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Chronic renal disease (CRD) is a pathophysiologic process with multiple etiologies, resulting in the inexorable attrition of Nephron number and function and frequently leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In turn, ESRD represents a clinical state or condition in which there has been an irreversible loss of endogenous renal function, of a degree sufficient to render the patient permanently dependent upon renal replacement therapy (dialysis of transplantation) in order to avoid life threatening uremia, reflecting a dysfunction of all organ systems as a result of untreated or under treated acute or chronic renal failure. The current study was involved 80 patients, the age range within 25-70 years, selected sample of patients who attend Iraqi center of kidney dialysis, Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Al-Yarmok Teaching Hospital. All the patient's body mass index [BMI] were measured serum anti diuretic hormone ADH was assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent kit [Elisa] while urea, creatinine, albumin, hemoglobin were determined by spectrophotometer (PD-303), and sodium, potassium, chloride were determined by Electrolyte analyzer 9180.These patients were divided in two group B (40 patients) as pre dialysis with ESRD, and group A (40) healthy control. Results showed non-significant elevations in ADH levels in the patient group compared with the control group, while highly significant increase in urea, creatinine and albumin levels in in the patient group compared with the control group, also highly significant decrease in hemoglobin comparing with the control group. Also, it was observed non-significant decrease in sodium, non-significant increase in potassium and highly significant increase in chloride when comparing with the control group.

Objectives: To investigate an association between fatty liver disease (FLD) and erosive esophagitis. Aim of Study: To look for the presence of association between fatty liver disease (FLD) and erosive esophagitis in a sample of Iraqi patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic patients did esophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) in two large gastroenterology centers between April 2019 and May 2020. Erosive esophagitis was classified according to Los Angeles (LA) classification and FLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography and fibroscan (Ultrasound Attenuation Parameter UAP). the anthropometric and laboratory data of the patients were analyzed with chi square test and phi coefficient. Results: In 110 patients, the total number of patients were classified according to OGD results into two groups, erosive esophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Again, the total number of patients classified into two groups, 40 (36.4%) patients found to have FLD were classified as fatty liver group and 70 (63.6%) patients found not to have FLD and classified as non-fatty liver disease group. The percentage of erosive esophagitis is higher in FLD group 21/40(52.5%) than in non-FLD group 19(47.5%), and the risk factors were investigated and correlated to each group by specific statistical equations. Conclusion: There is a significant association between FLD and erosive esophagitis and FLD is an independent risk factor for erosive esophagitis.

Introduction: Food Insecurity is a household’s lack of access to adequate food necessary for a healthy life. In 2018, 11.1% of the United States households were considered food insecure which translates to about 14.3 million people. Although the US Department of Agriculture and its agency Food Nutrition Services have been monitoring the prevalence of food insecurity for over two decades, this social issue has gained its most attention as a result of the CDC’s recommendation of primary prevention strategies in curbing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). It is now …

Introduction: adipocytokines display avital role in inflammation and metabolism, body metabolism changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic inflammation conceder the pathognomonic of this disease, s. leptin and C-Reactive protein (CRP( in patients with active disease either Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis. The aim of this descriptive study is to evaluate the serum leptin and CRP level in a sample of Iraqi patients with IBD of variable disease activity index. METHOD: serum concentration of leptin was studied in 79 patients diagnosed as IBD [41 patients diagnosed as Crohn’s disease (CD) and in 38 patients diagnosed as ulcerative colitis (UC)]. The diagnosis based on colonoscopy, CT, MRI, US and histopathological examination of mucosa. Serum leptin and CRP was measured by an indirect ELISA. Leptin level was compared with CRP and correlated with disease activity. RESULTS: data showed that out of 38 patients diagnosed as UC, 10 (26.3%) were in remission, 22 (57.9%) were in moderate activity, and 6 (15.8%) have severely active disease. On the other hand, out of 41 patients diagnosed as CD, 17 (41.5%) were in remission state, 20 (48.8 %) have moderate active disease, and 4 (9.8%) have severely active form. Serum leptin in the UC group was significantly associated with disease activity in an inverse pattern (p = 0.045), while no significant association between action index in patients with Crohn disease and leptin level P-value = 0.77. While CPR level have significant association with ulcerative colitis patients P-value = 0.017 and with Crohn disease P-value = 0.043.Comparing both CRP and leptin level showed significant association with UC as an overall effect and those in decrease only (P-value = 0.047, 0.029 correspondingly), while this association was only significant as an overall effect for CD group P-value = 0.043. conclusion: a significant association between disease activity in UC and CD with serum CRP. Comparing both CRP and leptin level showed that there is an overall significant association with both UC and CD, but not useful for defining their activity index.

Objective: Rumailah Hospital (RH) is a multi-specialty hospital with a capacity of 605 beds that serves subacute and long-term patients in Qatar. Since under-reporting and low-quality reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are widespread phenomena globally, there is a need for greater insight into pharmacists' and other healthcare professionals' roles in ADR reporting in RH. Thus, this study primarily aimed to compare the number, quality, and characteristics of ADR reports received from pharmacists compared with other healthcare providers at RH in Qatar. Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis of ADR reports submitted by healthcare providers at RH between January 1, 2012 and October 1, 2014 was conducted. Results: A total of 92 ADR reports were submitted by different healthcare providers, of which 42.8% were by pharmacists, 38.4% by physicians, and 8.8% by nurses. Most of the physicians' (65.7%), nurses' (62.5%), and pharmacists' (41.0%) ADR reports were judged to be of high quality (grade 2) based on the World Health Organization's quality scheme (p>0.05). A causality assessment using the Naranjo algorithm revealed that 62.2% of the reports were 'possibly' caused by the suspected medications, while 31.1% were considered to 'probably' have been caused by the suspected medications (p

Baghdad City suffers from a continual horizontal urban expansion causing a multitude of urban problems that limit sustainable development. This paper presents an applied study to monitor the stages of urban sprawl of the Al-Zawra area, located on the outskirts of Baghdad City. This study is conducted by following the urban sprawl changes during the period between 2000 and 2020. This study assumes the adoption of the control strategy called urban inverse densification according to the principles of sustainable urban development. The study used the descriptive method and the statistical analytical approach to data extracted from satellite images and topographic maps collected from various sources. The results showed that the population growth distribution indicator in the sprawl phenomenon (Ps) reached 80.71 %, compared to the densification phenomenon (Pd) 13.62 %. While the gross per capita urban land indicator in the sprawl (Ds) reached 19.29 %, compared to densification (Dd) 86.38 %. Therefore, there is an inverse relationship between the population and density indicators and their effect on urban sprawl and urban densification. The results showed the efficacy of an analytical statistical model for rehabilitating urban sprawl areas and reducing pressure on the outskirts of big cities through sustainable inverse densification.

This theoretical study focused on cantilever reinforced concrete beams with a rectangular cross-section (different dimensions) subjected to bending moments due to uniformly distributed loads. By creating an algorithm and using the Python 3.4 software, the beams’ length was calculated for each cross-section dimension to check the required immediate and sustained deflections according to ACI 318M-19. Based on the analysis output, a graphical relationship was developed between the dimensions of the cantilever beam’s cross-section versus the maximum length to control the allowable deflection of the beam. Finally, the author was able to draw a simplified novel graph to facilitate the selection of cross-sections required for specified lengths of cantilever concrete beams.

Introduction: Under-reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and low-quality reporting are a widespread phenomenon globally.1 There is a need for more insight on the role of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals in ADR reporting. This study primarily aimed to compare the rates, quality, and characteristics of ADR reports received from different healthcare providers in Rumailah Hospital (RH) in Qatar. Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis of ADR reports submitted by healthcare providers in RH between 1 January 2012 and 1 October 2014 was conducted. Outcome measures included rate of ADR reporting, quality, causality scores as well as characteristics of the reported ADRs. Results: A total of 92 ADR reports were submitted by different healthcare providers, of which 42% were submitted by pharmacists, 38% by physicians, and 9% by nurses. Most of the ADR reports by physicians (66%), nurses (63%) and pharmacists (41%) were judged to be of high quality (grade 2) based on WHO scheme (p>0.05%).2 Sixty percent of the submitted ADR reports were for medications considered 'possibly' causing the event according to Naranjo causality score, while 30% were considered probable (p < 0.05%). Most of the ADR reports were type B (54%) and were unpreventable (64%) according to the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI).3 One hundred percent and 91% of nurses and physicians' ADR reports were for unpreventable events, respectively, while 41% of pharmacists' reports were definitely preventable ADRs (p < 0.05%). Conclusion: ADR reporting in RH was undertaken by different healthcare professionals and was generally of high quality. ADRs reported were often unpreventable. There were differences between characteristics and causality scores of ADR reports between different healthcare professionals. qscience

to the large development in the use of distributed systems applications many problems emerged. We have discussed in this paper one of the most important problems that are faced when using distributed systems to send data, the distortions that occurs while image is being sent where these distortions caused reduced color accuracy and clarity of images. This paper introduced a very efficient algorithm to process the problem of distortions that occur with images and this algorithm is very fast to images interpolation. The basic idea of this algorithm is digital image segmentation into homogeneous areas and edges, depending on the structural analysis of the images. In addition, in order to get the best performance of images interpolations, algorithms used are customized to interpolate area classified images, respectively. The experimental results showed a significant improvement in the quality of interpolation of images compared with the interpolation of images by using the proposed algorithm. The comparison results of complexity calculations of the proposed algorithm are shown in this work.