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Immigrants comprise nearly 20% of the child care workforce in the U.S. This paper studies the impact of a major immigration enforcement policy, Secure Communities (SC), on the structure and functioning of the child care market. Relying on the staggered introduction of SC across counties between 2008 and 2014, we find that the program reduced children's participation in center-based child care programs. The estimated reductions are substantially larger among disadvantaged children, raising questions about the possibility of health and developmental spillovers. We also find that SC reduced the supply and wages of immigrant and native child care workers in the center-based sector. We provide descriptive evidence that immigrants and natives may not compete for the same jobs: immigrant child care teachers are more highly skilled, and the children assigned to their classrooms differ on some observable characteristics. Therefore, immigrants and natives are likely to be complements to child care service production.

Businesses utilize tax avoidance methods to avoid paying taxes and boost their after-tax income. In the scientific literature, tax evasion has recently become a focus of discussion. Taxes are an important part of the budget and revenue of developing countries like Pakistan. Because of this, goal of this study is to see how business diversity affects tax avoidance by companies listed on Stock exchange of Pakistan. For sample selection research, utilize twenty-two separate industries to choose 129industries based upon data usage. On an annual basis, study's temporal horizon is 13 years, commencing in 2006 and concluding in 2018. Research utilize GAAPETR to quantify tax evasion in addition to entropy-index use for corporate diversification.

Importance: Previous studies report both co-existence and mutual exclusivity of atopic eczema (AE) and psoriasis, but these have not been appraised systematically. Knowledge of such disease association throws light on disease mechanisms and may influence therapeutic choices. Objective: To summarise evidence for AE and psoriasis occurring in the same person at the same point in time. Planned primary outcome was the incidence, prevalence or risk of psoriasis or eczema. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid Embase were searched from inception to 1st February 2020. The search strategy was built around the key terms ‘atopic eczema’, ‘psoriasis’ and ‘co-existence’. Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional and case-series) with a minimum of 10 consecutive patients. There were no restrictions on participants, geography or language. Studies were selected, data extracted and critically appraised independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted on the method of diagnosis: health professional (dermatologist, criteria, other), self-reported, not specified. Study quality was assessed using the validated Joanna Brigg’s Institute critical appraisal tool. A random-effects model was used to combine studies. Results: This review included 31 studies and 20 523 individuals with psoriasis and 1, 405 911 with AE. Eight studies reported the prevalence of AE in those with psoriasis and values ranged from 0.17% to 20%: the pooled prevalence was 2% (95%CI 1, 3). Seven studies reported the prevalence of psoriasis in those with AE and values ranged from 0.3% to 12.6%; the pooled prevalence was 2% (95%CI 1, 3). Ten studies were assessed as low risk of bias. Geographical area, method of diagnosis, setting and whether the assessment of diagnosis was blinded partly contributed to the heterogeneity. Conclusions This review provides some evidence for the co-existence of AE and psoriasis. Clinicians should be aware of co-existence at diagnosis, when selecting therapies and when reviewing poor response to treatment.

Minimum quality regulations are often justified in the child care market because of the presence of information frictions between parents and providers. However, regulations can also have unintended consequences for the quantity and quality of services provided. In this paper, we merge new data on states' child care regulations for maximum classroom group sizes and child-to-staff ratios with the universe of online job postings to study the impact of regulations on the demand for and characteristics of child care labor. Our identification strategy exploits the unprecedented variation in regulatory reform during the COVID-19 pandemic, relying on changes both within states over time and across children's age groups. We find robust evidence that these regulations reduce the number of child care job postings and encourage providers to substitute away from higher-skilled postings, thereby increasing the number of positions that are out-of-compliance with state law. Furthermore, we show that regulations adversely affect mothers' labor force participation. In sum, the results imply that child care regulations may reduce the demand for child care labor, while simultaneously altering the composition of the workforce.

The sports industry is an ever-growing sector worldwide. With technological advancements in information technologies, the sports industry has merged with the entertainment industry, reaching and influencing billions of people globally. However, to ensure and advance the safety, security, and sustainability of the sports industry, technological innovations are always needed in several manufacturing and materials processes to achieve cost-effectiveness, efficiency, durability, reusability, and recyclability of products used in this industry. For example, 90% of the field hockey equipment produced in the world comes from Sialkot, Pakistan. Most export quality field hockey equipment is currently produced via reinforcement of glass/carbon fibers in epoxy resin. The current study aimed to introduce new materials for field hockey equipment to reduce manufacturing costs and the environmental impact of synthetic materials, without comprising the quality of the final product. Our literature review on natural fibers revealed that they offer excellent and compatible mechanical properties. Based on extensive experimental studies, we concluded that banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites could be an alternative to pure glass fiber reinforced composites, with comparable and even higher load withstanding capabilities. Using banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites for the fabrication of hockey products would cut costs and lower the environmental impact stemming from the uses of biodegradable organic materials. It will also lead to the development of a domestic economy based on domestic resources.

This paper reports the impact of exergame augmented physiotherapy along with varied gaming and therapy elements for the habilitation of the children with Cerebral Palsy. The gaming environment creates a platform for children to engage physically with exergames. The lower provided via a Kinect sensor, and game theory maps input to the visual game avatar. We tested the performance of seven children with cerebral palsy while playing exergames and recorded the mixed method data. The overall gaming experience was enjoyable for the children. Six out of seven children initially found it enthusiastic to cope with the challenges of exergames with gradually increasing speed and constant resistance thus improving their involved muscle strength but lost attention when they started to get tired. Our results indicate that children were willing to play the game they liked for increased time-period and time taken to complete each game decreased over the passage of sessions.

Asthma is one of common chronic disease in the USA. While asthma prevalence is closely correlated with socioeconomic and environmental factors than geographic location or population density. In many respiratory problems, asthma is one of the fast spreading illness which has encountered about 1/3rd of the world’s population. Due to drug related issues, the patients of asthma abandon to get maximum benefits from the treatment many times. The current study was proposed to highlight the most common problems of asthmatic patients and their possible interventions suggested during the last few years. Adherence to medication along with proper inhalation technique is the biggest challenge among asthmatic patients. Proper counselling, training sessions, dosage calendars, patient reminders and assessment of inhalation technique are found to be beneficial in improving and maintain the quality of life of patients, according to Global Initiative for Asthma Guidelines 2017.

Almost 60-80% of adults must face low back pain once in their life period [1]. A study conducted by Andersson has stated that there is 15% incidence of low back pain in adults globally and the point prevalence is 30% [2]. Another study has reported that minimum 50% adults will have an episode of LBP. Literature has reported that the most common reason to visit a physician is LBP which equally affect both genders men and women [3]. Many studies have reported that a very common problem residing among adults is low back pain which has the highest incidence in the third decade of life. [4] A reason stated by some authors is LBP in adults and children may happen because of high physical activity and growth spurts. A study has concluded that LBP is prevalent in subjects with a positive family history in parents or siblings [25]. Similar to this, our study also showed a statistically significant correlation between a positive family history and LBP. Similarly there is positive correlation between sports and other physical activity and low back pain many studies have demonstrated that participants having different types of sport activities have shown no incidence low back pain.

Stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) have been implemented in most U.S. states to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. This paper quantifies the short-run impact of these containment policies on the supply of and demand for child care. The child care market may be particularly vulnerable to a SAHO-type policy shock, given that many providers are liquidity-constrained. Using plausibly exogenous variation from the staggered adoption of SAHOs across states, we find that online job postings for early care and education teachers declined by 13% after enactment. This effect is driven exclusively by private-sector services. Indeed, hiring by public programs like Head Start and pre-kindergarten has not been influenced by SAHOs. In addition, we find little evidence that child care search behavior among households has been altered. Because forced supply-side changes appear to be at play, our results suggest that households may not be well-equipped to insure against the rapid transition to the production of child care. We discuss the implications of these results for child development and parental employment decisions.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery deals with the diagnosis and treatment of dentofacial problems and usually requires a four year specialized training after a bachelor's degree in dental surgery. The COVID 19 pandemic in early 2020 led to disruptions in the training programs worldwide and urged the supervisors and faculty to devise ways and means to continue the residents' learning experience utilizing different online teaching modalities. An account of some strategies for developing standards for effective online training to equip oral and maxillofacial training programs for similar future emergencies.