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Grafena merupakan satu lapis atom karbon yang memiliki hibridisasi sp2 membentuk struktur heksagonal dua dimensi. Grafena memiliki potensi yang sangat luas namun ketersediaannya masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis oksida grafena tereduksi (rGO) dari arang tempurung kelapa dengan menggunakan metode modifikasi Hummer. Modifikasi dilakukan dengan menghilangkan NaNO3. Sintesis dilakukan dengan ukuran partikel arang tempurung kelapa ~ 50 μm dan waktu oksidasi selama 5 hari. Analisis struktur rGO dilakukan dengan pengujian FTIR, UV-Vis dan difraksi sinar-X (XRD). Hasil pengujian FTIR menunjukkan adanya puncak pada panjang gelombang 1604,891 cm-1 dari ikatan C=C aromatik yang merupakan indikasi terbentuknya rGO. Hasil pengujian UV-Vis menunjukkan adanya serapan pada panjang gelombang 272 nm yang disebabkan oleh transisi π→π ⃰ dari ikatan C=C pada cincin aromatik. Pengujian XRD menghasilkan puncak difraktogram pada sudut 2θ ~ 24° yang khas untuk material rGO.

Sulh telah berperanan di dalam menyelesaikan pertikaian pihak-pihak di dalam kes tuntutan harta sepencarian di Mahkamah Syariah. Berpandukan kepada perundangan dan Arahan Amalan, kes tuntutan harta sepencarian diagihkan terlebih dahulu untuk tindakan Pegawai Sulh sebelum melalui prosiding litigasi sekiranya Majlis Sulh menemui kegagalan.Keterhadan bidangkuasa Mahkamah Syariah dalam pentadbiran tanah menjadikan proses sulh suatu tugas yang mencabar. Kajian ini mengkaji pendekatan dan isu-isu pelaksanaan sulh di dalam penyelesaian kes tuntutan harta sepencarian melibatkan hartanah. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif melalui metode dokumentasi dan temu bual di dalam pengumpulan data. Analisis kandungan secara deskriptif digunakan bagi menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan dan penghakimanbagi kes-kes yang telah dilaporkan dan tidak dilaporkan. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa sulh telah berjaya membantu mahkamah di dalam mempercepatkan kes tuntutan harta sepencarian bergantung kepadakomitmen dan kemahiran pegawai-pegawai sulh di dalam mengendalikannya serta kerjasama pihak-pihak. Pelbagai pendekatan telah diambil bagi penyelesaian kes tuntutan harta sepencarian melibatkan hartanah mengikut persetujuan pihak-pihak dan status hartanah yang berkaitan. Namun,penyelesaian tersebut adalah masih tertaklukkepada hukum syarak dan undang-undang. Kajian ini menjadi asas kepada Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM) bagi pemantapanpelaksanaansulhsedia ada dan penyediaan garis panduan yang seragam bagi pelaksanaan sulh yang berkesan di seluruh Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia.

The environmental concern has become an emerging topic in organization's human resource management strategy, especially in improving employee's environmental behavior at work. Currently, the social responsibility, especially the environmental responsibility has been of concern to scholars, organizations or governments. This study aims to analyze the effect of Green Transformational Leadership, Green Commitment and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction and its implications for Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE). The research method used is a qualitative method with the object of employee at university. Data analysis uses SEM (Structural Equation Model) with PLS (Partial Least Square) software. Research results prove there is an influence of Green Transformational Leadership, Green Commitment and Organizational Culture on Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE) through Job Satisfaction at University. Keywords: Green Transformational Leadership, Green Commitment, Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Citizenship Behavior for the Environment JEL Classifications: L2, J2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.10464

This study aims to analyze the effect of knowledge management, green commitment and employee green behavior on organizational sustainability in banking institutions. The research method used is a qualitative method with the object of employee research at banking institutions in Indonesia. This study used a sample size of 150 people. Data analysis used SEM (Structural Equation Model) with PLS (Partial Least Square) software. The results of the study provide information about the influence of knowledge management, green commitment and green employee behavior on organizational sustainability in banking institutions. Keywords: Banking, Knowledge management, Green employee behavior, Organizational Sustainability JEL Classifications: G2, L2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.10467

Banyak siswa yang mengalami kesulitan saat menulis kalimat. Hal ini membuat banyak ketidakefektifan dalam penulisannya.Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis mengupas keefektifan kalimat yang digunakan berdasarkan sepadanan, keparalelan, kehematan, kecermatan, maupun kelogisan dan keefektifan kalimat apa yang lebih banyak muncul pada karangan siswa. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penggunaaan deskriptif kualitatif untuk memaparkan penggunaan keefektifan kalimat dalam karangan yang dibuat siswa. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kalimat-kalimat yang disusun siswa dalam karangan yang dibuatnya mengandung ketidakefektifan kalimat dari segi kesepadanan, keparalelan, kehematan, kecermatan, maupun kelogisan. Dari segi kesepadanan terdapat ketidakefektifan kalimat berdasarkan struktur, subjek ganda, dan konjungsi antarkalimat. Dari segi keparalelan terdapat ketidakefektifan kalimat berdasarkan bentuk nomina, verb, dan adjectiva. Dari segi kehematan terdapat ketidakefektifan kalimat berdasarkan kata jamak, kata sinonim, dan pengulangan subjek. Dari segi kecermatan terdapat ketidakefektifan kalimat berdasarkan ejaan, tanda baca, ungkapan dan lain-lain. Dari segi kelogisan terdapat ketidakefektifan kalimat berdasarkan kelogisan makna. Ketidakefektifan kalimat yang paling dominan muncul dalam karangan siswa ialah kehematan kata. Simpulan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penggunaan kalimat efektif yang disusun siswa dalam karangannya masih begitu lemah dalam hal kehematan kata. Kata kunci: Keefektifan kalimat; Karangan; Siswa; SMP

Objectives. This study aimed to validate the accuracy of working length (WL) measurements obtained with the newly introduced Propex IQ apex locator and to compare it with the latest generations of other electronic apex locators, CBCT, and conventional periapical radiographs by using the actual WL measurements obtained by using an endodontics microscope as a reference. Materials and Methods. Thirty-five extracted single-rooted human mandibular first premolars with curvatures from 10° to 20° were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and cut at the cementoenamel junction to achieve a standard reference point for WL determination. The actual WL was obtained by inserting a size-15 k-file in the root canal until the tip of the file was visible under an endodontic microscope. The definitive WL was measured using Propex IQ (Dentsply Sirona), Raypex 6 (VDW Dental), Root ZX (Morita), and Apex ID (Kerr Dental). In addition, radiographic WL was obtained using periapical radiographs and CBCT. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons of the WL values, with a p value < 0.05. The percentage of success of each method for determination of the definitive WL was assessed using cross-tabulation and chi-square tests. Results. CBCT radiographs and Propex IQ apex locator yielded the most accurate WL measurements in comparison with the actual WL measurements (p

Before orthognathic surgery, a thorough diagnosis of the maxillofacial structure is performed for combined orthodontic–surgical treatment planning. One of the tools that are used for this collaboration is the cephalometric radiograph. Cephalometric analysis is a method for measuring the location of specific anatomical landmarks upon a cephalogram. Some of these parameters are more difficult to define accurately in cases of dentofacial deformities. Therefore, the data obtained from different examiners are characterized by high variability. The present study aimed to examine whether there is a significant variation in the physicians’ measurements between orthognathic Class I (normal) cases and the cases of skeletal deformity Class III. The study involved ten physicians with a mean age of 27. All physicians underwent appropriate instruction for reading and analyzing cephalometric radiographs, and all physicians were instructed about their role in the study. Each participant received 100 cephalometric radiographs, consisting of 50 radiographs of patients with a regular facial structure (Class-I = orthognathic) and 50 photographs of patients with a specific skeletal deformity (Class-III = prognathic). According to the Frankfort Horizontal plane, each physician marked the upper incisor (U1) longitudinal axis on the radiograph and the lower incisor (L1) longitudinal axis according to the mandibular plane. Then, we measured the angle degree with the Cephninja® application. Afterward, we performed a statistical analysis of the t-test with Bonferroni correction to check whether there is a significantly large standard deviation between the indices in the orthognathic cases compared to the prognathic cases. In the group of physicians who participated in this sample of these cephalometric radiographs, we found that in prognathic patients, the upper incisor angle measurements showed significantly more t variance relative to those physicians’ corresponding measurements radiographs of orthognathic patients. Variability increases as skeletal deformity become more severe (p = 0.026) in U1 TO FH and (p = 0.014) L1 TO MP. Cephalometric measurements, which are essential for the correct diagnosis and planning of combined orthodontic treatment, suffer from a significant examiner-based bias that is greater as deformity becomes more severe. This conclusion has implications for the accuracy of the model on which the entire plan process of the combined treatment of facial and jaw deformities is based. The surgeon should use CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography) for its three-dimensional superiority over cephalometric imaging, which will result in a more accurate evaluation of surgery planning and performance.

To run their business, many companies uses various types of capital, financial, technological, as well as natural and human resource–based. In fact, optimal use of these kinds of capital do not guarantee that company will get maximum performance. There is still one important type of capital, namely social capital, which is an asset and instrument characterizing the interaction between employees and management. Social capital can also be conceptualized as a company's organizational culture. Here, interviews were conducted with the management of a chemical manufacturer see how synergizing between corporate strategy and support forms the organizational culture. This research focussed to the industrial chemical manufacture at Banten Province, Indonesia, which is the province with the third-largest number of chemical firms in Indonesia. This research using SEM-PLS method to measure 97 respondents from the managerial level. The final results provide a positive and significant relationship between social capital and organizational culture through competitive advantage and organizatioan performance. Competitive advantage also increased the relationship between social capital and organizational culture through the organizational performance. This result has implication for managerial levels to increase human resources performance so it can improve the firm's competitive advantage. Keywords: Social Capital, Organizational Culture, Competitive Advantage, Organizational Performance, Chemical manufacturer sector JEL Classifications: L2, M14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9923

Background: Biodentine™ is relatively a new tricalcium silicate cement that has gained great attention of the researchers due to its biological potential in comparison with other materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum concentrations of Biodentine in relation to its stimulatory or inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and adhesion of stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). The cell cultures of SHED were treated with Biodentine™ extract at four different concentrations; 20mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 0.2mg/ml and 0.02mg/ml. Cells cultured without Biodentine™ were kept as a blank control. The proliferation potential of SHED cells was evaluated by MTT viability analysis for 6 days. Migration potential was investigated by wound healing and transwell migration assays. The growth, survival and communication potential of these cells was determined by Adhesion assay. Results: A significant increase was observed in the proliferation and migration of SHED at (2mg/ml, 0.2mg/ml and 0.02mg/ml) while higher concentration of Biodentine™ (20mg/ml) exhibited cytotoxic effect on the cells. However, three tested Biodentine™ concentrations were similar in effect (non-significant) to adhesion ability of cells when compared with blank control. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that lower concentrations of Biodentine™ can be considered as the optimum concentrations to enhance the stimulatory effect of Biodentine on SHED.

Penggunaan perangkat TIK semakin populer. Tetapi penggunaan dalam pembelajaran masih sangat minim. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan buku elektronik interaktif yang efektif dalam pembelajaran fisika kuantum di SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Research and Development (R&D) yang mengacu prosedur Sugiyono (2008) yaitu, (1) potensi dan masalah; (2) pengumpulan informasi; (3) mendesain produk; (4) validasi desain; (5) revisi desain; (6) uji coba; (7) revisi produk; (8) uji coba pemakaian; (9) revisi produk; (10) produksi masal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini telah dihasilkan buku elektronik interaktif fisika kuantum yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar di kelas maupun mandiri oleh peserta didik kelas XII SMAN 1 Pringsewu. Buku yang dihasilkan dinyatakan menarik, mudah dan bermanfaat berdasarkan hasil angket serta memiliki tingkat efektifitas sedang berdasarkan nilai N-gain yang diperoleh.

Javanesse traditional shadow puppet (wayang) if we look through the story we can see that it is adapted from Hinduism. It was taken from great epic story. The ara Ramayana and Mahabharata. It does not wonder if we find opposite valuesbeetwen Hinduism and monotheism (tauhid). It was noted by Walisongo at that time. They tried to do some reduction to things that opposite monotheism. They adapted inti Tauhid values so that they can di their mission successfully. In many adapti on, we can take a look into the construction of Batara Guru‟s character. By using description analysis, this article to dig to know how deep Walisongo constructed Batara Guru‟s character to reduct values that opposite tauhid. As a result, the construction idea of Batara Guru -as a representation of Siva- does not hurt anybody. It is all caused by the wisdom and creativity of Walisongo in constructing the character of Batara Guru greatly and smartly. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kesenian wayang dilihat dari segi cerita merupakan karya adoptif yang berasal dari ajaran Hindu, yakni dua epos besar Ramayana dan Mahabharata. Menjadi tidak mengherankan jika kemudian nilai Hinduisme yang bertentangan dengan nilai tauhid menjadi sesuatu yang begitu diperhatikan oleh Walisongo saat itu. Upaya reduksi terhadap nilai-nilai non-tauhid pada akhirnya dilakukan oleh Walisongo sebagai sebuah penyesuaian terhadap dakwah Islamiah yang mereka lakukan. Satu dari sekian banyak upaya itu terdapat dalam kontruksi penokohan Batara Guru. Menggunakan deskriptif analisis artikel ini mencoba menggali sejauh mana kontruksi terhadap karakter Batara Guru yang dilakukan dalam rangka mereduksi nilai-nilai non-tauhid. Alhasil kontruksi karakter yang sejatinya merupakan representasi dari Dewa Siwa ini dilakukan dengan tanpa melukai siapa pun pada saat itu. Semua itu karena kebijaksanaan dan kreatifitas Walisongo dalam mengkontruksi karakter Batara Guru secara apik dan cerdas.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of corporate strategy on the environmental management implications for decision making: a case study of landslides as a result of environmental damage in Nganjuk Regency. The results of the study show that the company strategy, the environmental management system implications for decision making which has characteristics possessed by someone to produce accurate decisions. Furthermore, it was found that the corporate strategy, the environmental management system implications for decision making. Keywords: Corporate Strategy, Environmental Management, Decision Making. JEL Classifications: M1, Q56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.8552

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan trainer operasi motor listrik berbasis smart relay sebagai media pembelajaran dan menguji kelayakan trainer sebagai media pembelajaran. Metode penelitian ini adalah Research and Development. Berdasarkan metode tersebut, yang dilakukan adalah merencanakan dan membangun trainer smart relay, kemudian diberikan kepada sekolah untuk digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menguji kelayakan dan uji coba trainer smart relay dengan memberikan angket kepada 3 guru dan 33 siswa kelas XII. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelayakan trainer smart relay dari 33 siswa diperoleh dari empat indikator memperoleh skor 87,39%, 81,94%, 84,24% dan 81,09% dengan dua indikator masuk kategori “sangat layak” dan dua indikator masuk kategori “layak”. Sedangkan uji validasi oleh 3 guru diperoleh skor masing-masing indikator 95%, 91,67%, 93,33%, dan 88,89% semuanya masuk kategori “sangat layak”.

A theoretical analysis based on mathematical formulations and experimental test to a photovoltaic system cooled by Phase Change Material (PCM) is carried out and documented. The PCM is attached to the back of the PV panel to control the temperature of cells in the PV panel. The experimental tests were done to solar systems with and without using PCM for comparison purposes. A PCM of paraffin graphite panels of thickness15 mm has covered the back of the panel. This layer was covered with an aluminum sheet fixed tightly to the panel frame. In the experimental test, it was found that when the average cell temperature exceeds the melting point temperature of the PCM, the efficiency of the system increases. However, when the cell temperature did not exceed the melting temperature of the PCM, the use of the PCM will affect negatively the system efficiency.

RANCANG BANGUN CYCLOCONVERTER UNTUK SINKRONISASI PEMBANGKIT TENAGA LISTRIK

Perkembangan dan penggunaan teknologi kamera digital saat ini sudah sangat meningkat, ditandai dengan banyaknya jenis kamera serta disematkannya kamera pada berbagai perangkat seperti laptop, ponsel, tab, jam tangan, dan gadget lainnya, sehingga kegiatan fotografi menjadi semakin mudah. Namun sebagian besar perangkat-perangkat tersebut tidak memiliki sensor untuk menyimpan informasi mengenai orientasi foto yang diambil apakah itu portrait atau landscape. Karena itu, kebanyakan foto-foto yang mengalami rotasi tidak sebagaimana mestinya baru disadari ketika disajikan di depan layar komputer atau televisi atau yang lainnya. Pada penelitian ini diajukan sebuah metode perbaikan orientasi citra dengan fitur haar-like dan gradien magnitude citra untuk mendeteksi objek manusia yang ada didalamnya. Objek manusia yang ditemukan dijadikan acuan untuk perbaikan orientasi. Sedangkan klasifikasi yang digunakan adalah klas-ifikasi cascade adaboost. Dengan sedikit modifikasi penerapan klasifikasi cascade adaboost diperoleh akurasi hingga 79% dimana akurasi tersebut lebih baik dari pada tanpa menggunakan modifikasi. Penerapan modifikasi juga mening-katkan kecepatan pemrosesan hingga dua kali lipat.

Women who work and uphold the profession will be more likely to experience conflict, because indirectly he would be having attachment or more concentrate to work and put aside her role as a housewife. A sense that women are more concentrated due to work and put aside domestic affairs, this condition will bring conflicts that arise because they feel neglected work as a housewife in addition also the commitment owned organization, especially among civil servants. Conditions such as this is also the case in the Bhakti Dharma Husada Hospital Surabaya, increasing consumer complaints in the past few years is an indication of a decrease in the performance of nurses and one of them was allegedly caused by conflicting roles experienced by nurses and resources woman in the hospital. This means that in this case the performance achieved is not in line with expectations because of the role that conflict. This study sample is 46 female nurses in Bhakti Dharma Husada Hospital Surabaya which will be reviewed in terms of work-family conflict and its influence on the performance of the organizational commitment owned. The results of analysis with Partial Least Square show that work-family conflict has no direct influence on the performance of nurses. Meanwhile, with the influence of organizational commitment variables inferred indirectly influence more significant. This suggests that organizational commitment to civil servants clearly will affect the performance without regard to work-family conflict undertaken female nurse.

Abstract: This study analyzes the application of Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR). The purpose of this study to determine the application of supply chain model by using the SCOR model by measuring the performance of the supply chain management at PT. INDOTURBINE based model of Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR). This study is a category of business research which uses quantitative and qualitative research methods. The population in this study were all kind or kinds of turbine parts of various brands with a sample of the data delay in delivery of turbine parts. Data mismatch turbine parts in the field for the period of 2011 to 2014 for customers Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE), which has the largest percentage. Technical analysis used in this research is to use the metric system for assessing the performance of the supply chain which consists of three levels, namely level 1, level 2 and level 3. These results indicate that conditions in the supply chain of PT. Indoturbine less efficient because the metric measurements of PT. Indoturbine especially POF and OCFT value is below the industry median value Benchmark Data Advantage. The comparison is as follows: Value POF by 64.03% while the value of POF Advantage Data Benchmark by 71.8% while the value OCFT for 92 days while the value OCFT Advantage Data Benchmark by 90 days Keywords: SCOR Model, Supply Chain Management Abstrak: Penelitian ini menganalisis penerapan Model Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan model rantai pasok dengan menggunakan model SCOR dengan melakukan pengukuran kinerja terhadap manajemen rantai pasok di PT. Indoturbine berdasarkan model Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR). Penelitian ini merupakan katagori riset bisnis yang menggunakan metoda penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua jenis turbine parts dari berbagai merek dengan jumlah sampel dari data keterlambatan pengiriman turbine parts . Data ketidaksesuaian turbine parts dilapangan untuk periode tahun 2011 sampai 2014 untuk pelanggan Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE) yang mempunyai persentase terbesar. Teknis analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan sistem metrik untuk menilai kinerja rantai pasok yang terdiri atas 3 level yaitu level 1, level 2, dan level 3. Berdasarkan tahapan-tahapan proses yang terdapat pada setiap bagian pada level 1 rantai pasok terdapat beberapa proses yang mengalami kesalahan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi rantai pasok di PT. Indoturbine kurang efisien karena metrik pengukuran yang dimiliki PT. Indoturbine khususnya nilai POF dan OFCT berada di bawah nilai median industri yaitu nilai Advantage Data Benchmark. Adapun perbandingannya adalah sebagai berikut : Nilai POF sebesar 64,03% sedangkan nilai POF Advantage Data Benchmark sebesar 71,8% sedangkan Nilai OFCT sebesar 92 hari sedangkan nilai OFCT Advantage Data Benchmark sebesar 90 hari. Kata Kunci : SCOR Model, Supply Chain Management

This paper reviews on the building contractors motivating factors on adopting the newly imposed quality assurance initiative in Malaysia's construction industry. The quality assurance initiative named Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) - The Construction Industry Standard (CIS) - CIS 7:2006. It is introduced by the Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB). This QLASSIC system consists of a building construction standard where all the contractors must follow the specification, if adopting this system in their construction project. Literature commonly categorized motivation factor into two types, which are internally and externally. Both types of motivation factors are put into study in related to the benefits on adopting the QLASSIC system. Further analysis will be done to determine the motives and benefits relationship behind the adoption of the QLASSIC system in the construction projects.

Islam adalah satu agama yang lengkap merangkumi segenap aktiviti kehidupan manusia. Ajaran Islam bukan hanya menganjurkan umatnya berbuat baik sesama Islam tetapi juga antara bukan Islam. Orang bukan Islam mempunyai hak yang tertentu dan dilindungi selagi tidak memerangi Islam. Dalam hubungan antara orang Islam dan orang bukan Islam, Islam telah menetapkan peraturan tertentu yang mesti dipatuhi. Hal ini jelas sepertimana dalam Surah al-Hujurat ayat 13 yang mengiktiraf kepelbagaian etnik itu adalah sesuatu yang lumrah dan kepelbagaian itu bukan untuk berkonflik tetapi saling mengenali antara satu dengan lain. Justeru, artikel ini akan membincangkan pandangan Islam terhadap hubungan etnik yang ditinjau dari sudut al-Quran, hadis nabi dan tokoh-tokoh Islam. Turut dibincangkan ialah prinsip kesamarataan dan keadilan dalam Islam dengan melihat situasi yang berlaku di Malaysia khususnya yang melibatkan kedudukan istimewa orang Melayu dalam Perkara 153 Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Hasil perbincangan menunjukkan, kedudukan istimewa orang Melayu itu tidak bercanggah dengan prinsip keadilan dan kesamarataan dalam Islam berdasarkan empat hujah iaitu pertama, walaupun orang Melayu mendapat keistimewaan seperti yang termaktub dalam perlembagaan, namun ia bukan melalui rampasan harta orang bukan Melayu sebaliknya mendapatkannya dari tambahan kepada ekonomi keseluruhan. Kedua, pelaksanaan terhadap keistimewaan orang Melayu tidak menjejaskan kedudukan ekonomi, dan pendidikan serta politik orang bukan Melayu, malah dalam sektor ekonomi dan pendidikan, mereka lebih baik daripada orang Melayu. Ketiga, kedudukan istimewa orang Melayu adalah sesuatu yang telah wujud sebelum merdeka dan dimasukkan kembali apabila perlembagaan digubal. Keempat, ia adalah persetujuan yang telah dicapai melalui perundingan antara etnik.Islam is a complete way of life (din) and encompasses all activities in life. Islam preaches to its followers to enjoin good not only towards fellow Muslims but also between Muslims and non-Muslims. Non-Muslims have certain rights and are protected for as long as they are not against Islam. In regard to relations among Muslims and non-Muslims, Islam outlines specific regulations such as the ones found in Chapter al-Hujurat verse 13 that recognises ethnic diversity as a norm and that diversity is meant for people to know one another better, and not to cause conflict. Therefore, this article discusses the Islamic viewpoint on ethnicity from the perspectives of the al-Quran, prophetic traditions and Muslim scholars. Also discussed is the principle of justice and equality in Islam in relation to Malaysia particularly related to the special position of Malays in Article 153 of the Federal Constitution. The findings show that the special position of Malays does not contradict the principle of justice and equality in Islam based on four arguments: First, the Malays receive their special position as enshrined in the Federal Constitution without incurring any acts of confiscating the wealth of the non-Muslims, but instead gained from the growing economy as a whole. Second, the special position of Malays is not employed at the expense of the economic and political wellbeing of the non-Malays. Third, the special position of Malays was established long before independence and was later reinstated when the Federal Constitution was formulated. Fourth, the Malays' special position was attained through a consensus achieved by the various ethnic groups in the country.

This work proposes the first scaler designed specifically for the three-moduli set M 1 = { 2 n + 1 − 1 , 2 n , 2 n − 1 } . Hence, there is no other functionally similar scaler to compare the proposed scaler with. However, when compared with the latest published scalers for a different moduli set, M 2 = { 2 n + 1 , 2 n , 2 n − 1 } , the proposed scaler has a better area and power performance, while it requires a longer time delay. As demonstrated in earlier publications, replacing the ( 2 n + 1 ) channel in the M 2 moduli set by the ( 2 n + 1 − 1 ) channel, to form the M 1 moduli set, considerably improves the overall time performance of residue-based multiply–accumulate arithmetic units.

Joint efficiency is the key to composite structures assembly design, good structures response is dependent upon multi-holes behavior as subjected to remote loading. Current benchmarking work were following experimental testing series taken from literature on multi-holes problem. Eleven multi-hole configurations were investigated with various pitch and gage distance of staggered holes and non-staggered holes (single-row holes). Various failure modes were exhibited, most staggered holes demonstrates staggered crack path but non-staggered holes series displayed crack path along net-section plane. Stress distribution were carried out and good agreement were exhibited in experimental observation as reported in the respective literature. Consequently, strength prediction work were carried out under quasi-static loading, most showed discrepancy between 8% -31%, better prediction were exhibited in thicker and non-staggered holes plate combinations.

The awareness of implementing sustainable materials in construction industry is gaining good attention among engineers worldwide. Kenaf fibers are local renewable materials to combine with epoxy polymers matrix in producing lightweight composite materials which may replace imported synthetic fiber composites especially in developing countries. Other benefits of using kenaf fiber composites are relatively cheap, less abrasive and less hazardous during fabrication handling. Current study investigates parametric study on notched strength of woven fabric kenaf composite plates with different fiber orientations and circular hole sizes. Stress concentration occurred at the notch edge promotes to micro-damage events such as matrix cracking and fiber fracture as remote tensile loading applied. Current study showed that 0° fiber orientation gives optimum notched strength, plates with larger fiber tilting than 0° are associated with further strength reduction. Kenaf fibers give an alternative to material designers to opt woven fabric kenaf composites in low and medium load bearing applications.

The present paper is focused on the bearing stress at failure of double-lap woven fabric kenaf fiber reinforced polymer (KFRP) hybrid bonded-bolted joints in experimental frameworks. The effects of different normalized plate width (plate width/hole diameter, W/d), lay-up types and bolt loads were incorporated in current study as specified in testing series. Generally, hybrid joint coupons separated within adhesive layer prior to net-tension failure or bearing/net-tension failure. The bearing stress at failure increased as W/d ratio increment, critical W/d is given as four and three in clamped and finger tight condition respectively. Lay-up types present insignificant effect to bearing stress at failure due to low volume fiber fraction in kenaf fiber composites. Combination of thicker and clamped conditions plate demonstrated greater bearing stress than equivalent finger-tight (FT) conditions due to higher load transferred from friction, as expected.

Abstrak: Keuangan Islam dan Takāful dalam Pembangunan Sosial dan Ekonomi Kontemporer. Artikel ini menegaskan bahwa meskipun keuangan Syariah memiliki kekurangan, namun telah berhasil dalam pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi dibandingkan dengan instrumen tradisi yang lain, seperti wakaf dan zakat. Dengan perubahan situasi ekonomi dan hubungan sosial, keuangan Syariah, dan takāful diharapkan akan menjadi instrumen pelengkap yang penting dalam pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat Islam. Untuk mendukung kesimpulan tersebut artikel ini akan menyajikan argumen-argumen dan kritik-kritik terhadap perbankan Syariah modern pada aspek di atas di samping memberikan justifikasi dan penjelasan sebagai jawaban atas kritikan tersebut.Kata Kunci: keuangan Islam, takāful, pembangunan Islam, ekonomi Islam, perbankan Islam, muamalah IslamAbstract: Islamic Finance and Takāful in Contemporary Social and Economic Development. This article argues that Islamic finance although with its limitations has relatively been successful in the contemporary social and contemporary development compared to other traditional instruments such as waqf and zakāh. With the changing economic climate and social relations, Islamic finance and takāful is expected to be an important complementary instruments of Islamic social and economic development. To support such a conclusion the article revisits some of the arguments and critics on modern Islamic finance in respect of the above issues and offers justification and explanation as a response to those critics.Keywords: Islamic finance, takāful, Islamic development, Islamic economics, Islamic banking, Islamic mu’âmalah

For the past decades, usage of natural fiber reinforced composites in low bearing load applications are increasing tremendously due to drawbacks concerning the use of synthetic fibers. Kenaf fibers have a good potential to be used as composite reinforcements as they possesses excellent fiber strength compared to own self-weight. Current work concentrates on mechanical properties of woven fabric kenaf composites with single-lap hybrid joints configurations. Four width to diameter ratio, (W/d) of cross-ply lay-up joints as designed in testing series were tested by using quasi static mechanical testing. Experimental results showed that the failure load increased with the increasing of W/d ratios. Thinner lay-up had better bearing strength compared to thicker lay-up as found in current study.

Advantages of using kenaf fibres over synthetic fibres in composites manufacturing are relatively cheap, less abrasive and hazardous during handling, and renewable materials. Current work investigates parametric effects on notched strength of woven fabric kenaf polymer composites plates with variation of lay-up types, notch sizes and plate thickness. Testing coupons are prepared using hand lay-up technique and circular notch were drilled prior to mechanical testing. Stress concentration at the notch edge promotes micro-damage event as tensile loading was applied leading to crack initiation and propagations across the plate width. It is suggested that woven fabric kenaf polymer composites are potentially used in low and medium load bearing applications.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain illness that causes gradual memory loss. AD has no treatment and cannot be cured, so early detection is critical. Various AD diagnosis approaches are used in this regard, but Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides the most helpful neuroimaging tool for detecting AD. In this paper, we employ a DenseNet-201 based transfer learning technique for diagnosing different Alzheimer's stages as Non-Demented (ND), Moderate Demented (MOD), Mild Demented (MD), Very Mild Demented (VMD), and Severe Demented (SD). The suggested method for a dataset of MRI scans for Alzheimer's disease is divided into five classes. Data augmentation methods were used to expand the size of the dataset and increase DenseNet-201's accuracy. It was found that the proposed strategy provides a very high classification accuracy. This practical and reliable model delivers a success rate of 98.24%. The findings of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested deep learning approach is more accurate and performs well compared to existing techniques and state-of-the-art methods., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Zia-ur-Rehman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Adipose tissue, both intricate and fundamental to physiological functions, comprises cell types, including adipocytes, pivotal in secreting bioactive peptides known as 'adipokines.' Apelin (APLN), Visfatin (VSFTN), and Irisin (IRSN) are novel adipokines involved in regulating energy, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. APLN acts as an endogenous ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors, VSFTN is essential in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis, and IRSN is released from skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Their influence spans various physiological domains, including insulin resistance and sensitivity, cardiovascular functions, angiogenesis, and reproductive systems. This review focuses on the potential roles of APLN, VSFTN, and IRSN in energy regulation mechanisms related to farm animal production. Despite accumulating evidence of their significance, comprehensive understanding is still emerging, with most studies based on model organisms. Thus, there's a pressing need for targeted research on farm animals. Addressing these knowledge gaps could pave the way for improved health strategies, reproductive efficiency, and productivity in farm animals. Future research should focus on understanding the multifaceted interactions of these adipokines and their implications for promoting sustainable and effective animal production., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Shokrollahi, Jang, Lee, Ahmad, Sesay, Ghazikhani Shad, Morammazi and Abdelnour.)

Dairy cows undergo immense stress and experience autoimmune reactions during the transition period, majorly due to the generation of ROS in the body. So, pharmacological approaches are needed to manage oxidative stress in the transition cows. Recently, the use of phytochemicals as feed additives in cows' nutrition has gained interest in managing various disease conditions. In the current study, we have evaluated the potential effects of phytochemicals derived from methanolic extract of Thymus serpyllum against oxidative stress and autoimmunity via inhibition of bovine nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The free radical scavenging activity of Thymus serpyllum seed and leaf extracts was 71.8 and 75.6%, respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. Similarly, both extracts displayed radicals reducing power and inhibition of lipid-peroxidation maximally at 100 µg/mL. A total of 52 bioactive compounds were identified when the plant extract was characterized by the GC-MS analysis, and five (Thymol, Luteolin 7-o-glucuronide, Rosmarinic acid, Apigenin 6,8-di-c-glucoside, Kaempferol) had binding free energy values of -11.6433, -10.002, -8.2615, -7.1714, -6.4870, respectively, in complexes with bovine NF-κB. Through computational analysis, the screened compounds showed good pharmacokinetic parameters, including non-toxicity, non-carcinogenic, high gastrointestinal absorption and thus can serve as potential drug candidates. MD simulation studies predicted the stability of complexes and the complex of Kaempferol was most stable based on RSMD value and MM/GBSA binding energy. The biochemical assays and computational studies indicated that Thymus serpyllum could be used as a promising feed additive in dairy cows to manage oxidative stress during the transition period.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

High-altitude environments present formidable challenges for survival and reproduction, with organisms facing limited oxygen availability and scarce nutrient resources. The yak (Bos grunniens), indigenous to the Tibetan Plateau, has notably adapted to these extreme conditions. This study delves into the genomic basis of the yak's adaptation, focusing on the positive selection acting on genes involved in nutrient assimilation pathways. Employing techniques in comparative genomics and molecular evolutionary analyses, we selected genes in the yak that show signs of positive selection associated with nutrient metabolism, absorption, and transport. Our findings reveal specific genetic adaptations related to nutrient metabolism in harsh climatic conditions. Notably, genes involved in energy metabolism, oxygen transport, and thermoregulation exhibited signs of positive selection, suggesting their crucial role in the yak's successful colonization of high-altitude regions. The study also sheds light on the yak's immune system adaptations, emphasizing genes involved in response to various stresses prevalent at elevated altitudes. Insights into the yak's genomic makeup provide valuable information for understanding the broader implications of high-altitude adaptations in mammalian evolution. They may contribute to efforts in enhancing livestock resilience to environmental challenges., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The Yili goose is the only indigenous goose breed that originates from Anser anser in China, known for its adaptability, strong flying ability, and tender meat with a low body lipid content. The liver plays a crucial role in lipid and glucose metabolism, including the intake, secretion, transportation, and storage of fatty acids (FAs). In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was performed to analyze the liver differentially expressed genes of Yili geese and their hybrid geese to investigate differences in liver lipid and glucose metabolism. A total of 452 differentially expressed genes (Q-value < 0.05) were identified. Notably, in KEGG enrichment analysis, four pathways (Q-value < 0.05) were enriched to be associated with lipid and glucose metabolism, including the metabolic pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and steroid biosynthesis. This study provides insights into potential candidate genes and metabolic pathways that affect the liver lipid metabolism of Yili goose. These findings provide a better understanding of animal liver lipid deposition and metabolism.

Objective: To compare the knowledge of antibiotic resistance between medical and nonmedical university students of Lahore. Methodology . An observational cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted among students of Lahore, Pakistan, from November 12, 2021, to December 13, 2021. The convenience sampling method was used to select students. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0., Results: 52.9% medical and 42.25% nonmedical students knew about antibiotics. 24.1% medical and 18.3% nonmedical students do not take antibiotics without a prescription. 40.6% medical and only 19.3% nonmedical students knew about the course of antibiotics. Medical students let the minor ailments recover naturally compared to nonmedical students who visit the doctor more often. Both groups complete the course of antibiotics without a significant difference. 49% medical and 27.9% nonmedical students knew that bacteria can develop resistance against antibiotics. Most nonmedical students responded that antibiotics can work even after resistance. Medical students have better knowledge about the relationship of resistance with overuse and misuse., Conclusion: The knowledge of antibiotics and compliance to therapy of the nonmedical students were less than those of the medical students. Medical students were aware of the pattern of taking antibiotics because of their educational background. There is a dire need for awareness regarding antibiotic use in this group to conserve treatment options for future use., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Fiza Ayub et al.)

Chemokine receptor type 4 ( CXCR4 ) is a G protein-coupled receptor that plays an essential role in immune system function and disease processes. Our study aims to conduct a comparative structural and phylogenetic analysis of the CXCR4 protein to gain insights into its role in emerging and re-emerging diseases that impact the health of mammals. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of CXCR4 genes across a wide range of mammalian species. The phylogenetic study showed species-specific evolutionary patterns. Our analysis revealed novel insights into the evolutionary history of CXCR4 , including genetic changes that may have led to functional differences in the protein. This study revealed that the structural homologous human proteins and mammalian CXCR4 shared many characteristics. We also examined the three-dimensional structure of CXCR4 and its interactions with other molecules in the cell. Our findings provide new insights into the genomic landscape of CXCR4 in the context of emerging and re-emerging diseases, which could inform the development of more effective treatments or prevention strategies. Overall, our study sheds light on the vital role of CXCR4 in mammalian health and disease, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for various diseases impacting human and animal health. These findings provided insight into the study of human immunological disorders by indicating that Chemokines may have activities identical to or similar to those in humans and several mammalian species.

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, a primary factor of the innate immune system of mammals, participates in natural immune protection against invading bacteria. BPIFA1 actively contributes to host defense via multiple mechanisms, such as antibacterial, surfactant, airway surface liquid control, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the evolutionary history and selection forces on the BPIFA1 gene in mammals during adaptive evolution are poorly understood. This study examined the BPIFA1 gene of humans compared with that of other mammalian species to estimate the selective pressure derived by adaptive evolution. To assess whether or not positive selection occurred, we employed several different possibility tests (M1 vs. M2 and M7 vs. M8). The proportions of positively selected sites were significant, with a likelihood log value of 93.63 for the BPIFA1 protein. The Selecton server was used on the same dataset to reconfirm positive selection for specific sites by employing the Mechanistic-Empirical Combination model, thus providing additional evidence supporting the findings of positive selection. There was convincing evidence for positive selection signals in the BPIFA1 genes of mammalian species, which was more significant for selection signs and creating signals. We performed probability tests comparing various models based on dN/dS ratios to recognize specific codons under positive selection pressure. We identified positively selected sites in the LBP-BPI domain of BPIFA1 proteins in the mammalian genome, including a lipid-binding domain with a very high degree of selectivity for DPPC. BPIFA1 activates the upper airway's innate immune system in response to numerous genetic signals in the mammalian genome. These findings highlight evolutionary advancements in immunoregulatory effects that play a significant role in the antibacterial and antiviral defenses of mammalian species.

Starting phase of laying chicken life is the building stone for rearing and production stages. Since, fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) regulates the gut microbial diversity and affects the productive performance of the bird. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of FMT from feed-efficient broiler chicken could program the diversity of gut microbiota and growth of recipient native slow growing egg-laying chicks. For this, a total of 150 (one-day-old) Jing Hong chicks were randomly assigned into two groups, each group consisted of 5 replicates ( n = 15 bird/ replicate). The control group (CON) and FMT recipient birds (FMT) fed on basal diet, the FMT group received an oral daily dose of FMT prepared from Cobb-500 chickens. The FMT performed from the 1d to 28d of age, through the experimental period, feed intake and body weight were recorded weekly. At the end of a 28-day trial, carcass traits were assessed and cecal samples were collected for microbiome assessment via 16S rRNA-based metagenomic analysis to characterize the diversity and functions of microbial communities. The data were statistically analyzed using R software. Body weight and body weight gain increased, and FCR decreased ( p = 0.01) in FMT group. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio were increased due to FMT administration ( p  = 0.01). A higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Bifidobacterium were presented in the FMT group. Meanwhile, Enterococcus , Helicobacter , and Bacteroides were more abundant in the CON group ( p  < 0.01). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways for microbial functions regarding amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and enzyme families, cofactors, and vitamins were significantly annotated in the FMT group. Overall, FMT administration from the donor of highly feed-efficient broilers improved weight gain by reshaping a distinct gut microbiome, which may be related to the metabolism and health in the recipients laying chicks, providing new insight on the application of the FMT technique for early life programming of laying chickens., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elokil, Chen, Mahrose, Elattrouny, Abouelezz, Ahmad, Liu, Elolimy, Mandouh, Abdelatty and Li.)

Many synthetic routes manufacture zirconium nanoparticles in metal oxide, nitride, and other combination forms. Coupled with other variables such as concentration, pH, and form of precursor used, the various synthetic methods support synthesizing the zirconium metal oxide nanoparticles with changed features. Various synthetic methods were studied, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, laser ablation, and precipitation. All have different synthetic routes, different precursors and solvents were sued, and the product was characterized by SEM, TEM, photo luminance spectroscopy, UV-absorption spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction determined the crystal structure by identifying the crystal shape, arrangement of atoms, and spacing between them. SEM and TEM studied the particle size and morphology of nanoparticles. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy were used for the determination of optical properties of nanoparticles. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles have many applications in the medical field. The review study primarily focuses on the efficient combination of zirconium dioxide with other additive materials and functionalization techniques used to improve the material's properties, assisting the use of the material in hip arthroplasty and bone tissue applications. The development of sophisticated near-infrared (NIR) absorbing small molecules for useful phototheranostic applications was discussed in this paper., Competing Interests: The authors declare there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Hafiz Muhammad Arshad et al.)

Leptin is a polypeptide hormone produced in the adipose tissue and governs many processes in the body. Recently, polymorphisms in the LEP gene revealed a significant change in body weight regulation, energy balance, food intake, and reproductive hormone secretion. This study considers its crucial role in the regulation of the economically important traits of sheep. Several computational tools, including SIFT, Predict SNP2, SNAP2, and PROVEAN, have been used to screen out the deleterious nsSNPs. Following the screening of 11 nsSNPs in the sheep genome, 5 nsSNPs, T86M (C → T), D98N (G → A), N136T (A → C), R142Q (G → A), and P157Q (C → A), were predicted to have a significant deleterious effect on the LEP protein function, leading to phenotypic difference. The analysis of proteins' stability change due to amino acid substitution using the I-stable, SDM, and DynaMut consistently confirmed that three nsSNPs (T86M (C → T), D98N (G → A), and P157Q (C → A)) increased protein stability. It is suggested that these three nsSNPs may enhance the evolvability of LEP protein, which is vital for the evolutionary adaptation of sheep. Our findings demonstrate that the five nsSNPs reported in this study might be responsible for sheep's structural and functional modifications of LEP protein. This is the first comprehensive report on the sheep LEP gene. It narrow downs the candidate nsSNPs for in vitro experiments to facilitate the development of reliable molecular markers for associated traits., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Shishay Girmay et al.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential part in physiology of individual cell. ROS can cause damage to various biomolecules, including DNA. The systems that have developed to harness the impacts of ROS are antique evolutionary adaptations that are intricately linked to almost every aspect of cellular function. This research reveals the idea that during evolution, rather than being largely conserved, the molecular pathways reacting to oxidative stress have intrinsic flexibility. The coding sequences of the ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, and ATF6 genes were aligned to examine selection pressure on the genes, which were shown to be very highly conserved among vertebrate species. A total of 33 branches were explicitly evaluated for their capacity to diversify selection. After accounting for multiple testing, significance was determined using the likelihood ratio test with a threshold of p ≤ 0.05. Positive selection signs in these genes were detected across vertebrate lineages. In the selected test branches of our phylogeny, the synonymous rate variation revealed evidence (LRT, p value = 0.011 ≤ 0.05) of gene-wide episodic diversifying selection. As a result, there is evidence that diversifying selection occurred at least once on at least one test branch. These findings indicate that the activities of ROS-responsive systems are also theoretically flexible and may be altered by environmental selection pressure. By determining where the genes encoding these processes are "targeted" during evolution, we may better understand the mechanism of adaptation to oxidative stress during evolution., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest in the conduction of this study., (Copyright © 2022 Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad et al.)

BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) are multipurpose (transforming growth factor)TGF-superfamily released cytokines. These glycoproteins, acting as disulfide-linked homo- or heterodimers, are highly potent regulators of bone and cartilage production and repair, cell proliferation throughout embryonic development, and bone homeostasis in the adults. Due to the fact that genetic variation might influence structural functions, this study is aimed to determine the pathogenic effect of nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in BMP genes. The implications of these variations, investigated using computational analysis and molecular models of the mature TGF- β domain, revealed the impact of modifications on the function of BMP protein. The three-dimensional (3D) structure analysis was performed on the nsSNP Y316S, V386G, E387G, C389G, and C391G nsSNP in the TGF- β domain of chicken BMP2 and H344P, S347P, V357A nsSNP in the TGF- β domain of chicken BMP4 protein that was anticipated to be harmful and of high risk. The ability of the proteins to perform variety of tasks interact with other molecules depends on their tertiary structural composition. The current analysis revealed the four most damaging variants (Y316S, V386G, E387G, C389G, and C391G), highly conserved and functional and are located in the TGF-beta domain of BMP2 and BMP4. The amino acid substitutions E387G, C389G, and C391G are discovered in the binding region. It was observed that the mutations in the TGF-beta domain caused significant changes in its structural organization including the substrate binding sites. Current findings will assist future research focused on the role of these variants in BMP function loss and their role in skeletal disorders, and this will possibly help to develop practical strategies for treating bone-related conditions., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest in the conduction of this study., (Copyright © 2022 Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad et al.)

Currently, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are continuously and chronically polluted by cocktails of countless chemical compounds. The susceptibility to infections is tremendously increasing in a variety of organisms due to exposure to environmental pollutants. Pendimethalin, an herbicide, is continuously used in agriculture to remove unwanted broadleaf weeds across the globe. Therefore, this study investigates the mechanisms of toxicity of pendimethalin in freshwater fish bighead carp upon exposure to low and environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, 48 fish without any clinical abnormalities were kept in a glass aquarium in different experimental groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3). These groups were treated with pendimethalin at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. Four fish were randomly picked from each experimental group and killed at 72, 96, and 120 hours of the trial to study hematobiochemical parameters and visceral tissues including the brain, liver, heart, gills, and kidneys for histopathology. Herbicide-treated fish indicated various physical and behavioral abnormalities including hypersecretion of mucus, erratic swimming, operculum movement, air gulping, tremors of fins, loss of equilibrium, and increased surface breathing. Histopathologically, gills tissues of treated fish indicated atrophied lamellae, uplifting of secondary lamellae, necrosis of primary and secondary lamellar epithelial cells, telogenesis, congestion, and lamellar fusion. Histopathological examination of liver tissues of treated fish showed mild to moderate congestion, necrosis of hepatocytes, and atrophy of hepatocytes while kidneys revealed degeneration of renal tubules, glomerular atrophy, ceroid, and necrosis of renal tubules. The erythrocyte counts, monocyte and lymphocyte counts, and hemoglobin values were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in pendimethalin-treated fish. Results on serum biochemistry showed that the biomarkers of kidneys, heart, and liver were significantly higher in fish of treated groups. In addition, values of different biochemical reactions like reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), total proteins, and quantity of different antioxidant enzymes including reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly different when compared to untreated fish. Moreover, the percentile of different nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells and frequency of DNA damage increased significantly in treated fish. It can be concluded from the findings that pendimethalin causes its toxic effects via disruption of physiological and hematobiochemical reactions of fish., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Jin-qing Wang et al.)

Oxidative stress is a type of stress that damages DNA and can occur from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Damage to DNA caused by oxidative stress can result in base modifications that promote replication errors and the formation of sites of base loss, which pose unique challenges to the preservation of genomic integrity. However, the adaptive evolution of the DNA repair mechanism is poorly understood in vertebrates. This research aimed to explore the evolutionary relationships, physicochemical characteristics, and comparative genomic analysis of the Nei-like glycosylase gene family involved in DNA base repair in the vertebrates. The genomic sequences of NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 genes were aligned to observe selection constraints in the genes, which were relatively low conserved across vertebrate species. The positive selection signals were identified in these genes across the vertebrate lineages. We identified that only about 2.7% of codons in these genes were subjected to positive selection. We also revealed that positive selection pressure was increased in the Fapy-DNA-glyco and H2TH domain, which are involved in the base excision repair of DNA that has been damaged by oxidative stress. Gene structure, motif, and conserved domain analysis indicated that the Nei-like glycosylase genes in mammals and avians are evolutionarily low conserved compared to other glycosylase genes in other "vertebrates" species. This study revealed that adaptive selection played a critical role in the evolution of Nei-like glycosylase in vertebrate species. Systematic comparative genome analyses will give key insights to elucidate the links between DNA repair and the development of lifespan in various organisms as more diverse vertebrate genome sequences become accessible., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest in the conduction of this study., (Copyright © 2022 Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad et al.)

Transition nuclear proteins (TNPs), the principal proteins identified in the condensing spermatids chromatin, have been found to play a key role in histone displacement and chromatin condensation during mammalian spermatogenesis. One such gene belonging to the TNP family called TNP1 gene is abundantly expressed in the regulation of spermatogenesis, and its sequence is remarkably well conserved among mammals. Genomic analysis, by sequencing and computational approach, was used to identify the novel polymorphisms and to evaluate the molecular regulation of TNP1 gene expression in Sahiwal cattle breeding bulls. DNA samples were sequenced to identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNP1 gene. Modern computational tools were used to predict putative transcription factor binding in the TNP1 promoter and CpG islands in the TNP1 promoter region. In the TNP1 gene, four SNPs, three TATA boxes, and one CAAT box were identified. One CAAT box was discovered at 89 bp upstream of start site ATG. The computational analyses indicated that the polymorphisms inside the promoter sequence results in an added HNF-1 transcription factor binding site. In contrast, the other variations may remove the naturally occurring SRF transcription factor binding site. The CpG islands in the TNP1 promoter region were predicted to be absent by the MethPrimer program before and after SNP site mutations. These findings pave the way for more research into the TNP1 gene's promoter activity and the links between these SNPs and reproductive attributes in the Sahiwal breeding bulls., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kashif Hameed Anjum et al.)

From the past few decades, attention towards the biological evaluation of nanoparticles (NPs) has increased due to the persistent and extensive application of NPs in various fields, including biomedical science, modern industry, magnetic resonance imaging, and the construction of sensors. Therefore, in the current study, magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles (NFNPs) were synthesized and evaluated for their possible adverse effects in rabbits. The crystallinity of the synthesized NFNPs was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The saturation magnetization (46.7 emug -1 ) was measured using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and 0.35-tesla magnetron by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The adverse effects of NFNPs on blood biochemistry and histoarchitecture of the liver, kidneys, spleen, brain, and heart of the rabbits were determined. A total of sixteen adult rabbits, healthy and free from any apparent infection, were blindly placed in two groups. The rabbits in group A served as control, while the rabbits in group B received a single dose (via ear vein) of NFNPs for ten days. The blood and visceral tissues were collected from each rabbit at days 5 and 10 of posttreatment. The results on blood and serum biochemistry profile indicated significant variation in hematological and serum biomarkers in NFNP-treated rabbits. The results showed an increased quantity of oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidant enzymes in treated rabbits. Various serum biochemical tests exhibited significantly higher concentrations of different liver function tests, kidney function tests, and cardiac biomarkers. Histopathologically, the liver showed congestion, edema, atrophy, and degeneration of hepatocytes. The kidneys exhibited hemorrhages, atrophy of renal tubule, degeneration, and necrosis of renal tubules, whereas coagulative necrosis, neutrophilic infiltration, and severe myocarditis were seen in different sections of the heart. The brain of the treated rabbits revealed necrosis of neurons, neuron atrophy, and microgliosis. In conclusion, the current study results indicated that the highest concentration of NPs induced adverse effects on multiple tissues of the rabbits., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Muhammad Shahid Khan et al.)

The sucrose synthase (SS) is an important enzyme family which play a vital role in sugar metabolism to improve the fruit quality of the plants. In many plant species, the members of SS family have been investigated but the detailed information is not available in legumes particularly and Glycine max specifically. In the present study, we found thirteen SS members (GmSS1-GmSS13) in G. max genome. High conserved regions were present in the GmSS sequences that may due to the selection pressure during evolutionary events. The segmental duplication was the major factor to increase the number of GmSS family members. The identified thirteen GmSS genes were divided into Class I, Class II and Class III with variable numbers of genes in each class. The protein interaction of GmSS gave the co-expression of sucrose synthase with glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase while SLAC and REL test found number of positive sites in the coding sequences of SS family members. All the GmSS family members except GmSS7 and few of class III members, were highly expressed in all the soybean tissues. The expression of the class I members decreased during seed development, whireas, the class II members expression increased during the seed developing, may involve in sugar metabolism during seed development. Solexa sequencing libraries of acidic condition (pH 4.2) stress samples showed that the expression of class I GmSS genes increased 1- to 2-folds in treated samples than control. The differential expression pattern was observed between the members of a paralogous. This study provides detailed genome-wide analysis of GmSS family in soybean that will provide new insights for future evolutionary and soybean breeding to improve the plant growth and development., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: Haemonchosis is a fatal disease of small ruminants caused by the parasite Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). The most common drugs used in the treatment of H. contortus include albendazole, oxfendazole, and ivermectin. However, as previously reported in the treatment of haemonchosis, these medicines have acquired drug resistance problems over time. Interestingly, natural plant compounds have demonstrated promising effects in the treatment of H. contortus. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of plant extract, Ferula asafetida, against common drugs such as albendazole, oxfendazole, ivermectin, and closantel for the treatment of haemonchosis in small ruminants., Methodology: The current study was conducted on different small ruminant farms in Kasur District, Punjab, Pakistan. The positive animals (n = 720) after coprological examination were selected in this study and divided into two major groups (n = 360 goats and n = 360 sheep). Further, animals were divided into five treatment groups (A-E) and one control group with no treatment (F). Albendazole, oxfendazole, ivermectin, closantel, and Ferula asafetida were administered orally to groups A-E, respectively. The eggs per gram feces (EPG) were determined through the McMaster technique on days 0, 7th, and 14th of treatment., Results: The results showed a significantly higher efficacy of closantel and Ferula asafetida against H. contortus in both goats (100% and 70%; p < 0.05) and sheep (99% and 87%; p < 0.05), respectively. No correlation was observed between EPG reduction with age and gender in both goats and sheep., Conclusion: Allopathic drug closantel and herbal drug, Ferula asafetida, have been proved an effective dewormer against H. contortus in small ruminants., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic diseases significantly impact human health, particularly those who live in impoverished areas and have close contact with domestic or wild animals. Nearly 75% of zoonotic diseases are transmitted directly from animals to humans or indirectly via vector/agent interactions between animals and humans. Growing populations, globalization, urbanization, and the interaction of the environment with humans and livestock all play roles in the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. "One Health" is a multidisciplinary concept aimed at improving human, animal, and environmental health, but this concept is not widely accepted in developing countries. In Pakistan, environmental, human, and animal health are severely affected due to a lack of sufficient resources. This review article provides an overview of the most common zoonotic diseases found in Pakistan and emphasizes the importance of the "One Health" concept in managing these diseases. Given the current situation, interdisciplinary research efforts are required to implement and sustain effective and long-term control measures in animal, human, and environmental health surveillance and accurate diagnostic methods., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Yasmeen, Jabbar, Shah, Fang, Aslam, Naseeb, Shakeel, Ahmad, Baloch and Liu.)

Hematology and serum biochemistry study may provide antique knowledge about the physical status of individuals, making them a valuable tool to differentiate healthy animals from affected animals. We aimed to investigate Steroid safety levels in birds through ex-situ studies at regular therapeutic doses. A total of 100 birds were used for hematology and serum biochemistry. This study was designed into 2 trials over the summer and winter, each comprised 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. Each study group was based on 5 control group birds and 20 experimental group birds. A sum of 2 groups representing 2 different steroids trial groups was treated with therapeutic doses to the stretch of 5, 10, 15, and 20 d each season. A therapeutic dose of each of the steroids was given at the rate of 3 drops 2 times a day to each bird. Analysis of data reveals that steroids had severe effects on bird's (Coturnix coturnix) hematological parameters. In most trials, the hematological effects of bromocriptine as mesylate showed an increase in red blood cell count and white blood cell count. On the other hand, steroid estradiol valerate showed a decrease in these parameters. Effect of steroids on serum biochemistry profile indicate acute damage to vital organs, especially to liver and kidney, indicating an increase in cholesterol, total protein, albumin, urea, and uric acid. The overall effect of steroids on the bird's serum and biochemistry of quails were nearly similar but different only in their intensity., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)