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A phase shift technique using capacitive source degeneration (CSD) is presented for LC quadrature voltage-controlled oscillators (QVCO), where capacitively degenerated differential pairs are used to couple the LC tanks to implement a phase-shifted transconductance and negative input resistance to compensate resonator losses, and to minimize the flicker noise contributions. The CSD technique not only introduces excess phase shift to eliminate undesired bi-modal oscillation, but inherently provides a large coupling ratio to improve quadrature phase accuracy. Compared to existing phase-shift LC-QVCOs, the proposed CSD-QVCO presents excellent phase accuracy and power efficiency. A prototype of the QVCO was fabricated in TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS technology. The measured phase noise is -120 dBc/Hz at 3-MHz offset from 5-GHz carrier, with a power consumption of 6.4 mW from a 1.2-V supply.

Ege Denizi’ndeki dört Dekapod (Decapoda, Crustaceae) türünün fekonditesi ve yumurta gelişimi. Bu çalışmada, Plesionika martia, Plesionika heterocarpus, Chlorotocus crassicornis, Munida rutllanti türlerinin fekonditesi, yumurta boyutu ve gelişimi incelenmiştir. Decapod krustase örnekleri, ticari “Hapuloğlu” trol teknesi ile Ege Denizi’nin uluslararası sularında 240 m ile 460 m derinlikler arasından toplanmıştır. P. martia, P. heterocarpus, C. crassicornis, M. rutllanti türlerinin, karapas uzunluğu – ağırlık ilişkisi sırasıyla W = 0.4945 × CL–3.9564, W = 0.3681 × CL–2.8551, W = 0.1963 × CL–1.3166, W = 0.3904 × CL–3.0074 olarak bulunmuştur. P. martia için ortalama yumurta sayısı 11671 (S.D.±752) olarak hesaplanmıştır. M. rutllanti için ortalama yumurta sayısı 2895 (S.D.±1386), P. heterocarpus için 2925 (S.D.±721), C. crassicornis için 2056 (S.D.±533) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Türlerin karapas boyu ve yumurta sayıları arasındaki ilişkiler şu denklemlerle belirlenmiştir: P. martia için F= 730.38 × CL – 579.4, P. heterocarpus için F = 374.99 × CL – 2277.7, C. crassicornis için F = 194.2 × CL – 1080.8 ve M. rutllanti için F= 689.47 × CL – 5895.6

In this paper, a self-powered rectifier is proposed with an intended application in energy harvesting systems and wireless sensor networks. Key points in the design of the rectifier are discussed as well as practical limitations of the circuit. The proposed self-powered rectifier was designed and fabricated in a standard 0.5-μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process using standard components and poly-poly capacitors. Measurement results are presented for single and four-stage rectifiers with resistive loads from 10 kΩ to 10 MΩ and sinusoidal input amplitudes from 100-1000 mVpk. For the specified input and loading conditions, the maximum measured output voltages for the proposed single stage and four-stage rectifiers were 0.8 and 3.5 V, respectively.

The analysis and optimization of a notch filter to combat in-band narrowband interference (NBI) for multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM)-based ultra-wideband (UWB) systems is presented. Unintentional radiation of electronic devices can reside in the UWB band and jam the communication. Erasing the interference with a programmable analog notch filter reduces the requirement for the analog-to-digital converter resolution in the presence of NBI. The order and approximation of the notch filter are determined, and the filter’s bandwidth is optimized to minimize the packet error rate. Simulation results indicate that the UWB system with suppression scheme can handle up to 14 dB more in-band interference power.

A new technique for designing uniform multistage amplifiers (MAs) for high-frequency applications is introduced. The proposed method uses the multi-peak bandwidth enhancement technique while it employs identical, simple and inductorless stages. The intrinsic capacitances within transistors are exploited by the active negative feedbacks to expand the bandwidth. While all stages of the proposed MA topology are identical, the gain-bandwidth product can be extended several times. Using the proposed topology, a six-stage amplifier in TSMC 0.35-mum CMOS process was designed. Measurement results show that the gain can be varied between 16 and 44 dB within 0.7-3.2-GHz bandwidth with less than 5.2-nV /radicHz noise. Die area of the amplifier is 175 mum times 300 mum.

Phase-locked loops (PLLs) using binary phase detectors (BPDs) are modeled and analyzed in this paper. Steady-state behavior for PLLs based on BPDs (BPLs) using first- and second- order loop filters is characterized using transient waveform equations. It is shown that BPLL has a range of oscillation modes in steady state when there is no input jitter. The BPLL is most likely to operate at the most stable oscillation mode (MSOM) under the disturbance of random input jitter. The MSOM is determined by evaluating the relative stability of all the modes. The expected value of the output jitter amplitude is derived and its dependence on the loop parameters is analyzed.

Due to the huge bandwidth of ultra-wide-band (UWB) systems, in-band narrow-band interference (NBI) may hinder receiver performance. Sources of potential NBI that lie within the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB bandwidth are presented. To combat interference in multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) UWB systems, an analog notch filter is designed to be included in the UWB receive chain. The filter's architecture is based on feedforward subtraction of the interference, and includes a least-mean-square (LMS) tuning scheme to match amplitudes of the two paths. An 8-bit discrete control is used to adjust the filter's center frequency across the UWB baseband. It was fabricated in TSMC's 0.18-mum process, and experimental results are provided

A low power divide-by-8 injection-locked frequency divider is presented. The frequency divider consists of four current-mode logic (CML) D-latches connected in the form of a four-stage ring with the differential input signal injected into the clock terminals of the latches. The output signals can be taken from the data terminals of any of the four latches. The proposed frequency divider has higher operating frequency and lower power dissipation compared with conventional static frequency dividers. Compared with existing injection-locked frequency dividers, the proposed fully differential frequency divider presents wider locking range with the center frequency independent of injection amplitude. The frequency divider is implemented in TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology. It consumes around 3.6 mW power with 1.8 V supply. The operating frequency can be tuned from 4 GHz to 18 GHz. The ratio of the locking range over the center frequency is up to 50% depending on the operating frequency and biasing conditions.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based ultra-wide-band (UWB) transceivers hold the promise to revolutionize the next generation of short-range wireless networks and to be adopted in electronics products for both civil and military applications. For the UWB transceivers to coexist with nearby devices, it is necessary to design efficient UWB receivers whose operation is robust to narrowband interferences (NBI). This paper conducts an in-depth analysis to establish the impacts of NBI on the performance of an OFDM-UWB receiver. A comprehensive study to assess the effects of NBI on the quantization noise in the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), timing, and carrier acquisition is presented. The analytical results show that the efficiency of the ADC is degraded by NBI, although this problem could be slightly remedied by an adaptive autogain controller (AGC). It is also found that, compared with the conventional autocorrelation-based acquisition scheme, the pseudonoise (PN) sequence matched-filtering-based acquisition scheme presents higher robustness to NBI. Nevertheless, both these two acquisition schemes fail at high interference levels. As a conclusion, it is critical to develop novel and low-complexity NBI mitigation schemes for OFDM-UWB receivers that take into account the impacts introduced by NBI

An ultrahigh-speed fully differential charge pump with minimum current mismatch and variation is proposed in this brief. A mismatch suppression circuit is employed to minimize the mismatch between the charging and discharging currents, which minimizes the steady-state phase error in a phase-locked loop (PLL). A variation suppression circuit is proposed to minimize output current variation with the change of output voltage, which reduces the variation of the bandwidth in a PLL. Techniques are proposed to suppress both low-speed glitches and high-speed glitches in the output current to allow glitch-free operation of the charge pump with ultrafast input pulses. The differential charge pump is designed and simulated under the power supply of 3.3 V in TSMC 0.35-mum CMOS technology to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques

A new scheme for achieving rail-to-rail input to an amplifier is introduced. Constant g/sub m/ is obtained by using tunable level shifters and a single differential pair. Feedback circuitry controls the level shifters in a manner that fixes the common-mode input of the differential pair, resulting in consistent and stable operation for rail-to-rail inputs. As the new technique avoids using complimentary input differential pairs, this method overcomes problems such as common-mode rejection ratio and gain-bandwidth product degradation that exist in many other designs. The circuit was fabricated in 0.5-/spl mu/m process. The resulting differential pair had a constant transconductance that varied by only /spl plusmn/0.35% for rail-to-rail input common-mode levels. The input common-mode range extended well past the supply levels of /spl plusmn/1.5V, resulting in only /spl plusmn/1% fluctuation in g/sub m/ for input common modes from -2 to 2 V.

A digital automatic tuning technique for high-order continuous-time filters is proposed. Direct tuning of overall response is achieved without separating individual biquad sections, eliminating switches and their parasitics. Output phase of each biquad section is tuned to known references, which are generated by a frequency synthesizer. The core tuning circuit consists of D flip-flops (DFF) and simple logic gates. DFFs are utilized to perform binary phase detection. Frequency and quality factor tuning loops for each biquad are controlled digitally, providing more stable tuning by activating only one loop at a given time. The tuning system was verified by a prototype sixth-order bandpass filter which was fabricated in a conventional 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process with /spl plusmn/1.5 V power supply.

A digital scheme for automatic tuning of continuous-time high-Q filters is proposed. The tuning scheme uses the phase information for both frequency and Q-factor tuning, therefore, the relationship between the filter's passband magnitude and Q is immaterial. Due to the digital control of the tuning loops, only one loop is active at a given time interval, which eliminates the need for a slow Q tuning loop, improves stability and reduces tuning time. Experimental breadboard tests verify the operation where approximately 1% tuning error is accomplished using the offline tuning algorithm.

A new automatic tuning scheme for continuous-time high-Q bandpass filters is presented. It is conducted by amplitude comparison at three frequencies generated by an on-chip frequency synthesizer. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are provided. Analysis shows the tuning method is suitable for bandpass filters with Q>10. A g/sub m/-C second-order filter is designed to demonstrate the proposed tuning scheme. The test chip is fabricated in AMI 0.5 /spl mu/m process. The measured frequency tuning error is 0.25%, and Q-tuning error is 3% for a 200 MHz filter with a desired Q of 28.6.

An analog line driver for video applications is presented. Utilizing a class-AB error amplifier structure, the design achieved 1.2-V peak-to-peak output swing with better than 42-dB linearity for frequencies up to 5 MHz. An adaptive tuning scheme for output impedance matching using peak detection is used to provide uniform performance across line impedance variations. The circuit is designed in AMI 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and has a tuning range of 70-180 /spl Omega/ with a power consumption of about 26.4 mW at 75-/spl Omega/ load.

A tuning scheme for continuous-time high-Q biquad filters is presented. An improvement over the existing implementation of the modified-LMS Q-tuning scheme is proposed and efficiently combined with the frequency tuning based on phase-locked loops. The proposed scheme takes much less area without compromising the accuracy achieved previously. The proposed unified Q- and f/sub 0/-tuning scheme does not require the Q-tuning loop to be slower than the f/sub 0/-tuning loop. The optimal case is to have equal speeds for both loops. Also, a low-voltage pseudo-differential operational transconductance amplifier with inherent common-mode feedforward is introduced. The structure is fully symmetric and suitable for high-frequency applications. An experimental test chip is fabricated in standard CMOS 0.5-/spl mu/m technology, with a bandpass filter of center frequency 100 MHz and Q of 20, along with the proposed tuning scheme. The measured Q-tuning error is around 1%. Expected and experimental results are in good agreement.

In the general system of the natural tongues, attribution, which undertakes the function of cluster restriction and cluster equipment, can be categorized in two main groups, namely, noun phrases and subordinate clauses. The process of cluster restriction is realized by way of the reduction of the number of elements in the cluster, to which a concept has been attributed, based on a certain characteristic. In the function of cluster equipment, the dimensions of a given concept remain unchanged. However, this concept can be enriched through a number additional attribution to be equipped. Noun phrases are determinative phrases, which report no judgement and which are constructed from more than one word aggregated around a head noun. In the general sequence of Turkish language, the simplest attributive phrase is the adjective phrase made up of adjective and noun. An adjective ascribes some property, quality or status to the entity denoted by a noun. When adjectives attribute nouns, they become attributive adjectives, and when they attribute the action they become adverbs of manner. Relative clauses with adjectival function are complicated structures which attribute noun phrases, and they are generally constructed by taking participle suffixes like -(y)An, -DIK (-DIgI), mIs, or -(y)AcAK (-EcEgI). Relative clauses precede the noun phrase they modify, in the same way that adjectives precede the noun they modify. In this study an argument has been made about how the attributive functions of noun phrases and subordinating clauses are realized, and the structural characteristics of attribution in Turkish in the context of dependency model (dependency tree) developed by Tesniere's Dependency Grammar Theory have been investigated.

A current-mode flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with current summing stage was designed and evaluated. The topology is intended for low-power feed-forward continuous-time sigma delta (CTSD) modulators and was fabricated in a commercial 90nm CMOS technology. A 3-bit prototype has an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 2.87 bits at 2GS/s with 12MHz full-range input power. The static DNL and INL errors are both in the range of 0.24 LSB. The ADC achieves an SNDR of 15dB with a 1GHz input signal and an SNDR above 19dB for input signals below 300MHz. A major advantage of this architecture is its voltage scalability as well as the reduced input capacitance. The proposed ADC core dissipates 3.1mW power from a 1.2V supply while operating at 2GHz.

Blocker and jitter sensitivity of continuous-time sigma-delta (CT-ΣΔ) converters is discussed. The interaction between blockers and clock jitter and its effect on the ADC resolution is also investigated. It is observed that out-of-band (OOB) blockers and clock jitter in the feedback DAC degrade the ADC resolution by convolving with the OOB quantization noise, thereby increasing the in-band noise floor. Some techniques on how to improve the blocker and jitter tolerance of CT-ΣΔ ADCs are outlined. It is verified that increased blocker tolerance relaxes the baseband channel filtering requirements in the signal path of a broadband receiver. By monitoring the internal signals of the ADC and dynamically controlling a front-end programmable gain amplifier, saturation and overload is avoided in the presence of strong interferers. The proposed blocker mitigation technique avoids changing the ADC internal loop parameters dynamically, resulting in fast settling time performance with moderate penalties in SNDR and circuit complexity.

Le mot « Germinal » indique la conscience et l’action collective des ouvriers. Germinal conseille et dirige la classe ouvrière pour un bon avenir. Zola, pour préparer Germinal, part de l’idée de « la lutte du capital et du travail. » (Noiray, 1981, p. 163). Entre ce roman et la révolution ouvrière il y a un parallélisme clair. D’ailleurs, Zola établissait déjà « le lien entre le processus naturel de la germination et la dynamique sociale de la révolte. » (Pétrey, 1985, p. 61). Germinal désigne une volonté sociale, une grève, une révolution, et devient un slogan historique. Le roman fixe un moment de l’histoire sociale, une étape du mouvement ouvrier : l’époque où les syndicats se constituent, où des grèves spontanées éclatent, où naît la conscience de classe. Zola a montré dans Germinal comment les structures de la société capitaliste conduisait les prolétaires à une révolte sanglante., Deneyimsel roman türünün ilk örneklerinden olan Germinal, işçlerin bilinçlenmesini, ortak eylemini, işçi devriminin başlangıcını betimler ve tarihsel bir slogan olur. Germinal, öncelikle acı çekenler, haksızlığa uğrayanlar için bir merhamet çığlığıdır. Maden işçileriyle burjuva sınıfının yaşam şartlarının karşılaştırılması, işçilere ahlâk dikte ettirmeye çaba sarfeden bir toplumu mahkum etmeye yeterli olacaktır. İşçi sınıfının el kitabı niteliğindeki bu roman, adaletsiz bir toplumun değişim zorunluluğunu ve devrimci bir işçi hareketinin gelişimini açıkça ortaya koyar. İşçilerin kanını emen burjuva sınıfının ahlaki değerlerini ayaklar altına alır. Zola, maden işçilerini ve onların işvereni durumundaki burjuva sınıfını sürekli karşıtlıklara baş vurarak betimler. Yazar bu sayede, iki sınıf arasındaki büyük uçurumu tüm çıplaklığıyla gözler önüne serer. İki karşıt sınıf arasındaki düşmanlık romanın final sahnesinde bir nevi barışadönüşür : Mühendis Négral, göçük altında kalan rakibi ve düşmanı Etienne Lantier’yi kurtarmak için gece-gündüz çalışır. Ve bu iki düşman insan, yöneticinin yeğeni mühendis ve grevcilerin lideri işçi insanlığı bulur, kucaklaşır ve birlikte ağlarlar.

A baseband transimpedance amplifier for coexisting radio receivers is presented. It exploits active feedback to improve out-of-band large-signal attenuation, minimizing in-band distortion due to close-in blockers. A fully-differential prototype of the proposed solution has been designed and implemented in 45nm CMOS. Experimental results show that it can handle linearly single tones of ±10mA, withstanding blocking currents of ±9mA at 50MHz and beyond before reaching P1dB in a 10MHz bandwidth. The fabricated device occupies 0.25mm2, largely MOM finger capacitors, and draws 17mA from a 2.5V supply.

Commercial trammel prawn nets were used during 40 nights at various phases of lunar months during May-October, 2002 period in Izmir bay (Aegean sea). The most dominant eight bycatch species and one target species (Melicertus kerathurus) (by numbers per fishing day) were used in the statistical analyses to compare the differences in catch numbers within each species during a standart lunar month. Using the Kniskal-Wallis test significant (p

High performance continuous time filters based on operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) are discussed. Several OTA linearization techniques are reviewed, and a design example is provided with measurement results. To address the problem of inaccuracies in continuous time filters, two direct tuning techniques are presented with applications to ultra-wideband (UWB) receivers and bandpass sigma-delta modulators.

WOS: 000267810500010, In 2008, a specimen of a pignosed arrowtooth eel, Dysomma brevirostre (Facciola, 1887), was caught by a bottom trawling operation at Sigacik Bay (Aegean Sea), Turkey. Total length (TL) and weight of the fish were 23.2 cm and 2.00 g, respectively. This study reports the first record of D. brevirostre from the Aegean Sea and logs a new species for the Turkish Ichthyofauna.

A low-voltage CMOS temperature-independent current reference is presented. The proposed circuit requires no external component for biasing. Temperature independent voltage is converted to current, and proper operation is guaranteed by a fast startup circuit. The reference current is designed scalable to allow changing the power consumption of the overall system dynamically. The circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18mum process and measurement results show less than plusmn100 nA variation between 22deg C and 100deg C.

A mathematical analysis of the effect of jitter and nonlinear inductance on THD+noise of class-D amplifiers is presented. In the analysis, it is assumed that jitter is not correlated between edges and has Gaussian distribution. It is shown that the nonlinear inductor in the output filter causes THD+noise to be frequency dependent. The relationship between jitter, nonlinear inductor and circuit parameters is formulated. The accuracy of the proposed mathematical approximation is verified by transistor level simulations.

This paper analyzes the impact of narrow-band interference (NBI) on the performance of multi-band (MB) OFDM ultra wideband communication systems. A comprehensive study of the effects of NBI on the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and carrier synchronization algorithm is presented. The overall impact of NBI is demonstrated by quantifying the MB-OFDM receiver system level performance in terms of block error rate.

To avoid significant losses that might be induced by a narrow-band interference (NBI) on the performance of a multi-band (MB) OFDM ultra wideband (UWB) receiver, efficient NBI mitigation schemes are required. This paper proposes a novel mixed-mode NBI suppression scheme that relies on the cooperation between a digital NBI detector and an adaptive analog notch filter. Simulation results show that the proposed mixed-mode suppression scheme improves the performance of the digital frequency excision scheme in a MB-OFDM UWB receiver by as much as an equivalent signal-to-interference ratio gain of 9 dB.

Evrendeki güzelliklerin ve mutlulukların hepsi insan içindir. İnsanın insana değer vermesibugün, İnsan Kaynakları Yönetiminin arzuladığı ve hedeflediği en önemli hususlardanbirisidir. Günümüzde akıl almaz bir hızla devam eden rekabet ortamında ayakta kalabilmeçabaları, örgütleri yeni yönetim arayışlarına yöneltmektedir. Bu yeni yönetim arayışlarıçerçevesinde, üretim veya hizmet sürecinde ?insan faktörü? yeniden keşfedilmektedir.Yönetim sürecinde gerek örgütsel, gerekse bireysel amaçların gerçekleşebilmesi ancak oörgütteki insan unsuru sayesinde mümkün olacaktır.Bugün ülkemizde olduğu gibi diğer birçok ülkede de, insan kaynakları ve yönetimi yeni birvizyonla ele alınmaktadır. Çünkü çağımızda rekabet avantajının insan kaynaklarında olduğuanlaşılmaktadır. O nedenle örgütler, çalışanlarına ve onları yönetenlere kısacası `insana`yatırım yapmaktadırlar.İnsanın yönetimi zordur. Çünkü her insan kendine özgüdür. Fiziksel, zihinsel ve duygusalboyutlarıyla anlaşılması ve yönetilmesinden zor olan kaynaktır. Ancak bu zor kaynağın etkinyönetilmesi durumunda da bir organizasyonun ulaşabileceği kapasite ya da başarı düzeyibeklentilerin çok üstüne çıkmaktadır. İnsanın bağlılığını, odaklanmasını ve adanmasınısağlayan bir organizasyon onun yaratıcı, üretken, sorun çözücü yeteneklerinden çok daha fazlayararlanacak ve çok önemli bir rekabetçi üstünlük elde edecektir.Bu araştırma, insan kaynakları yönetimi konularına genel bir giriş niteliğindeki birincibölümden sonra insan kaynakları yönetiminin tarihsel gelişimini, insan kaynakları yönetimininamaçları ve fonksiyonlarını değişik kaynaklar desteğinde incelemektedir.Organizasyonel etkinliği geliştirmek için sistematik yaklaşımlar planlayan ve uygulayanİKY'nin amacı, sistemin etkinliğini artırmak ve tüm çalışanların potansiyelini geliştirmektir.Organizasyonun stratejik planları ve amaçlarıyla yakından ilgili olan İKY'ye ilişkin karar veuygulamaların hemen tümü sonuçta organizasyonun verimliliğini ve performansını etkiler. Buaraştırma insan kaynakları yönetiminin amaçlarına ve fonksiyonlarına bu perspektiftenbakmıştır.Bu araştırmada bahsi geçen İKY'nin temel amaçları; etkili insangücü kaynaklarını oluşturmak,etkili insangücü kaynaklarını geliştirmek ve etkili insangücü kaynaklarını elde tutmak olaraközetlenebilir. 43

V ÖZET BARBUNYA GALSAMA AĞLARINDA KULLANILAN POLÎAMİD MONOFILAMENT VE MULTIFILAMENT AĞ İPİNİN AV VERİMİNE VE TÜR SEÇİCİLİĞİNE OLAN ETKİS AYDIN, İlker Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Su Ürünleri Avlama ve İşleme Teknolojisi ABD. Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Cengiz METİN Kasım 2005, 34 sayfa Galsama ağlan, deniz ve içsularda, çeşitli demersal, bentik ve pelajik türlerin avcılığında kullanılan küçük ölçekli pasif av araçlarıdır. Poliamid malzemenin perlon (PA 6, monofilament) ve naylon (PA 6.6, multifilament) lifleri uzatma ağlan yapımında kullanılmaktadır. PA 6.6 malzemenin gerilme dayanımı PA 6 'ya göre biraz daha fazladır. Bu liflerden yapılan galsama ağlarının arasındaki en önemli fark, monofilament ağm sudaki görünürlüğünün çok düşük olmasıdır. Bu da seçicilik, verimlilik ve tür kompozisyonu çalışmalarında önemli bir faktör olarak çeşitli sonuçlar ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma Ekim 2003 - Mayıs 2004 tarihleri arasında Urla ve adalar civarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 36 mm ağ göz uzunluğuna sahip, 35 göz yüksekliğinde, %41 donam faktörüne göre donatılmış, monofilament ve multifilament malzemeden üretilen 21 Od/2 numara ve 0,18 mm ip kalınlığına sahip ağlar kullanılmıştır. Avlanan toplam 32 türün 16'sı ekonomik değere sahip 16'sı ise ekonomik değere sahip değildir. Monofilament ağ ipliğinden yapılmış galsama ağları, multifilamentlere oranla avcılık açısından daha etkin bulunmuştur. FakatVI maliyeti, onarımının zor olması, aynı zamanda ekonomik türlerle beraber ıskarta türleri de avlaması nedeniyle balıkçılar tarafından genelde neden tercih edilmediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Galsama ağı, poliamid, monofilament, multifilament, Urla, ıskarta. VII ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF POLIAMID MONOFILAMENT AND MULTIFLAMENT NETTING ROPE ON THE CATCHING EFFICIENCY AND SPECIES SELECTIVITY THAT USED ON RED MULLET GILLNETS AYDIN, İlker MSc in Department of Fisheries and Processing Technology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Cengiz METİN November 2005,34Papes Gillnets are the small scale fishing gears, that using for catching the demersal, benthic and pelagic species in the seas and the inland waters. Naylon (PA 6, monofilament) and (PA6.6, multiflament) fibres of the poliamid material are used to making trammel nets. The streched toughness of the PA6.6 fibres is a little more than PA 6 fibres. Therefore, the most important difference of the gillnets which are made up of from these materials is the visibility of the nets under the water. This reason makes various results with an important effect on the selectivity and the efficiency studies. This study was realized between September 2003 and May 2004 in the Urla and near islands. The gillnets which were used in this study has 36 mm meshsize, 35 meshes depth, and %41 hanging ratio. The twine thickness of monoflament gillnet was 0,20 mm and the multiflament' s was 210d/2. Totally 32 species have been hunted in the fishing operations. 16 species of hunts were commercial and 16 were noncommercial. The gillnets which was made up of monoflament was more effective than multiflament for catching efficiency. As a result ofVIII this study, we've been seen that, the commercial fishers generally don't use them because of the high price of monoflament, difficulty of repairing the net, and also high catch of discards. Keywords: Gillnet, poliamid, monoflament, multiflament, Urla, discard. 48

In this research which based on tree-syntagmatic method developed in the first period of generative-transformational grammar, I analyzed appearances of phrases and syntagm at syntax in Turkish and French which are in different languages groups. Firstly, I talked about syntagmatic structural rules of two languages shortly mentioning about Chomsky and his theory. Later, I listed syntagmes as noun, verb, adverb, adjective and preposition which are formed syntaxes of two languages. In this frame, I also showed syntagm expansive in both. At the end, I analyzed appearances of conjugation in Turkish and French languages in the title of conjugation category and syntagm structure. Deep structure and covered relations are same in two languages. But, Turkish language differs in posing of complement before verb, taking conjugation affix and making complement of nouns with relative and possessive affixes from French language., Üretici-dönüşümsel dilbilgisinin ilk evresinde geliştirilen ağaç çizim yöntemine dayalı bu araştırmada, farklı dil grupları içinde yer alan iki dilin, Türkçe ve Fransızca’nın sözdiziminde tümce ve öbek görünümlerini ele aldım. İlk önce Chomsky ve temsilcisi olduğu kurama kısaca değinerek iki dilin öbek yapı kurallarından ve ağaç-şema yönteminden bahsettim. Daha sonra, İki dilin tümce yapısını oluşturan dizimleri ad öbeği, eylem öbeği, sıfat öbeği, zarf öbeği ve ilgeç öbeği olarak sıraladım. Bu çerçevede iki dildeki öbek genişlemelerini de gösterdim. Son olarak da “Çekimsel Kategoriler ve Öbek Yapı” başlığı altında Türkçe ve Fransızcada eylem çekimi görünümlerini inceledim. İki dilde de, derin yapı ve örtük bağlantılar aynıdır. Ancak Türkçe, dizimsel düzlemde, tümlecin yüklemden önce yerleşmesi, çekim eki alması ve ad tamlamalarını ilgi ve iyelik ekleriyle gerçekleştirmesi gibi özelliklerle Fransızcadan ayrılır.

A digital automatic tuning technique for analog high-Q bandpass filters is proposed. The technique is based on envelope detection and magnitude comparison at three reference frequencies. The digital approach provides reliability with more robust control of frequency and Q tuning by enabling only one loop at a time. Accurate tuning is achieved since the scheme does not assume a direct relation between the passband gain and Q factor of filter.

A new topology for wideband multistage amplifiers (MA) is introduced. The proposed method uses active negative feedback in a chain of amplifiers to extend the bandwidth and improve gain-bandwidth product. The topology has several advantages such as having capability of widening bandwidth as the number of stage increases and enhancing bandwidth by several times that of the dominant pole of each stage. To verify the performance of topology, an 8-stage amplifier in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS was designed, where more than 2.8 GHz bandwidth and 40 dB gain were obtained from simulations.

A new technique for designing wideband multistage amplifiers (MA) is introduced. The proposed method has several advantages such as increased bandwidth with increasing number of stages and decreased sensitivity to process variations. All stages of the proposed MA topology can be identical, where the bandwidth can be several times more than that of a single stage. A 0.35μm CMOS process is used to implement the new MA circuit; where active negative feedbacks exploit the intrinsic capacitance within the transistors to expand the bandwidth. Simulation results show an overall GBP of 4.8THz.