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Retailing industry in EU is currently experienced deeply changes. Environmental forces are pushing a new organization of the retailing in the world: economic crisis, competence between channels, formats and groups, changing patterns of consumer behavior, or technology evolution (Internet and the Web 2.0). This paper makes a diagnostic of the retailing industry in the EU-27, by analyzing the evolution of both wholesale and retailing activities. In particular, it is considered in detail features as the structure of the sector, the state of private brands, the evolution of retailer companies, the concentration of selling in retailing, or the payment periods. Finally, some conclusions about the evolution of the sector are depicted.

En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el comportamiento de disoluciones acuosas de glucosamina como absorbente para la captura de dióxido de carbono, empleando un reactor “air-lift”. Los resultados experimentales indican que este reactivo (glucosamina) muestra un comportamiento similar al observado para otras disoluciones acuosas de aminas ampliamente utilizadas para la captura de dióxido de carbono, en relación a la velocidad a la cual se produce la absorción. El valor de la velocidad de transferencia de masa ha sido determinado, así como el efecto de distintas condiciones de operación sobre el valor de este parámetro y del área interfacial gas-líquido, tales como concentración de amina, pH o caudal de gas alimentado.

El análisis histórico del arte contemporáneo plantea diversos problemas que el arte de otras épocas no presenta, y obliga a los profesionales a aplicar en muchas ocasiones una metodología de trabajo interdisciplinar. En este sentido, la labor de conservación, en la que se incluye la coordinación y asesoramiento en diferentes aspectos de la obra de arte, además de la recopilación de información y documentación, se ha convertido en una fuente fundamental para el estudio del arte. Esta labor se viene realizando de manera exhaustiva en los museos de arte contemporáneo gracias a su compromiso con la investigación, divulgación y conservación de su colección.

Ante la obligación irrestricta de recuperar la relevancia de la universidad como institución educativa hay que resolver los problemas internos, hay que dejar de lado otros intereses que no sean los de la universidad, es urgente reconocer que si la universidad desaparece o pierde su exclusividad como institución de educación superior, con todo lo que esto implica, la responsabilidad no será del gobierno, la responsabilidad caerá sobre los universitarios, los que dejarán morir a la institución que les ha cobijado brindándoles utilidad y sentido, les ha permitido ser quienes son y trascender con ello. Así, porqué no aceptar, para hacerlo posible, a la gestión administrativa, porqué no permitirle su apoyo para llevar a cabo tal tarea dada la gravedad de la situación. Porqué no dejar de lado la oposición por la oposición misma con todo su sin sentido.

Fundamento: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los cambios producidos en los hábitos alimentarios y el estado nutricional de la población catalana, a lo largo de 10 años a partir de la información procedente de las dos Encuestas Nutricionales de Cataluña desarrolladas en 1992-93 y 2002-03. Método: 2641 indivíduos en 1992-93 y 2060 en 2002-03 de 10 a 75 años que participaron en las encuestas. Se utilizaron dos recordatorios de 24 horas, un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y un cuestionario general sobre actividad física, conocimientos y actitudes sobre alimentación y uso de suplementos alimentarios. Se midió el peso (kg), la talla (cm) y el perímetro de la cintura (PC) (cm). Se realizó un análisis bioquímico en una submuestra de la población. Se evaluaron colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicéridos y ß-caroteno, a-tocoferol y retinol. Resultados: Se observa un descenso en la ingesta de fruta, verdura y patata, carne y pescado, y un aumento en el consumo de derivados lácteos y comida rápida (especialmente entre los jóvenes). Se produce un ascenso en el valor medio de índice de masa corporal (IMC) en hombres y de PC en hombres y mujeres. El valor de IMC desciende entre las mujeres (excepto entre las más jóvenes). La prevalencia de obesidad aumenta en hombres (de 9,9% a 16,6%), pero no en mujeres. Desciende la colesterolemia media, a expensas del valor de HDL colesterol. Disminuye el porcentaje de población sedentaria en el tiempo libre. Conclusiones: Es necesaria una política de nutrición que sea efectiva en la promoción de una alimentación acorde con las recomendaciones nutricionales y la dieta mediterránea.

We have studied the effect of individual shrink wrapping (ISW) on the postharvest performance of refrigerated fruit from two zucchini cultivars that differ in their sensitivity to cold storage: Sinatra (more sensitive) and Natura (more tolerant). The fruit was individually shrink wrapped before storing at 4°C for 0, 7 and 14 days. Quality parameters, ethylene and CO2 productions, ethylene gene expression, and oxidative stress metabolites were assessed in shrink wrapped and non-wrapped fruit after conditioning the fruit for 6 hours at 20°C. ISW decreased significantly the postharvest deterioration of chilled zucchini in both cultivars. Weight loss was reduced to less than 1%, pitting symptoms were completely absent in ISW fruit at 7 days, and were less than 25% those of control fruits at 14 days of cold storage, and firmness loss was significantly reduced in the cultivar Sinatra. These enhancements in quality of ISW fruit were associated with a significant reduction in cold-induced ethylene production, in the respiration rate, and in the level of oxidative stress metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide and malonyldialdehyde (MDA). A detailed expression analysis of ethylene biosynthesis, perception and signaling genes demonstrated a downregulation of CpACS1 and CpACO1 genes in response to ISW, two genes that are upregulated by cold storage. However, the expression patterns of six other ethylene biosynthesis genes (CpACS2 to CpACS7) and five ethylene signal transduction pathway genes (CpCTR1, CpETR1, CpERS1, CpEIN3.1 and CpEN3.2), suggest that they do not play a major role in response to cold storage and ISW packaging. In conclusion, ISW zucchini packaging resulted in improved tolerance to chilling concomitantly with a reduction in oxidative stress, respiration rate and ethylene production, as well as in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes, but not of those involved in ethylene perception and sensitivity.

We analysed the whole-genome transcriptional profile of 6 cell lines of dark melanocytes (DM) and 6 of light melanocytes (LM) at basal conditions and after ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at different time points to investigate the mechanisms by which melanocytes protect human skin from the damaging effects of UVB. Further, we assessed the effect of different keratinocyte-conditioned media (KCM+ and KCM-) on melanocytes. Our results suggest that an interaction between ribosomal proteins and the P53 signaling pathway may occur in response to UVB in both DM and LM. We also observed that DM and LM show differentially expressed genes after irradiation, in particular at the first 6h after UVB. These are mainly associated with inflammatory reactions, cell survival or melanoma. Furthermore, the culture with KCM+ compared with KCM- had a noticeable effect on LM. This effect includes the activation of various signaling pathways such as the mTOR pathway, involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. Finally, the comparison of the transcriptional profiles between LM and DM under basal conditions, and the application of natural selection tests in human populations allowed us to support the significant evolutionary role of MIF and ATP6V0B in the pigmentary phenotype.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda una nueva lectura de la película Viridiana, de Luis Buñuel, bajo una perspectiva feminista, tratando de añadir a las capas de lectura existentes una d. Habitualmente, las lecturas hechas acerca de esta película han sido planteadas en tomo a la alegoría de una construcción nacional española durante la década desarrollista de los sesenta así como a una nueva heterotopía de la experiencia del deseo como proceso de subjetivación. Se considera que tales interpretaciones son correctas, pero no suficientes. El artículo señala la necesidad de enriquecerlas y discutirlas contra un trasfondo formado por múltiples niveles hermenéuticos, cuyo nivel final se sitúa en el llamado «inconsciente político», tal como lo ha acuñado Jameson. La apuesta de este trabajo consiste en proponer que el discurso cinematográfico satírico de Buñuel en esta obra guarda una relación ambivalente de subversión y sumisión con la gran narrativa religiosa que lo alberga, considerando que tal narrativa subyacente al artefacto textual subversivo tiene, en realidad, un carácter patriarcal. ABSTRACT This article tackles a new reading of Buñuel's film Viridiana, both by adopting a feminist approach and by trying to enhance the layers of reading of this work. The most usual interpretations on Viridiana have been posited in terms of an allegory of national construction of Spain during the sixties as well as a new heterotopy of the experience of desire as a subject-formation process. All these readings are considered basically right, yet they are not enough. The article points out that they need to be both enriched and discussed against background of multiple hermeneutic levels, which would eventually amount to the so-called «political unconsciousn», as it was formulated by Jameson. What is at stake here is that Buñuel's cinematic satirical discourse bears an ambivalent relationship to the religious-based master narrative it both subverts and submit to. This narrative lying behind Viridiana's subversive artifact would be, in this light, an essentially patriarchal one.

Global circulation models forecasts indicate a future temperature and rainfall pattern modification worldwide. Such phenomena will become particularly evident in Europe where climate modifications could be more severe than the average change at the global level. As such, river flow regimes are expected to change, with resultant impacts on aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Riparian woodlands are among the most endangered ecosystems on earth and provide vital services to interconnected ecosystems and human societies. However, they have not been the object of many studies designed to spatially and temporally quantify how these ecosystems will react to climate change-induced flow regimes. Our goal was to assess the effects of climate-changed flow regimes on the existing riparian vegetation of three different European flow regimes. Cases studies were selected in the light of the most common watershed alimentation modes occurring across European regions, with the objective of appraising expected alterations in the riparian elements of fluvial systems due to climate change. Riparian vegetation modeling was performed using the CASiMiR-vegetation model, which bases its computation on the fluvial disturbance of the riparian patch mosaic. Modeling results show that riparian woodlands may undergo not only at least moderate changes for all flow regimes, but also some dramatic adjustments in specific areas of particular vegetation development stages. There are circumstances in which complete annihilation is feasible. Pluvial flow regimes, like the ones in southern European rivers, are those likely to experience more pronounced changes. Furthermore, regardless of the flow regime, younger and more water-dependent individuals are expected to be the most affected by climate change.

We aimed to study the selective pressures interacting on SLC45A2 to investigate the interplay between selection and susceptibility to disease. Thus, we enrolled 500 volunteers from a geographically limited population (Basques from the North of Spain) and by resequencing the whole coding region and intron 5 of the 34 most and the 34 least pigmented individuals according to the reflectance distribution, we observed that the polymorphism Leu374Phe (L374F, rs16891982) was statistically associated with skin color variability within this sample. In particular, allele 374F was significantly more frequent among the individuals with lighter skin. Further genotyping an independent set of 558 individuals of a geographically wider population with known ancestry in the Spanish population also revealed that the frequency of L374F was significantly correlated with the incident UV radiation intensity. Selection tests suggest that allele 374F is being positively selected in South Europeans, thus indicating that depigmentation is an adaptive process. Interestingly, by genotyping 119 melanoma samples, we show that this variant is also associated with an increased susceptibility to melanoma in our populations. The ultimate driving force for this adaptation is unknown, but it is compatible with the vitamin D hypothesis. This shows that molecular evolution analysis can be used as a useful technology to predict phenotypic and biomedical consequences in humans.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda una nueva lectura de la película Viridiana, de Luis Buñuel, bajo una perspectiva feminista, tratando de añadir a las capas de lectura existentes una d. Habitualmente, las lecturas hechas acerca de esta película han sido planteadas en tomo a la alegoría de una construcción nacional española durante la década desarrollista de los sesenta así como a una nueva heterotopía de la experiencia del deseo como proceso de subjetivación. Se considera que tales interpretaciones son correctas, pero no suficientes. El artículo señala la necesidad de enriquecerlas y discutirlas contra un trasfondo formado por múltiples niveles hermenéuticos, cuyo nivel final se sitúa en el llamado «inconsciente político», tal como lo ha acuñado Jameson. La apuesta de este trabajo consiste en proponer que el discurso cinematográfico satírico de Buñuel en esta obra guarda una relación ambivalente de subversión y sumisión con la gran narrativa religiosa que lo alberga, considerando que tal narrativa subyacente al artefacto textual subversivo tiene, en realidad, un carácter patriarcal. Palabras clave: Feminismo, filosofía, hermenéutica, ideología, cine. ABSTRACT This article tackles a new reading of Buñuel's film Viridiana, both by adopting a feminist approach and by trying to enhance the layers of reading of this work. The most usual interpretations on Viridiana have been posited in terms of an allegory of national construction of Spain during the sixties as well as a new heterotopy of the experience of desire as a subject-formation process. All these readings are considered basically right, yet they are not enough. The article points out that they need to be both enriched and discussed against background of multiple hermeneutic levels, which would eventually amount to the so-called «political unconsciousn», as it was formulated by Jameson. What is at stake here is that Buñuel's cinematic satirical discourse bears an ambivalent relationship to the religious-based master narrative it both subverts and submit to. This narrative lying behind Viridiana's subversive artifact would be, in this light, an essentially patriarchal one. Key words: Feminism, philosophy, hermeneutics, ideology, cinema.

The cyst-forming protozoan parasite Neosporacaninum is one of the main causes of bovine abortion worldwide and is of great economic importance in the cattle industry. Recent studies have revealed extensive genetic variation among N. caninum isolates based on microsatellite sequences (MSs). MSs may be suitable molecular markers for inferring the diversity of parasite populations, molecular epidemiology and the basis for phenotypic variations in N. caninum, which have been poorly defined. In this study, we evaluated nine MS markers using a panel of 11 N. caninum-derived reference isolates from around the world and 96 N. caninum bovine clinical samples and one ovine clinical sample collected from four countries on two continents, including Spain, Argentina, Germany and Scotland, over a 10-year period. These markers were used as molecular tools to investigate the genetic diversity, geographic distribution and population structure of N. caninum. Multilocus microsatellite genotyping based on 7 loci demonstrated high levels of genetic diversity in the samples from all of the different countries, with 96 microsatellite multilocus genotypes (MLGs) identified from 108 N. caninum samples. Geographic sub-structuring was present in the country populations according to pairwise F(ST). Principal component analysis (PCA) and Neighbor Joining tree topologies also suggested MLG segregation partially associated with geographical origin. An analysis of the MLG relationships, using eBURST, confirmed that the close genetic relationship observed between the Spanish and Argentinean populations may be the result of parasite migration (i.e., the introduction of novel MLGs from Spain to South America) due to cattle movement. The eBURST relationships also revealed genetically different clusters associated with the abortion. The presence of linkage disequilibrium, the co-existence of specific MLGs to individual farms and eBURST MLG relationships suggest a predominant clonal propagation for Spanish N. caninum MLGs in cattle.

Between 2006 and 2008, an outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) affected Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra p. pyrenaica, an endemic subspecies of mountain ungulate that lives in the Pyrenees. The study focused on 14 mountain massifs (180,000 ha) where the species' population is stable. Cases of IKC were detected in ten of the massifs and, in five of them, mortality was substantial. The outbreak spread quickly from the first location detected, with two peaks in mortality that affected one (2007) and three (2008) massifs. In the latter, the peak was seasonal (spring to autumn) and, in the former, the outbreak persisted through winter. To identify the outbreak's aetiology, we examined 105 Pyrenean chamois clinically affected with IKC. TaqMan rt-PCR identified Mycoplasma conjunctivae in 93 (88.5%) of the chamois. Another rt-PCR detected Chlamydophila spp. in 14 of chamois, and 12 of those had mixed infections with mycoplasmas. In the period 2000-2007, the chamois population increased slightly (λ 1.026) but decreased significantly during the IKC outbreak (λ 0.8, 2007-2008; λ 0.85, 2008-2009) before increasing significantly after the outbreak (λ 1.1, 2009-2010). Sex-biased mortality shifted the adult sex ratio toward males (from 0.6 to 0.7 males per female) and reduced productivity slightly. Hunting was practically banned in the massifs where chamois experienced significant mortality and allowed again after the outbreak ended. Long-term monitoring of wild populations provides a basis for understanding the impacts of disease outbreaks and improves management decisions, particularly when species are subject to extractive exploitation.

Upon viral infection, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the subsequent upregulation of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) generate an antiviral state with an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive host immune responses. The ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) ISG15 is a critical IFN-induced antiviral molecule that protects against several viral infections, but the mechanism by which ISG15 exerts its antiviral function is not completely understood. Here, we report that ISG15 plays an important role in the regulation of macrophage responses. ISG15-/- macrophages display reduced activation, phagocytic capacity and programmed cell death activation in response to vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from mice lacking ISG15 are neither able to phagocyte infected cells nor to block viral infection in co-culture experiments with VACV-infected murine embryonic fibroblast (MEFs). This phenotype is independent of cytokine production and secretion, but clearly correlates with impaired activation of the protein kinase AKT in ISG15 knock-out (KO) macrophages. Altogether, these results indicate an essential role of ISG15 in the cellular immune antiviral response and point out that a better understanding of the antiviral responses triggered by ISG15 may lead to the development of therapies against important human pathogens.

Concentration-thermal swing adsorption (CTSA) using an ethanol-selective adsorbent can be an attractive option to reduce the energy costs associated with the separation of ethanol from water. In this process, ethanol regeneration is the only step with significant energy consumption, in which the adsorbent column saturated with liquid ethanol is purged with a hot inert gas to recover ethanol by condensation. Despite many showing interest in applying CTSA, the method has received little attention in the open literature, and consequently little information is available about its energy requirement. In this work, we experimentally measured the regeneration dynamics of a heated silicalite column saturated with liquid ethanol by air purge using different column wall temperatures and purge gas flow rates. Using a theoretical model based on conservation equations, the mass and heat transfer kinetics in this process are adequately reproduced. The proposed model has been used to estimate the overall energy requirement of the ethanol vapourization/desorption and the subsequent condensation processes.

No es propósito de este trabajo efectuar una revisión de los avatares de la accidentada historia de la recepción crítica de La Lozana andaluza. Sin embargo, es sabido que La Lozana andaluza atraviesa hoy día un nuevo período de revalorización en el campo de los estudios literarios del Renacimiento español y este hecho hay que tenerlo en cuenta en un preciso sentido. Decir que una obra está siendo revalorizada se puede entender de dos maneras. En primer lugar, al modo usual, o sea, relacionando este hecho con los vaivenes del juicio estético y sus instituciones autorizadas, que se encargan de evaluar una noción tan resbaladiza como los méritos de un producto artístico. Pero Equé significa también «revalorizar» una obra literaria? Esto nos lleva a la segunda manera de enfo- car la cuestión.

La lesión cerebral traumática es la causa más frecuente de secuelas neurológicas y muerte en el niño. Los adelantos tecnológicos y la mejor comprensión de los fenómenos fisiopatológicos ha aumentado la tasa de sobrevivientes, quienes requieren rehabilitación sostenida y multidisciplinaria. Este grupo trabaja sobre la base de un programa de seguimiento polivalente protocolizado desde el momento en que el paciente con traumatismo encefalocraneano (TEC) grave ingresa a la unidad de cuidados intensivos del niño (UCIN). En un período de cuatro años fueron controlados 50 pacientes en régimen ambulatorio. La mediana de duración del seguimiento fue de 20 meses. La mediana de edad de este grupo fue de 9 años. El tránsito fue la causa más frecuente de traumatismo de cráneo. El 50% presentó otros traumatismos de entidad. El 50% fue intervenido, la mitad fue neurocirugía de urgencia. El 95% presentó coma inicial. Más de 90% tenía tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de cráneo patológica, siendo las lesiones más frecuentes la fractura, la contusión y la hemorragia subaracnoidea. Al alta, 78% de los pacientes presentaba deficiencias severas vinculadas al accidente. Las más frecuentes eran del área locomotora y cognitiva. Según la escala de seguimiento de Glasgow (Glasgow Outcome Scale, GOS) 22% de los pacientes en el momento del alta estaban en estado vegetativo, pero evidenciaron una franca recuperación funcional en los meses siguientes. En la evolución disminuyó la prevalencia de secuelas motoras y cognitivas y aumentó en la esfera psíquica. Fallecieron tres pacientes durante el seguimiento. Se concluye que el tipo de secuelas varió según el momento evolutivo, siendo las áreas motora y psíquica las más afectadas en la evolución alejada. Muchas de estas secuelas se evidencian en el seguimiento. No es frecuente la persistencia del estado vegetativo aunque constituyó un riesgo de muerte luego de la etapa aguda. El GOS fue una herramienta de utilidad para evaluar el compromiso neurológico en la evolución.