with 4-week intervals) during a 16-week period. HbA1c (mmol/mol), the estimated mean plasma glucose from HbA1c (eMPGA1c [mmol/L]) and fructosamine (μmol/L) was measured at week 17 and compared with mean sensor glucose levels from CGM., Findings: In the HD group, mean sensor glucose was 1.4 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.8) higher than the eMPGA1c, whereas the difference for controls was 0.1 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.1-[0.4]; p < 0.001). Adjusted for mean sensor glucose, HbA1c was lower in the HD group (-7.3 mmol/mol, 95% CI: -10.0-[-4.7]) than in the control group (p < 0.001), with no difference detected for fructosamine (p = 0.64)., Discussion: HbA1c evaluated by CGM underestimates plasma glucose levels in patients receiving HD. The underestimation represents a clinical challenge in optimizing glycemic control in the HD population. Fructosamine is unaffected by the factors affecting HbA1c and appears to be more accurate for glycemic monitoring. CGM or fructosamine could thus complement HbA1c in obtaining more accurate glycemic control in this patient group., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to compare the effects of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) and carbohydrate counting with automated bolus calculation (ABC) with usual care., Methods: In a randomised, controlled, open-label trial carried out at five diabetes clinics in the Capital Region of Denmark, 170 adults with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year, multiple daily insulin injections and HbA 1c  > 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 with centrally prepared envelopes to usual care (n = 42), ABC (n = 41), isCGM (n = 48) or ABC+isCGM (n = 39). Blinded continuous glucose monitoring data, HbA 1c and patient-reported outcomes were recorded at baseline and after 26 weeks. The primary outcome was change in time in range using isCGM vs usual care., Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable across arms: mean age 47 (SD 13.7) years, median (IQR) diabetes duration 18 (10-28) years and HbA 1c 65 (61-72) mmol/mol (8.1% [7.7-8.7%]). Change in time in range using isCGM was comparable to usual care (% difference of 3.9 [-12-23], p = 0.660). The same was true for the ABC and ABC+isCGM arms and for hypo- and hyperglycaemia. Also compared with usual care, using ABC+isCGM reduced HbA 1c (4 [95% CI 1, 8] mmol/mol) (0.4 [0.1, 0.7] %-point) and glucose CV (11% [4%, 17%]) and improved treatment satisfaction, psychosocial self-efficacy and present life quality. Treatment satisfaction also improved by using isCGM alone vs usual care. Statistical significance was maintained after multiple testing adjustment concerning glucose CV and treatment satisfaction with ABC+isCGM, and treatment satisfaction with isCGM. Discontinuation was most common among ABC only users, and among completers the ABC was used 4 (2-5) times/day and the number of daily isCGM scans was 5 (1-7) at study end., Conclusions/interpretation: isCGM alone did not improve time in range, but treatment satisfaction increased in technology-naive people with type 1 diabetes and suboptimal HbA 1c . The combination of ABC+isCGM appears advantageous regarding glycaemic variables and patient-reported outcomes, but many showed resistance towards ABC., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03682237., Funding: The study is investigator initiated and financed by the Capital Region of Denmark., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Hyperglycaemia during hospitalisation is associated with a longer and more complicated admission and with increased mortality. Therefore, guidelines suggest that blood glucose should be less than 10 mmol/l. In this audit, we aimed to describe the prevalence of diabetes patients at four orthopaedic departments in the Capital Region of Denmark and to measure the quality of in-hospital diabetes management., Methods: We conducted audits of medical records in the electronic health record system for two months in 2019. All patients admitted were included in the audit. We gathered information on diabetes status, orthopaedic diagnosis, glycosylated haemoglobin and diabetes management., Results: Among 2,463 included patients, 10% had diabetes. The three most frequent diagnosis groups were infection, fracture of lower extremity and hospitalised for alloplastic surgery. The number of blood glucose measurements during 24-hour perioperative care was 6.5. Among patients analysed, 10-20% did not have their blood glucose measured in the days following surgery. Among patients, 64% received insulin 1-50% of the required times., Conclusion: We demonstrated that 10% of hospitalised patients suffer from diabetes. The audit also showed that blood glucose is generally measured according to guidelines, whereas the treatment of an elevated blood glucose is far from being given according to guidelines. This may potentially delay recovery and prolong hospitalisation., Funding: none., Trial Registration: not relevant., (Articles published in the DMJ are “open access”. This means that the articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.)