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Although impacted canines concerning dental arch have been analyzed in prior studies. However, there is a lack of evidence to analyze the impact of impacted canines on dental arch characteristics using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) models; therefore, knowing the impact of impacted canines on the dental arch can enhance awareness, contribute knowledge, and aid clinicians in managing impacted canine cases. Hence, it is critical to emphasize the strategies of proper diagnosis and interception for this clinical condition prior to any orthosurgical treatment procedures. This study aimed to analyze the impact of impacted canines on dental arch characteristics in orthodontic patients using CBCT. The method used was the review of clinical records of 350 patients with impacted canines who had CBCT scans and visited the dental clinics for orthodontic treatment pertaining to their arch by dividing them into a control group and a study group. The results revealed a significant relationship based on the dental arch dimension; inter first premolar width (IPW) (P = 0.012), inter first molar width (IMW) (P = 0.010), arch length (AL) (P = 0.041), palatal height (PH) (P = 0.019), and palatal height index (PHI) (P = 0.020). The article concludes that patients with impacted canines had significant changes in dental arch dimension compared to the control group. Dental arch dimensions were significantly deficient, with a higher palatal vault seen in impacted canine patients. The anatomical position of impacted canines has an effect on the dental arches and adjacent anatomical structures. These three-dimensional (3D) findings may provide clinical reference data for impacted canines and provide a valuable basis for delivering information and education on impacted canines assessment and treatment. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Canine impactions are common during routine examinations. Understanding the influence of impacted canines on the dental arch will help clinicians manage impacted canine patients.

Some advanced and slightly more invasive treatments require the use of certain drugs before, during and after the treatment like local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, anxiolytics, analgesics and antibiotics. All of these can possibly interact with medications a patient is already taking and can also interfere with the current dental treatment and create complications. This article aims to provide necessary information about commonly encountered systemic diseases and associated treating medications, their mechanism of action, possible complications and their management. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article discusses drugs that are used for treating various systemic conditions, but can have a harmful effect on minor oral surgery procedures.

As hand is a functional part of the body, dorsal surface of digits, hand and wrist is prone to injury causing complex wound. Thin, mobile and supple skin of the dorsal wrist and hand make significant for hand functions and aesthetic. Aims of the study were feasibility of the flap in terms of survivability of Superficial Inferior Epigastric artery (SIEA) flap, complications of flap and measurement of functional & aesthetic outcomes to achieve the reconstruction goal in hugely burden regional medical college hospital. 11 SIEA flaps were done in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital from August 2019 to July 2021 on both hands among both male and female patients. Only 2 (18.18%) flaps were lost partially. Almost all the wounds were covered successfully with good functional and aesthetic outcome. So, SIEA flap is the one of the best workhorses for extensive dorsal complex wound in overburdened regional medical hospital in Bangladesh.

Fingertip includes the portion of the digit which is distal to the insertion of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon and the extensor tendon. It is the most vulnerable part of the hand to be injured. So, reconstruction of this part requires a good outcome in sensation and function. To meet the goal of the reconstruction principle, "Like with Like" local flap is the most preferable. Such type of flap is a Volar oblique triangular flap based on volar perforator vessels from the Digital artery proper. The aim of the study is to identify its reconstruction outcome in viability, sensation, range of movement of DIPJ, and patients' satisfaction regarding contour. This was a prospective observational study; ten patients were included who were admitted in the Burn and Plastic surgery Department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, from September 2019 to December 2020. Thirteen flaps were harvested to cover for the fingertip defect of ten patients; among them, three were female. The age range of our operated patient was 2- 38 years. None of the flaps was lost except marginal necrosis or epidermal loss. The range of movement of DIPJ and 2SPD were within the normal limit. Patients were satisfied with their contour. So, the modified volar oblique, triangular flap is one of the good options for fingertip defects. TAJ 2021; 34: No-1: 63-69

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a type of idiopathic orofacial pain. Inflammation, particularly elevated circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), has been linked to pain symptoms. The purpose of this study was to compare hs-CRP, IL-6, and IL-8 biomarkers and pain intensity with different treatment strategies (LLLT, standard conservative treatment, and combination) for TMD patients. Methods: A total of 32 participants were randomly included in the study and divided into three groups (Group I, Group II, and Group III) referred from the Dental Clinic, School of Dental Science, HUSM. Patients received LLLT (Groups II and III) in five sessions for the duration of 10 days. Patients in Groups I and III received standard conservative TMD treatment (diet and stress counseling, jaw exercises, physical therapy, which was a hot towel application) by the principal investigator. All blood samples for biomarkers were performed before starting treatments and directly after finishing the treatment protocols, where all results were recorded. Results: The result showed a significant difference in the mean IL-8 (p = 0.001) between the three intervention groups (LLLT, standard treatment, and combined treatment). IL-6 showed an increase in the mean of IL-6 levels from baseline to post-treatment with a better mean in the LLLT treatment group without any significant differences. Additionally, there were no significant mean differences found between the groups and in the group for the hs-CRP biomarker. Conclusions: A statistically non-significant difference was found in hs-CRP and IL-6 before and after LLLT, conservative, and combined treatment strategies of TMD. A statistically significant difference was observed in the mean levels of IL-8 between the LLLT intervention group and the combined treatment group. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between pain intensity and biomarkers, a statistically significant difference was found in pain intensity before and after LLLT, conservative, and combined treatment strategies. TMJ degeneration could be exacerbated by elevated IL-8 levels. Thus, this can be an important biomarker to mark or identify the painful condition of TMJ.

This review covers all aspects from the viewpoint of impacted canines that were missed by some articles. Most review studies focus on the epidemiology and incidence of the disease but rarely on the detailed investigation of this therapeutic disorder; therefore, appropriate awareness of canine impaction diagnosis and management is critical prior to any orthosurgical treatment procedures. Hence, it is crucial to emphasize the means of proper diagnosis and interception of this clinical condition. This study aimed to compare and review the various diagnostic methods used to identify canine impaction, its advantages, shortcomings, research, and clinical implications to guide the evaluation and management of cases in general dental practice. Based on the current literature, the epidemiology of canine impaction, diagnosis, classification systems, and surgical options for exposing impacted canines are discussed. To determine the anatomical position of impacted canines, a thorough clinical examination and appropriate diagnostic imaging should be performed. The surgical method for exposing impacted canines should consider the tooth’s anatomical position in regard to the alveolar ridge and the amount of keratinized mucosa/gingiva. The article concludes that displacement and non-eruption of impacted canines can be managed by administering an accurate and adequate diagnosis of canine impaction, proper investigation of tooth position, length, direction, and related structures, selecting the appropriate management approach, and also reducing the biomechanics involved during canine retraction using fixed orthodontic appliances when they are impacted, and thus can restrict the risk of s urgical t rauma o n t he a djacent h ard a nd s oft t issues in th e p atients . T his a rticle m ay su ggest th at 3 D im aging is re quired to as sist cl inicians in de veloping a su ccessful t reatment p lan f or d etecting i mpaction a nd t he s urrounding structures . CPD/Clinical Relevance: Canine impactions are frequent during routine examinations. Appropriate identification, investigation, and, if necessary, referral are crucial to the outcome o f t reatment s uccess.

Transformer models have emerged as the state-of-the-art in many natural language processing and computer vision applications due to their capability of attending to longer sequences of tokens and supporting parallel processing more efficiently. Nevertheless, the training and inference of transformer models are computationally expensive and memory intensive. Meanwhile, utilizing the sparsity in deep learning models has proven to be an effective approach to alleviate the computation challenge as well as help to fit large models in edge devices. As high-performance CPUs and GPUs are generally not flexible enough to explore low-level sparsity, a number of specialized hardware accelerators have been proposed for transformer models. This paper provides a comprehensive review of hardware transformer accelerators that have been proposed to explore sparsity for computation and memory optimizations. We classify existing works based on the strategies of utilizing sparsity and identify their pros and cons in those strategies. Based on our analysis, we point out promising directions and recommendations for future works on improving the effective sparse execution of transformer hardware accelerators.

Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional folk medicine. High blood pressure is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and many other serious health complications resulting from it as a major concern of morbidity and mortality in health sector. Use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta blockers), alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists (alpha blockers), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) etc. are not efficient enough to cure hypertension. Side effects regarding these medications lead to intolerance, impaired control of the disease, and also mismanagement of therapy. So, approach regarding quenching new potent therapeutic compounds from medicinal plants draws attention nowadays. For example, as a first-line therapeutic agent, an alkaloid is highly effective in lowering systolic blood pressure which is isolated from root extract of the plant of Rauwolfia serpentina species, namely reserpine. This article comes up with a list of 63 plant species from 37 families, compiling information related to plant parts used for making extracts, types of extract and animals used in these studies, antihypertensive effect of the extracts etc. It also refers to 74 chemically defined molecules, with in vitro and in vivo anti-hypertensive potential, isolated from these extracts along with their dosage and mechanism of action by using electronic searches of published articles from various databases and reference books. Our present work would be beneficial for researchers to investigate and invent novel antihypertensive therapy to treat hypertension.

Conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) present a high computational workload and memory access cost (CMC). Spectral domain CNNs (SpCNNs) offer a computationally efficient approach to compute CNN training and inference. This paper investigates CMC of SpCNNs and its contributing components analytically and then proposes a methodology to optimize CMC, under three strategies, to enhance inference performance. In this methodology, output feature map (OFM) size, OFM depth or both are progressively reduced under an accuracy constraint to compute performance-optimized CNN inference. Before conducting training or testing, it can provide designers guidelines and preliminary insights regarding techniques for optimum performance, least degradation in accuracy and a balanced performance-accuracy trade-off. This methodology was evaluated on MNIST and Fashion MNIST datasets using LeNet-5 and AlexNet architectures. When compared to state-of-the-art SpCNN models, LeNet-5 achieves up to 4.2× (batch inference) and 4.1× (single-image inference) higher throughputs and 10.5× (batch inference) and 4.2× (single-image inference) greater energy efficiency at a maximum loss of 3% in test accuracy. When compared to the baseline model used in this study, AlexNet delivers 11.6× (batch inference) and 5× (single-image inference) increased throughput and 25× (batch inference) and 8.8× (single-image inference) more energy-efficient inference with just 4.4% reduction in accuracy.