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Objectives: Developing a new medicine is a costly and time-consuming process. This study presents a novel method to collate a new materia medica from previously documented traditional Persian medicine (TPM) references. A well-documented materia medica will facilitate a quick and easy process to find traditional medicine for specific symptoms or diseases. Materials and methods: A nine-step algorithm is proposed to collate a new materia medica by searching and matching descriptions and references stated in various traditional Persian literature: (1) finding the equivalent of traditional description of symptoms or diseases; (2) determining the keywords to search in the references of TPM, including The Canon of Medicine (Book by Avicenna); (3) determining the best references of TPM for the aim of the study; (4) weighing up the references (a) based on the prominence of the author's prominence (b) determining whether the references are the author's own clinical findings or has citation from other scholars been used, (c) the popularity of the book that the references feature in, among other later scholars of TPM, the geographical and historical span across which the book has been distributed; (5) searching the references using keywords of symptoms or diseases; (6) finding the synonyms of terminologies in the various materia medicas and categorizing the findings; (7) revision (of references found) to ensure that nothing is neglected; (8) scoring the findings based on the defined criteria; (9) prioritization: sorting the materia medica based on the total scores. Some important economic, cultural or historical factors cannot be included in the main process of prioritization during the initial searching of the TPM materia medica. Therefore, it is necessary to take these factors into account after discovering the medicine and before using in practice to ascertain that they are a good match of a specific treatment, disease or symptom. Conclusion: A process to compile a new materia medica has been proposed which will enable the quick and easy selection of herbal treatments for various signs and symptoms of illnesses.

Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan is highly vulnerable and hazard-prone area according to National Disaster Managerment Authority, based on frequency of avalanches, landslides, glacier lake outburst floods, rockfall and flash floods. These hazardshave been quitefrequent since 2010, potentially due to changing climatic conditions and unique tectonic setting resulting in massive destruction, economic loss and human migration. In this study, geospatial techniques (GIS/RS) were used to identify landslide hazard withelements at risk. The resultant maps will be used for better planning and resilience of local communities. Landslide area has been marked based on field observations (GPS data). Risk category is ranked high, medium and low based on field observations, geological setting and historical landslide data. There are six offshoots of MKT crossing parallel to each other along KKH from Chalt to Ahmadabad. Chalt fault is crossing nearby the Mayoon landslide,which may affect the entire valley. This study identifies landslide as a major hazard in the area.

In this research effect of propeller induced flow on aerodynamic characteristics of low aspect ratio flying wing micro aerial vehicle has been investigated experimentally in subsonic wind tunnel. Left turning tendencies of right-handed propellers have been discussed in literature, but not much work has been done to quantify them. In this research, we have quantified these tendencies as a change in aerodynamic coefficient with a change in advance ratio at a longitudinal trim angle of attack using subsonic wind tunnel. For experimental testing, three fixed pitch propeller diameters (5 inch, 6 inch and 7 inch), three propeller rotational speeds (7800, 10800 and 12300 RPMs) and three wind tunnel speeds (10, 15 and 20 m/s) have been considered to form up 27 advance ratios. Additionally, wind tunnel tests of 9 wind mill cases were conducted and considered as baseline. Experimental uncertainty assessment for measurement of forces and moments was carried out before conduct of wind tunnel tests. Large variation in lift, drag, yawing moment and rolling moment was captured at low advance ratios, which indicated their significance at high propeller rotational speeds and large propeller diameters. Side force and pitching moment did not reflect any significant change. $\frac {L}{D}$ at trim point was found a nonlinear function of propeller diameter to wingspan ratio $\frac {D}{b}$ , and propeller rotational speed. Rate and control derivatives were obtained using unsteady vortex lattice method with propeller induced flow effect modeled by Helical Vortex Modeling approach. In this research, we have proposed improved 6-DOF equations of motion, with a contribution of advance ratio $J$ . It is concluded, that propeller induced flow effects have a significant contribution in flight dynamic modeling for vehicles with large propeller diameter to wingspan ratio, $\frac {D}{b}$ of 22% or more.

Modern aircraft and missiles are gradually integrating thrust vector control systems to enhance their military capabilities. Bypass Dual-Throat Nozzle (BDTN) control is a new fluidic thrust vectoring technique capable of achieving superior performance with large vector angles and low thrust loss. In this study, we analyzed the flow characteristics and performance parameters of BDTN by varying the bypass angle, nozzle convergence angle, and bypass width. The flow governing equations are solved according to a finite volume discretization technique of the compressible RANS equations coupled with the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ϵ turbulence model for Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR = 2~10) to capture the significance of under-expanded and over-expanded jets. Results show that by decreasing the bypass angle from 90° to 35°, there is a 6% increase in vectoring angle while the vectoring efficiency is enhanced by 18%. However, a decrease of 3% in the thrust and discharge coefficients is also observed. When the convergence angle was increased from 22° to 37°, vectoring angle, discharge coefficient, and thrust coefficient increased by 2%, 1%, and 0.26%, respectively. Moreover, vectoring efficiency is also enhanced by 8% by reducing the convergence angle from 37° to 22°. Based on the investigated parameters, it is determined that nozzle convergence angle does not significantly influence thrust vectoring performance, however, bypass width and bypass angle have a significant effect on thrust vectoring performance.

NIR reflecting colored fabrics are a new field in designing functional textiles, that gives fabrics cooling performance when exposure to sunlight and have applications in cool cloths, canopies and ...

The Mentha-Pulegium essential oil (MP-EO) contains different antioxidant compounds and reduces the indirect effects of dispersed ionizing radiation on biological systems.The current study aimed to assess a possible radio-protective effect of MP-EO on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).In this experimental study, MP-EO was firstly prepared and PBMCs were then irradiated in various groups with doses of 25 and 200 cGy of X-rays in the presence ofIn the presence of 80 µg/ml (MP-EO as a natural, non-toxic, and cost-effective compound can exhibit a favorable

Main landing gears are a critical structural part of an aircraft that support all up weight in static conditions and absorb kinetic energy in a form of impact loads during touchdown. High strength and low weight are critical design considerations for any landing gear strut. During this research, carbon reinforced composite strut was optimally designed such that it undertakes static loads and impact loads of a UAV having GTOW of 1600 kg. CAD models of the designs were developed in CATIA V5R20® and the analysis was carried out in ANSYS Workbench®. Rectangular, circular and elliptical cross-sectional shapes were modeled in ANSYS ACP® with different ply orientation sequences and varying weight distributions from central axis. Least total deformation along with least equivalent stress and aerodynamic drag was considered for the selection of landing gear strut configurational shape. Further design changes in the selected CAD model were incorporated keeping in view the safety factor of the struts. We concluded that 60 preimpregnated carbon reinforced fiber with thermoset polymer matrix having 0.27 mm of thickness for each ply at specified concentration and orientation gave the best results. The orientation of plies was found to be 60 %/ 0°, 30 %/ 45° and 10%/ 90°. Maximum deformation for the final model was 42.154 mm at the joints where the axle was connected with the strut whereas the maximum stress was 712.92 MPa at the joints representing the connection of the landing gears with the fuselage. Drag force for each cross-sectional shape was computed at the takeoff speed of 30 m/s. Drag force for the rectangular cross section was 50.23 N whereas for the circular and elliptical cross section was observed to be 36.837 N and 16.744 N respectively. Hence research concluded that elliptical cross-sectional shape presented least stress distribution and deformation values.

The development of an effective and noninvasive early method for obtaining fetal cells is crucial to prenatal screening. Despite proving the presence of fetal cells in the reproductive tract, their use is limited due to their inability to properly isolate them from maternal cells. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a simple technique to separate cells. The present study aimed to develop a MACS-based platform for the isolation of the HLA-G expressing trophoblast cells. For this purpose, first, the triazine functionalized MNPs were synthesized and characterized. Then, MNPs were directly and indirectly conjugated by the MEM-G/9 antibodies targeting HLA-G

Rosemary plant, with phenolic compounds, is known as an antioxidant herb and able to scavenge free radical agents in the biological environment; therefore, it is expected that the rosemary essential oil (R-EO) shows the radioprotective effect to protect individuals who are physically in contact with ionizing radiation.This study aimed to assess the radioprotective effect of R-EO on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).In this experimental study, the toxicity of the rosemary essential oil on PBMCs was assessed by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells were irradiated at 0. 25 and 200 cGy using a 6 MV X-ray linear accelerator. The survival, apoptosis, necrosis, and survival enhancement factors of cells were analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry analyses with a non-toxic concentration of the rosemary essential oil (IC10).Irradiation of cells in the presence of R-EO caused a significant increase in cell survival compared with the control in both 25 and 200 cGy radiation doses. Also, the percentages of apoptosis and necrosis of cells showed a significant decrease compared with the control.Rosemary essential oil as a natural and non-toxic compound could show favorable radioprotective effects in such a way that significantly increases the survival rate and decreases the percentage of apoptosis and necrosis of PBMCs.

In this paper, a stabilized solution scheme is presented for solving highly convective flow equations on meshfree nodal distribution. The stabilized terms are obtained by considering higher order approximation of governing differential equations over finite control volume while applying force and momentum balance. Spatial derivatives, of resulting flow equations, are treated with Radial Basis Functions in Finite Difference Method (RBF-FD) over meshfree nodal cloud. The characteristic length, for applying equilibrium of forces and momentum, is proposed to be a function of Reynolds number and flow velocity. Performance and accuracy of the proposed scheme is tested for 1-D Convection-Diffusion equations. Numerical tests are conducted for initial conditions having step as well as uniformly varying field variables. The scheme is found to be effective in suppressing the non-physical numerical fluctuations associated with convection dominated flows. Accuracy of the solution with stabilized term is found to be higher than the one without stabilization. The solution scheme is also used for flow around static NACA0012 airfoil at R e = 10 , 000 . The stabilization term is found to effectively suppress the numerical oscillation when compared to non-stabilized scheme.

The reflectance spectra and color properties of yarn when used in carpet are different from its cross-sectional direction as the pile of hand-woven carpet. This paper presents a comprehensive study...

Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), are capable of providing superior solutions for the simulation and the modeling of complex problems. The purpose of this study is to estimate the dye and the silver nanoparticle (AgNP) concentrations of silver nanoparticle-treated silk fabrics by the aforementioned methods. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the color and the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticle-treated silk fabrics were matched by using the GA technique based on spectrophotometric color matching. The ANFIS method was also used; this method is based on the grid partitioning algorithm across four different methods. The first and second methods are provided for dye concentration prediction, and the third and the fourth methods are given for AgNP concentration prediction. Findings The mean of absolute error and root mean square (RMS) of the best dye concentration prediction by the ANFIS method based on the second method are 0.087 and 0.103, respectively. In addition, the mean of the absolute error and the RMS of the best results for AgNP concentration prediction by the ANFIS method by using the third method is 0.002 and 0.003, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the performance of the ANFIS method is better than the GA method. Originality value The simultaneous prediction of the color and the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticle-treated silk fabrics was performed by using the GA and the ANFIS. The suggested method led to acceptable accuracy for color and antibacterial matching.

In this study, the print quality of lines were investigated in warp and weft directions that were inkjet printed on various weave structures of polyester such as plain, 2/2 twill, 3/1 twill, 3/2 tw...

Persian Medicine (PM) references contain valuable information which can be useful for health preservation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and can promote health in society. Introducing this school of medicine to the medical community requires a set of valid English equivalents to communicate PM’s fundamental concepts. This study gathers the most frequent words in PM in three forms: Persian name, English or Latin name and Persian name with English spelling, and finally a uniform English and Persian name is suggested for every word. “Iranian Scientometric Information Database – ISID” were used to find those researchers in PM and Persian pharmacy who have a PhD degree and an H-Index equal or more than 4. Then all of their review articles about PM indexed in Scopus were analysed to pinpoint the frequent words of basic principles in PM. An expert panel of five including PM and Persian pharmacy specialists, and an English language specialist decided about the best word as the final suggestion for each concept. There were 17 researches with 478 articles 77 of which were review articles. Totally 62 words were taken out of these articles. In addition, the experts decided to add 18 more words to the list. This study provides a fairly exhaustive list of words of basic principles in PM. Using these words in future studies can contribute to the uniformity of the key vocabulary in PM articles.

Flapping wing micro aerial vehicles are studied as the substitute for fixed and rotary wing micro aerial vehicles because of the advantages such as agility, maneuverability, and employability in confined environments. Hummingbird’s sustainable hovering capability inspires many researchers to develop micro aerial vehicles with similar dynamics. In this research, a wing of a ruby-throated hummingbird is modeled as an insect wing using membrane and stiffeners. The effect of flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of a wing in hovering flight has been studied numerically by using a fluid–structure interaction scheme at a Reynolds number of 3000. Different wings have been developed by using different positions and thicknesses of the stiffeners. The chordwise and spanwise flexural stiffnesses of all the wings modeled in this work are comparable to insects of similar span and chord length. When the position of the stiffener is varied, the best-performing wing has an average lift coefficient of 0.51. Subsequently, the average lift coefficient is increased to 0.56 when the appropriate thickness of the stiffeners is chosen. The best flexible wing outperforms its rigid counterpart and produces lift and power economy comparable to a real hummingbird’s wing. That is, the average lift coefficient and power economy of 0.56 and 0.88 for the best flexible wing as compared to 0.61 and 1.07 for the hummingbird’s wing. It can be concluded that a simple manufacturable flexible wing design based on appropriate positioning and thickness of stiffeners can serve as a potential candidate for bio-inspired flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles.

Background: Although antibiotics are well-known for their anti-bacterial effects, their inaugurated immunomodulatory roles in chronic inflammatory diseases have not elucidated yet. Anecdotal reports support the beneficial effects of parenteral penicillin in arthritis suggesting an immunomodulatory other than antibacterial effects for penicillin. The present study was designed to address the possible effects of penicillin G sodium (PCN-G) on different T-helper cells differentiation. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 healthy donors were isolated using Ficoll density gradient. The stimulated PBMCs by anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and anti-CD69 were cultured in the presence of 120 μg/ml of PCN-G. Foxp3, T-bet, RORγT, GATA3 as well as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-17A mRNA in stimulated cells were measured by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mann–Whitney U-test was used for determining differences between the medium of gene expression levels of stimulated cell population and unstimulated cells by PCN. Correlations between the related genes were determined using the Spearman test. Results: Based on the results, T-bet gene expression levels were similar in stimulated cells by PCN G after 24 and 48 h while significant reduction was observed after 72 incubation with PCN G (difference = 3; 0.09–0.34; P = 0.031). Meanwhile, treated cells with PCN G expressed decreased levels of IFN-γ (difference = 8.0; 0.49–1.07; P = 0.001) and IL-17A (difference = 2.2; 0.05–0.75; P ≤ 0.05) genes comparing to unstimulated cell by PCN-G. GATA3 genes expression levels downregulated by PCN G after 72 h of incubation by PBMCs (difference = 1.1; 0.77–0.88; P = 0.035). Conclusion: Our results confirmed the immunomodulatory role of PCN G by affecting the expression of different cytokines genes in PBMCs.

The primary goal in development of MAVs is to develop a flying body that weigh as less as 90 grams, with a span of 15cm [1]. Since it is challenging to meet these design characteristics of a MAVs with current technology, there has been a lot of research going on in this direction. This paper is also a continuation of the same quest. In this research a delta wing micro air vehicle was analyzed at low sub sonic speed at different angles of attack for determining lift, drag force, stall angle and L/D ratio. CFD and XFLR have been used as computational tools. For CFD analysis, a far field technique was used to calculate the lift and drag coefficients. Rectangular domain was created around the body with a size 10 times greater than body so that flow behavior can be captured accurately. Inflation layers were created around the body to capture boundary layer. Fine mesh was created at the regions of higher gradients. In fluent flow was analyzed using two turbulent models (SA and k-e). A potential flow solver (XFLR) was also used to compare results from RANS methodology with vortex lattice method (VLM). Validation of computational results was carried out by comparing with earlier research concerning wind tunnel testing of MAV [2] at 100,000 Re. This research will help the aero dynamists to understand the complete procedure of computational and XFLR analysis of MAVs. It was found that XFLR predicts higher values of lift coefficient and lower values of drag coefficient at all angles of attack. Consequently, lift to drag ratio as predicted by XFLR was found greater than RANS models. Further no appreciable difference was noticed between lift and drag characteristics predicted by SA and k-e models.

Electrical linear actuators reduce the weight of landing gear retraction / extension mechanism which helps in keeping the gross takeoff weight of aircraft weight low. Reduction in weight of the aircraft has manifold advantages in which noticeable are increased endurance, range, climb performance, acceleration performance and fuel efficiency. Use an electrical linear actuator in landing gear system is a simplification in the kinematics of landing gear retraction / extension sequence. In this research, a retraction / extension mechanism for nose landing gear (NLG) of a MALE UAV has been designed and tested according to FAR CFR 25.729. The design process of a Retractable Landing Gear System Mechanism (RLGS) started with selection of pivot point on NLG and axis for the rotation in free space available which resulted in least power requirement. Pivot point was selected such that no part of gear posed hindrance to other part of an aircraft. Next, the path of rotation about pivoting axis and position kinematics were calculated using vector loop closure equation. Essential parameters regarding retraction / extension sequence were calculated from trigonometry. Forces and power required for complete retraction / extraction sequence were calculated. During the research, it was found that retraction force on NLG depended upon the aerodynamic drag, inertial loads and gravitational force. In this research analysis of these forces is presented with much detail. Effect of velocity variation of linear actuator on the retraction force is commented upon. Computational analysis is carried out using multibody dynamics MSC ADAMS® software. The research concluded with experimental validation of a planner triangular retraction mechanism of NLG actuated by electrical linear actuator.

The present investigation deals with the flow behind a torus, placed normal to the flow direction in three different aspect ratios (defined as the main diameter to the cross-sectional diameter of the torus) of 2, 3 and 5 at a constant Reynolds number of 9000. The Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are carried out to model the three-dimensional flow field around the torus. Wake structure, turbulence properties and force characteristics are investigated. Three shedding frequencies are detected at the Reynolds number studied. The highest frequency is attributed to the small-scale instability of the separating shear layer, the second one is a vortex shedding frequency that increases with aspect ratio, and the lowest one is due to the pulsation of the inner shear layer that can be observable for aspect ratios of 2 and 3. The torus has a blockage effect on the flow which is dependent on the center hole size. For the higher aspect ratio, the flow structure develops quickly, the wake flow is influenced by both inner and outer shear layers, thus forming the regular vortex ring patterns. For the lower aspect ratios, the flow pattern is mainly governed by the interaction of the outer shear layers. The results align well with documented experiments in the literature.

Landing gear system of an aircraft enables it to take off and land with safety and comfort. Because of the horizontal and vertical velocity of aircraft, upon landing, the complete aircraft undergoes different forcing functions in the form of the impact force that is absorbed by landing gears, shock absorbers, and actuators. In this research, a selection methodology has been proposed for an electrical actuator to be installed in the retraction mechanism of nose landing gear of an aircraft having 1600 kg gross takeoff weight. Nose landing gear and its associated components, like strut and shock absorbers, were modeled in CAD software. Analytical expressions were then developed in order to calculate the actuator stroke, translational velocity, force, and power for complete cycle of retraction, and some were subsequently compared with the computational results that were obtained using MSC ADAMS&reg, Air in the oleo-pneumatic shock absorber of nose landing gear was modeled as a nonlinear spring with equivalent spring constant, whereas hydraulic oil was modeled as a nonlinear damper with equivalent damping constant. The nose landing gear system was modeled as a mass-spring-damper system for which a solution for sinusoidal forcing functions is proposed. Finally, an electrical actuator has been selected, which can retract and extend nose landing gear, meeting all of the constraints of aircraft, like fuselage space, aircraft ground clearance, locking loads, power consumption, retraction and extension time, and dynamic response of aircraft. It was found that the selection of an electrical actuator is based upon the quantification of forces transmitted to electrical actuator during one point load at gross takeoff weight. The ability of retraction and extension time, as dictated by Federal Aviation Regulation, has also been given due consideration in the proposed methodology as significant criteria. The proposed system is now in the process of ground testing, followed by flight testing in the near future.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019-2020 pandemic. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current published literature surrounding the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We examine the fundamental concepts including the origin, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory, radiology, and histopathologic findings, complications, and treatment. Given that much of the information has been extrapolated from what we know about other coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we identify and provide insight into controversies and research gaps for the current pandemic to assist with future research ideas. Finally, we discuss the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and provide thoughts regarding lessons for future pandemics.

Objective: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is known to cause urinary tract infections, and the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) of this bacterium may cause deficiencies of sperm quality and morphology. In the present study, the effects of LPS on mouse sperm were studied, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-17A and possible changes in testis tissue were evaluated.Methods: LPS of uropathogenic E. coli was extracted using the methanol-chloroform method, followed confirmation using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Purified LPS (100 µg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice for 7 days consecutively in the test and control groups, Mice were sacrificed on days 3, 7, and 42 after the first injection. Blood was tested for levels of IL-17A using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Testis tissue and sperm were collected from each mouse and were studied according to standard protocols. Results: The mean sperm count and motility significantly decreased (p=0.03) at 3, 7, and 42 days after the injections. The level of IL-17A in the test groups increased, but not significantly (p=0.8, p=0.11, and p=0.15, respectively). Microscopic studies showed no obvious changes in the morphology of the testis tissue; however, significant changes were observed in the cellular parenchyma on day 42. Conclusion: LPS can stimulate the immune system to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in an immune response in the testis and ultimately leading to deficiency in sperm parameters and testis tissue damage. In addition, the presence of LPS could significantly impair sperm parameters, as shown by the finding of decreased motility.