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106. On the sizing and energy management of an hybrid multi-stack fuel cell - battery system

Author

Marx, Neigel, Hissel, Daniel, Gustin, Frédéric, BOULON, Loïc, Agbossou, Kodjo, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR)

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [PHYS.MECA.THER]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic
Abstract

International audience; This study aims at highlighting the impact of the sizing of a hybrid multi-stack fuel cell - battery system on its behavior. Using a rule based energy management strategy, five different hybridization rates are studied. The system’s fuel consumption, operation duration, start/stop cycles and state of charge deviation are evaluated using an Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) based dynamic model. The simulation results show a superiority in every fuel cell related aspect for systems with a high hybridization ratings whereas system’s with low hybridization ratings prevail in the management of the battery.

Published
2016

107. Islanding Detection Method for a Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Author

Doumbia, Mamadou Lamine, Robitaille, Mylène, Agbossou, Kodjo, and Simard, Rémy

Subjects
Renewable energy system,distributed generation,islanding protection,islanding detection,modeling
Abstract

The Hydrogen Research Institute (HRI) developed a hybrid renewable energy power system that uses a wind turbine, a photovoltaic array and a fuel cell. In order to fulfill utility requirements , an islanding protection device is being developed. This paper presents the passive (Under/Over Voltage, Under/Over Frequency) and active (Sandia Frequency Shift and Sandia Voltage Shift) protection methods that were chosen to be added to the system. Those four methods were combined in an innovative way in order to benefit from the strengths of each of them. This way, the islanding protection will be more efficient and the non detection zone will be reduced. This paper also presents a Matlab/Simulink model of the protection device and the simulation results that were obtained using different critical operating conditions for which the clearing times can surpass those defined by the Canadian standard C22.2 No 107.1-01. This standard is similar to the IEEE 1547 standard with a few differences. Finally, the paper presents the experimental results for a grid-connected inverter, designed by the HRI, which uses the islanding protection method presented above.

Published
2016

118. A comprehensive review of solutions and strategies for cold start of automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Author

Amamou, Ali Akrem, Kelouwani, Sousso, Boulon, Loïc, Agbossou, Kodjo, Amamou, Ali Akrem, Kelouwani, Sousso, Boulon, Loïc, and Agbossou, Kodjo

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can be a significant eco-friendly alternative power source for vehicles. However, under subfreezing conditions, cell degradation and irreversible performance decay can occur because of ice formation and repetitive thaw/freeze cycles. These problems have limited the further commercialization of PEMFC in cold weather countries. Thus, many improvements have been made to repair the freeze protection and rapid cold startup problems in PEMFC vehicles. In this paper, a comprehensive review dedicated to engineers of the recent research progress on the PEMFC cold start problems is presented. Systems and methods for fuel cell shutdown are summarized and classified into two categories: purge solution and material to avoid freezing. Regarding the system and solutions for PEMFC cold startup, different heating solutions are classified into two main groups depending on their heating sources and categorized as internal and external heating methods. This paper concludes with a detailed review of cold startup strategies based on an exhaustive survey of journal papers and patents. © 2016 IEEE.

Published
2016

119. A review of multi-stack and modular fuel cell systems: Interests, application areas and on-going research activities

Author

Marx, Neigel, BOULON, Loïc, Gustin, Frédéric, Hissel, Daniel, Agbossou, Kodjo, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, [PHYS.MECA.THER]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], [PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph], [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic
Abstract

International audience; Fuel cell technology is not widely used in the transportation industry because of its cost and technical and scientific barriers, which limit its efficiency, reliability and durability. Multi-stack fuel cell (MFC) systems could provide an improvement in performance over usual fuel cell systems. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of the art of multi-stack fuel cell systems.Different electrical and fluidic architectures have been designed for MFC systems. The effects of these architectures on the performances of the system are presented. Depending on the chosen architecture, a more reliable system is obtained through the enabling of degraded mode operation. The research focus is analyzed, and the remaining challenges are presented.

Published
2014

132. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell operation and degradation in short-circuit

Author

Sanchez, Rosa Elvira, Harel, Fabien, Jemei, Samir, Gouriveau, Rafael, Hissel, Daniel, BOULON, Loïc, Agbossou, Kodjo, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Commun de Belfort : Hydrogène et Pile à Combustible pour les applications au transport (FC LAB), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Institut de Recherche sur l'Hydrogène, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Laboratoire Transports et Environnement (IFSTTAR/AME/LTE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Laboratoire des Technologies Nouvelles (IFSTTAR/COSYS/LTN), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Direction scientifique (IFSTTAR/DS), and Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AU]Computer Science [cs]/Automatic Control Engineering, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic
Abstract

International audience; Hybridization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and ultra capacitors (UC) are considered as an alternative way to implement high autonomy, high dynamic, and reversible energy sources. PEMFC allow high efficiency and high autonomy, however their dynamic response is limited and this source does not allow recovering energy. UC appears to be a complementary source to fuel cell systems (FCS) due to their high power density, fast dynamics, and reversibility. A direct hybridization of these sources could allow reducing the number of power converters and then the total cost of the hybridized system. Simulations show the behavior of the hybrid source when the fuel cell and ultra capacitors are interconnected and the natural energy management when a charge is connected. The results show that the magnitude of the transient current supplied by the fuel cell to charge the UC can be much higher than its nominal value. An experimental setup is implemented to study the effects of these high currents in a PEMFC. This is done by imposing a controlled short-circuit between the electrodes. The PEMFC degradation is quantified by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Published
2013

146. Household electricity demand forecasting using adaptive conditional density estimation.

Author

Amara, Fatima, Agbossou, Kodjo, Dubé, Yves, Kelouwani, Sousso, Cardenas, Alben, and Bouchard, Jonathan

Subjects
*ELECTRIC power consumption forecasting, *SMART power grids, *ELECTRICAL load, *ELECTRIC power systems, *ESTIMATION theory
Abstract

Large-scale deployment of advanced smart grid technologies bolsters load forecasting as a vital requirement for deregulated power systems. In this regard, providing an accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) can facilitate demand response applications and real-time electricity dispatch. STLF is mainly influenced by meteorological conditions among which investigating the relationship between temperature and household total electricity consumption is notably important due to their strong correlation. Accordingly, in this paper, we estimate the total electricity consumption to explore the impact of temperature in terms of a non-linear relationship with electricity demand. We propose the adaptive conditional density estimation (ACDE) method on the basis of kernel density estimation (KDE) to enhance the load forecast accuracy. The aim of the suggested approach is to decompose and examine the mentioned relationship in the context of both temperature-related, and residual components of the total consumption. The performance of the model to forecast the electricity demand is evaluated using a comparison study. The results prove that an ACDE model can significantly improve the recognition capability of the temperature-related component of aggregated power. Finally, the efficacy of the ACDE method is examined via numerical analysis of real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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147. Approach in Nonintrusive Type I Load Monitoring Using Subtractive Clustering.

Author

Henao, Nilson, Agbossou, Kodjo, Kelouwani, Sousso, Dube, Yves, and Fournier, Michael

Abstract

In this paper, a low-sampling-rate and nonintrusive appliance loads monitoring (NIALM), which required only few tuning parameters and which is little sensitive to the grid power noise, is presented. Using transformed active power transitions as features, the proposed approach is based on the subtractive clustering and the maximum likelihood classifier. In order to validate the NIALM, a 1 Hz sampling rate experimental data from the reference energy disaggregation dataset is selected. The validation results with six commonly found ON/OFF residential appliances indicate that the proposed approach is effective. In addition, the obtained results from a Monte Carlo simulation suggest that this approach is less sensitive to power grid noise than a $K$ -mean-based NIALM method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2017
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148. Energy management based on the state-of-charge control strategy in a photovoltaic-wind plant with hydrogen storage

Author

Agbossou, Kodjo, Doumbia, Mamadou L., Kélouwani, Sousso, Adjallah, Kondo Hloindo, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Institut de Recherche sur l'Hydrogène, Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT), Institut des Sciences et Technologies de l'Information de Troyes (ISTIT), Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kondo H. Adjallah, Adjallah, Kondo, Laboratoire d'Optimisation des Systèmes Industriels (LOSI), Institut Charles Delaunay (ICD), and Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Troyes (UTT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-SY] Computer Science [cs]/Systems and Control [cs.SY], Renewable energy, Energy, [SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Modeling, [INFO.INFO-SY]Computer Science [cs]/Systems and Control [cs.SY], Hysteresis control, [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Simulation, [SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power, Management
Abstract

International audience; Photovoltaic and wind renewable energies are intermittent, and their output powers vary according to solar radiation and wind speed variation. The produced energy is fed to load, and excess energy can be stored in hydrogen to be used by a fuel cell to produce electricity on demand during bad weather conditions. A battery bank is used for short time energy storage. It is difficult for such a system to develop and implement an efficient control method that manages energy flow with hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. The paper presents and compares two control methods based on the state of the charge control strategy. Using the double hysteresis control method, the electrolyzer and the fuel cell regulators maintain the battery energy to its reference value whenever the energy level gets beyond a pre-set bounded range. The proportional-integral and proportional-integral-derivative regulators are added respectively to the fuel cell's hysteresis control circuits and the electrolyzer to improve the system performance. The system’s control methods, components modeling, and Matlab/Simulink simulation results are also presented.

Published
2004

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