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The production of fig (Ficus carica L.) in Mexico has become very important in recent years, due to the growing demand in the international market. The state of Morelos stands out as the main fig producer nationwide. The municipalities of Villa de Ayala, Tepalcingo and Axochiapan concentrate the highest productivity, however, serious affectations by some diseases such as rust caused by Cerotelium fici (Butler) Arthur have caused losses in crop yield. The objective of the work was to determine the incidence and severity of this disease, in two periods during the crop cycle. Representative samples with symptoms were taken in commercial plots of three municipalities in the state of Morelos. The incidence of the fungus and its severity were evaluated using a visual estimation scale, during February-March and August-October 2019. Six evaluations were made with weekly frequency during the cycle. The fungus was morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. The presence of C. fici uredospores was confirmed and it was determined that rust was present in both periods, with a higher incidence in the months of February and March (dry period). The municipalities of Villa de Ayala and Axochiapan, had the greatest affectations with 45 to 70 % severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of six fungicides for the control greasy spot (Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside) in orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cv. 'Valencia' was evaluated in plots with a randomized block design and six treatments: (Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole), Flutriafol, Difenoconazole, Benomyl, Copper Oxychloride, Trifloxyistrobin and a control. Three spraying, were made, every fifteen days. During the assay, the incidence, severity and efficacy of the diseases were evaluated. In addition, area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) and disease-progress curve relative in percent (AUDPCr) were calculated. The data were processed through a simple ANOVA. As results, the incidence remained unchanged up to 21 days after treatment (DAT), with low values between 1,3 and 5 %, which increased from 28 (DAT) (58-96 %). The initially severity was low (0,1-3 %) and was increased up to 32 %. The efficacy 7 (DAT) had the highest percentages with Benomyl and Trifloxyistrobin (87,5 %) and Difenoconazole (75 %). While at 14 (DAT) Difenoconazole and Azoxydifem reached 87,5 %. All fungicides reduced the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) in relation to the control and in correspondence the lowest cumulative relative percentages of disease-progress curve relative in percent (AUDPCr) were obtained by Flutriafol, Benomyl and Trifloxystrobin (8.4, 8.6 and 8.7 %), although without statistical differences with another fungicide, only with the control (11.2 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coatings and films are continuous matrixes typically formulated of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates or their combination. A carbohydrate used to formulate edible coatings is the chitosan that reduces the growth of fungi and bacteria. Coatings may work as vehicles of a broad range of food additives including antimicrobial compounds in order to provide higher attributes such as the control of microorganism. Essential oils are among the natural additives. There is broad evidence that essential oils extracted from different plant species present inhibition against fungi and bacteria. The incorporation of chitosan and essential oils into the edible formulations avoids the development of microorganism and extends the storage life of the horticultural commodity. In this article, a literature review about the main components of the coatings and its effect on the physiology of the commodity was carried. A revision of literature about the effect of chitosan and the addition of essential oils on the activity of pathogenic microorganisms was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los recubrimientos son matrices continuas formuladas a base de lípidos, proteínas o carbohidratos o mezclas de estos componentes, que les confieren diferentes propiedades fisicoquímicas. Un carbohidrato utilizado para la formulación de los recubrimientos comestibles es el quitosano, el cual reduce el crecimiento de hongos y bacterias. Los recubrimientos pueden servir como vehículos para un amplio rango de aditivos, incluyendo compuestos antimicrobianos, con la finalidad de proporcionarles mayores atributos como es el control de microorganismos. Entre los aditivos naturales están los aceites esenciales. Se tiene amplia evidencia que los aceites esenciales extraídos de diferentes plantas presentan inhibición contra hongos y bacterias. Al formular recubrimientos comestibles con quitosano y adicionar a las formulaciones productos como los aceites esenciales, se evita el desarrollo de microorganismos, se prolonga la vida de anaquel de los productos agrícolas, y se mantienen las propiedades sensoriales de éstos. En este artículo se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura sobre el tema de recubrimientos comestibles y sus principales componentes sobre la fisiología del producto. Asimismo, se revisó literatura con respecto al efecto de la elaboración de recubrimientos con quitosano y la incorporación de aceites esenciales sobre su actividad en diferentes microorganismos patógenos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]