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Nanoherbicides are articulated by exploiting the prospective of nanotechnology for effectively delivering chemical and biological herbicides using nanomaterial‐based herbicide combinations. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. On the targeted weeds, the nanoherbicides were sprayed at the third to fourth leaf stage. Six different doses were applied. The mortality and visual injury caused by both chitosan-based nanoherbicides reached 100% at the recommended dose of standard herbicide. The 5-fold lower dose exhibited weed density and maximum wheat yield and related parameters. For the same traits, the nanoherbicide at 10-fold lower dose of commercial herbicides showed a comparable influence as the suggested dose. The size of both herbicides was found to be 35–65 nm. It was observed that the clodinofop-propargyl nanoherbicide has an intense peak appearing at a 2θ value of 29.83°, corresponding to the (176) plane of the anatase phase and NPs of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl showed an intense peak around the 2θ value of 30.55° corresponding to the (74) plane of the anatase phase. The FT-IR spectra of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl clearly showed that the major functional groups were located in the FT-IR region between 610 and 1,840 cm−1 and the major functional ones of clodinofop propargyl were located in the FT-IR region between 640 and 1,740 cm−1. Nanoherbicides could restore the efficacy of conventional herbicides by improving stability and reducing toxicity.

With the emergence of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement as a substitute for conventional steel reinforcement, different design codes have been developed to account for the different mechanical properties of the FRP, specifically the elastic modulus. The ACI 440.11-22, CSA/S806-12, and JSCE-97 are well-known standards for FRP-reinforced concrete structures. In particular, these design standards show significant variations in estimating the punching shear resistance and accounting for the elastic modulus. This study provides a statistical and machine learning-based evaluation of the punching shear models in design standards. An Artificial neural network (ANN) framework is used to develop a generalized punching resistance model of flat slabs reinforced with steel and FRP bars utilizing a large experimental dataset with 539 tests. The study presents a parametric study to examine the effect of different factors on the punching shear strength. The parametric study provided a graphical presentation and comparison between the design models and the developed ANN model.

The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is one of the suggested numerical approaches that has been shown to accurately estimate the increase in heat transfer caused by nanofluids. Several approaches to the prediction of the characteristics of nanofluids are investigated, and it is shown to what degree the classical models are accurate representations of the experimental data. The first thing that was done in this study was to explain the thermophysical parameters of the Ethylene Glycol (EG)-iron nanofluid that was employed. The effect of the Rayleigh number, the volume fraction of nanoparticles (φ), and the cavity angle (θ) on the isotherms and the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) are investigated. Finally, the effect of the adiabatic fin on the flow is investigated, and it is demonstrated in which scenario the adiabatic vane will be the most effective. The findings demonstrate that raising the Rayleigh number to 105 and 106 causes the heat to be transferred under the adiabatic fin. This finding suggests that the buoyancy force has a stronger influence on the heat transfer process when it is carried out close to the source of the cold. In general, if the Rayleigh number is increased, the rate of heat transfer in the fluid will rise as well. The Nu avg is increased by 44 % when the Ra number is increased from 103 to 105, and it is increased by 118 % when the Ra number is increased from 105 to 106. The chances of heat entering the cold source are reduced when the adiabatic fin is longer and situated lower. There is a wider cold zone within the hollow when Lf = 80 and Hf = 20, indicating that less heat is entering the cold source.

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Christopher Alexander famously declared that “a city is not a tree,” while Leslie Martin declared that “the grid is [a] generator.” This article investigates how Alexander’s call for overlap, adaptability, and order can indeed be manifested in grid networks, as Martin claimed. Order has been measured using the entropy of street orientation, while adaptability has been denoted by the streets’ betweenness values. Through the analysis of Abu Dhabi’s neighborhoods and global urban areas, the study reveals that overlap, order, and adaptability can coexist in gridded street network. A fine-grain scale of the grid plays a critical role in supporting the quality of urban space. To foster adaptation, planning policies should focus on adaptability providing room for informal and spontaneous growth. We conclude by noting that this approach represents a reconciliation between Christopher Alexander’s views and those of Leslie Martin.

In this study, choline chloride/urea was used as a green deep eutectic solvent in the three-component reaction of hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives, and in the four-component reaction of methyl/ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. Elemental analysis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives. The antimicrobial effects of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives were investigated. In antimicrobial tests, instructions from clinical and laboratory standards institutes were used. Antimicrobial study was done on pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative species, and specialized aquatic strains and fungal species. Using choline chloride/urea, novel pyrazole derivatives and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized, and other derivatives were synthesized with higher efficiency in less time than some previously reported methods. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) obtained for derivatives were higher than some antibiotic drugs. Synthesis and reports of new derivatives of pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole, and investigation and reports of their antimicrobial properties on gram-positive, gram-negative, and specialized aquatic and fungal species are among the novel and important findings of this study.

Recently, nanoscience, especially metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), has been used to increase the effectiveness and properties of drugs. In this study, by using microwave irradiation; penicillin, which is a known antibiotic; and copper metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs), a new penicillinoate@copper metal–organic framework (penicillinoate@Cu-MOF) was synthesized. The structure and characterization of the newly synthesized compound were determined using FT-IR spectrums, EDAX analysis, elemental analysis, XRD patterns, SEM images, nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves, and TGA curve. Then, its antimicrobial effects were evaluated on numerous Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and were compared with those of penicillin and gentamicin. In continuation of the biological activities, antioxidant tests were performed on the compounds using the DPPH method. For biological activities, the synthesized penicillinoate@Cu-MOF is much more effective than penicillin and Cu-MOF. The loading of penicillin on the nanostructure and the presence of copper in the final composition can be attributed to the high antibiotic properties of the synthesized composition.