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Mustafa BORAN* Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, İslam Hukuku Anabilim Dalı -- , E-mail: mustafa.boran@comu.edu.tr Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-2345-6789 İslam hukukunda avlanmak Kitap, Sünnet ve icmâ ile mubah sayılmıştır. Mubah; yapılmasında bir sakınca olmayan, yapılmadığı zaman da bir günah terettüp etmeyen hususlardır. Meşru ölçüler içerisinde avcılık caiz görülmüştür. Ancak gereksiz yere avlanmak, istifade kastı olmadan av hayvanını vurmak caiz görülmemiştir. Fıkıh kitaplarımızda av ve avcılık ile ilgili hükümler genişçe ele alınmıştır. Avlanacak hayvan, avlanan kimse, eğitilmiş hayvan ile avcılık konularında hükümler belirlenmiştir. Avcılığın hayvan kesimi ile ilgisi vardır. Dinimiz öldürmeyi değil, yaşatmayı esas alır. Hayvanların da belirli bir süre yaşama hakkı vardır. Ayrıca dinimizde hayvan sevgisi, hayvanlara ve bütün canlılara merhamet esas alınmıştır. Avcılığa bu esaslar çerçevesinde sınırlı izin verilmiştir. Bugün modern kanun metinlerinde de avcılık konusunda sınırlamalar, belli şartlar konulmuştur. Avcılığa ruhsat verilmesinin en önemli sebeplerinden birisi gıda ihtiyacını karşılamaktır. Günümüzde avcılık ile et ihtiyacını karşılamak pek mümkün görünmemektedir. Tam tersine bugün yaban hayvanlarının yaşam alanlarına müdahale, aşırı avlanma gibi sebeplerle yaban hayatı tehlikeye girmiştir. Bazı hayvan türlerinin nesli tükenmiş, bazısı da tükenmek üzeredir. Bu sebeple kara avcılığı sınırlı kalmıştır. Denizlerde su ürünlerinin birçoğu aşırı avlanma ile tehlike altında kalmıştır. Ayrıca denizlerde meydana gelen aşırı kirlilik deniz ürünlerine de yansımaktadır. Bu sebeple çevreyi temiz tutmak ve atık suları ileri derecede arıtmak lazım gelmektedir. Günümüzde avcılık konusunda meydana gelen bu gelişmeler çerçevesinde alan son derece daralmıştır. Bu makalede, av ve avcılık konuları İslam hukuku çerçevesinde ele alınarak hayvan sevgisi ve çevre gibi güncel bazı değerlendirmelere de kısaca yer verilmiştir. In Islamic law, hunting is permitted by the Book, Sunnah, and Ijma. Licit means following Islamic law and applying strict conformity to the provisions of and what is regulated by Islamic law so that the people are allowed to do or not to do anything. Concerning the legitimate limits, hunting is justified. In contrary to this, gratuitously hunting is not approved, as well as hitting the games randomly. Our fiqh acts comprehensively evaluate the game and hunting and describe the judgments on the game to be hunted, hunter, porting animal, and hunting. Hunting subject is related to slaughtering. Our religion’s idea is to make, not to kill any living things. The animals also have the right to live for a certain period. In addition to that, our religion is grounded on the facts “animal welfare” and “treating all beings with mercy .”Therefore, hunting is restricted following these principles under the limitations and terms set out by the current laws and regulations by the sharia. One of the most legitimate reasons for hunting is to meet the need for food. Based on the current facts, hunting cannot meet the need of meat today. However, on the contrary, the hunters endanger the wildlife by destroying animal habitats with excessive hunting. Some animal species are critically endangered while others are virtually extinct, thereby restricting ground of hunting. Again, overfishing is the most severe threat to the fish species too. Additionally, sea pollution leads to the death of sea animals. Therefore, keeping the environment clean and treating wastewater efficiently have gained significant importance in today’s world. Overall, hunting today is negatively affected by these realities. In this article, the game and hunting issues are discussed within the framework of Islamic law, and some current assessments concerning the animal love and environmental protection are also briefly mentioned.

Safety-critical systems such as Advanced Driving Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles require redundancy to satisfy their safety requirements and to be classified as fail-operational. Introducing redundancy in a system with high data rates and processing requirements also has a great impact on architectural design decisions. The current self-driving vehicle prototypes do not use a standardized system architecture but base their design on existing vehicles and the available components. In this work, we provide a novel analysis framework that allows us to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate an in-vehicle architecture topology and compare it with others.With this framework, we evaluate different variants of two common topologies: domain and zone-based architectures. Each topology is evaluated in terms of total cost, failure probability, total communication cable length, communication load distribution, and functional load distribution.We introduce redundancy in selected parts of the systems using our automated process provided in the framework, in a safety-oriented design process that enables the ISO26262 Automotive Safety Integrity Level decomposition technique. After every design step, the architecture is re-evaluated. The advantages and disadvantages of the different architecture variants are evaluated to guide the designer towards the choice of correct architecture, with a focus on the introduction of redundancy.

The quality of Norwegian cold pressed camelina oil for human consumption and fish feed production, with a special focus on plant rest materials, natural antioxidants, and oxidation products is studied. Both crude oil with plant rest materials (CCO) and centrifuged oil (CO) were highly unsaturated with 39.4% (w/w) α-linolenic acid. The oils were oxidatively stable for 12 months at long-term storage conditions at 4 °C. Lipid oxidation was observed in CO but not in CCO, between 6 and at 9 months at 20 °C. This difference was even higher at accelerated conditions at 40 °C with an increase in PV, AV, and secondary oxidation products and a decrease in tocopherols after 2 weeks in CO but not in CCO. This indicates there are natural antioxidants with stronger antioxidant capacity than tocopherols in association with the plant rest materials in CCO. The polyphenol rutin with antioxidative properties might be a good candidate but needs further studies.

An effective implementation approach is crucial for successful integration of structured risk assessment instruments into practice. This qualitative study explored barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV) in a Dutch residential youth care service. Perceptions of staff members from various disciplines were gathered through focus group interviews at three consecutive occasions. After inductive coding of the interview extracts using thematic analysis, the identified codes were linked to the consolidated framework for implementation research. Through this framework, factors that influence an implementation project can be organized into multiple domains and constructs. In the present study, staff members described implementation barriers related to characteristics of the risk assessment instrument, staff, and the implementation process. In addition, features of the setting were frequently mentioned as hindering the implementation, such as hierarchy, culture, communication, as well as implementation climate and readiness for change. Staff members also identified multiple facilitators, such as experienced advantages of the START:AV compared to the previous risk assessment practice and positive beliefs about the instrument. The article concludes with recommendations for successful implementation of structured risk assessment instruments in forensic-clinical practice.

Halk anlatmaları hayata dair her unsuru içerir. Halk anlatmalarının konu, motif, sembol, tip gibi özelliklerinde hayattaki tüm olgularla ilgili meseleler, semboller ve mesajlar vardır. İnsanlığın geçmişten günümüze anlattığı mit, efsane, rivayet gibi anlatmalar insan, dünya ve gerçek hayatla ilgili sembolik ve işlevsel içeriklere sahiptir. İnsanın doğayla ilişkisi, insan karşısında doğa veya doğa karşısında insan gibi temalar bu anlatma türlerinin önemli konuları arasındadır. Edebî metinlerdeki insan ve doğa ilişkilerini incelemek amacıyla ekoeleştiri, biyoetik veya ekofolklor gibi yaklaşımlar ortaya atılmıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar sözlü ve yazılı anlatmalardaki çevre, tabiat, hayvan kavramlarını ele almıştır. Sözlü kültürdeki ürünlerde bu kavramların mitik ve kutsal niteliklerinin işlevsel bir boyutu vardır. Bu işlevsel boyut aslında dünyevidir ve anlatmaların sahibi olan topluluk, bu kavramlarla ilgili düşüncelerini metinlerle aktarır, bu şekilde dünyaya ve hayata yönelik kavramlarını, uyarılarını, doğru ve yanlış algılarını ortaya koyar. Türk Dünyası anlatmaları Türklerin geçmişten günümüze yaşadığı coğrafya ve tarihî süreçlerle ilgili bir şekilde ekofolklor bakımından incelenecek çok sayıda metne sahiptir. Azerbaycan Türk sahası da Türk Dünyası’ndaki coğrafî konumu ve tarihî derinliğiyle Türk kültürünün farklı yönlerini gösterebilecek niteliklere sahiptir. Bu düşünceden hareketle bu makalede Azerbaycan Türklerine ait efsane metinlerini ekofolklor bakış açısıyla inceledik. Makalede ilk olarak ekoeleştiri ve biyoetik kavramlarına kısaca değindik. İkinci olarak ekofolklor kavramına geleneksel ekolojik bilgi ile çevre ve folklor ilişkisi bağlamında değindik, Türk halk anlatmalarının ekoeleşirel ve biyoetik incelemelerinden örnekler gösterdik. Ardından Azerbaycan Türk sahasından derlenip yazıya geçirilmiş efsane metinlerinde “av”, “su” ve “ağaç” kavramlarını ekofolklor bakış açısıyla inceledik. Bu incelemede mitik düşünce, kutsallık, mekân, etik ve çevrecilik kavramlarından faydalandık. Bununla birlikte metinleri Türk kültürünün tarih ve coğrafya özelliklerini göz önünde bulundurduk ve metinleri Türk kültür kodları açısından da yorumladık. İncelememizde kuramsal olarak ekoeleştiri, biyoetik, mekân edebiyatı ve işlevsel teorinin bakış açılarından faydalandık. Sonuç olarak belli sayıda efsane metninden hareketle Azerbaycan Türk efsanelerindeki insan ve doğa ilişkisinin Türk kültürünün doğaya karşı görüşlerini bütüncül bir şekilde yansıttığını, efsanelerdeki unsurların bazı noktalardan ortaklaştığını, efsane metinlerinin doğaya karşı çeşitli uyarılarda bulunup etik meselelere değindiğini ve “çevreci” metinler olduklarını ortaya koyarak tahlil ettik.

Yazılan bu tez insanlık tarihinde mühim bir beslenme faaliyeti olan avcılığın Selçuklu Anadolusu’nda (1075-1318) uygulanmasını konu edinmektedir. Bilindiği üzere Anadolu Selçuklularının politik, diplomatik alanlarına dair çalışmalar yapılmasına karşın devleti ve o dönemki toplumu anlamada önemli bir konu olan avcılığa dair çalışmalarda eksiklikler vardır. Bu kapsamda dönemin vakayinameleri, edebî eserleri ve çağın sanatsal ürünleri incelendiğinde, Anadolu’da avcılığa dair zengin bir malzeme olduğu kanaatine varılmış; tez de bu doğrultuda şekillenmiştir. This thesis is about hunting in Seljuk Anatolia, which is an important activity in the history of humanity (1075-1318). Although there is research on the Anatolian Seljuks political and diplomatic fields, there are deficiencies in the studies on hunting, which is an important aspect of understanding the state and society at the time. When the period's chronicles, literary works, and artistic objects of the time were analyzed in this context, it was concluded that Anatolia had a treasure of hunting material, and the thesis was shaped in this direction.

Febrile seizures (FS) affect up to 5% of children. The pathogen etiology in regard of viral loads has never been investigated. In a prospective cohort study we investigated the correlation between virus type and quantity in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and the clinical characteristics in pediatric patients with a FS. From January 2014 to April 2016, 184 children with a FS were prospectively enrolled. The mean age of all included children was 26.7 ± 18.3 months with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1. Males with an acute disease and a short duration or absence of prior symptoms had a higher risk for complex FS. The majority of patients with FS presented with a generalized convulsion (180, 98%) and was admitted to hospital (178, 97%). Overall, 79 (43%) single and in 59 (32%) co-infections were detected. Human herpes virus 6 (HHV6), influenza, adenovirus (AV) and rhinovirus (RV) were the dominant pathogens, all detected with clinically significant high viral loads. HHV6 positive cases were significantly younger and less likely to have a positive family/personal history for FS. Influenza positives showed a higher rate of complex seizures, lower leukocyte and higher monocyte counts. AV positive cases were more likely to have a positive family history for FS and showed higher C-reactive protein values. In conclusion, a high viral load may contribute to the development of a FS in respiratory tract infections.

Future automotive systems, with Advanced Driving Assistance Systems and Autonomous Driving functionalities, will require fail-operational electronic systems. To achieve that, redundancy is a necessary technique, like in many other fields such as aviation. Moreover the applications have different safety requirements, from safety-critical related applications, for example for the driver replacement domain, to QoS-oriented applications, for example for the infotainment domain. Redundancy in mixed-criticality systems can be solved by physically separating system resources or by using isolated virtualized environments with e.g. hypervisors. There are costs associated to both solutions. In this work we describe a novel model we use to characterize a mixed-criticality automotive system and the analysis steps to obtain quantified metrics. The quantified metrics include cost, failure probability, total functional and communication loads, and total cable length, to compare the different solutions from a system-level perspective. We analyse the same set of mixed-criticality applications that represent a simplified automotive system in four scenarios. The architecture topology is either domain-based or zone-based, and we use either physical separation or virtualization to provide isolation. The obtained results show how the model and the analysis allows us to understand the trade-offs between the different solutions in specific applications scenarios, and how to vary the metrics used in the analysis to adapt to a different applications scenario.

In contrast to previous works on data augmentation using LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), which mostly consider point clouds under good weather conditions, this paper uses point clouds which are affected by spray. Spray water can be a cause of phantom braking and understanding how to handle the extra detections caused by it is an important step in the development of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems)/AV (Autonomous Vehicles) functions. The extra detections caused by spray cannot be safely removed without considering cases in which real solid objects may be present in the same region in which the detections caused by spray take place. As collecting real examples would be extremely difficult, the use of synthetic data is proposed. Real scenes are reconstructed virtually with an added extra object in the spray region, in a way that the detections caused by this obstacle match the characteristics a real object in the same position would have regarding intensity, echo number and occlusion. The detections generated by the obstacle are then used to augment the real data, obtaining, after occlusion effects are added, a good approximation of the desired training data. This data is used to train a classifier achieving an average F-Score of 92. The performance of the classifier is analyzed in detail based on the characteristics of the synthetic object: size, position, reflection, duration. The proposed method can be easily expanded to different kinds of obstacles and classifier types.

Cardiac arrhythmias have been reported in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. To date various tachyarrhythmias have been noted. This case report describes an atypical clinical hospitalization course of high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block in the setting of COVID-19 infection which required no intervention. This case highlights the importance of an initial electrocardiogram (ECG) upon presentation and consideration for constant cardiac monitoring in select patients.

For solving the optimization problem in vehicle ego-motion estimation in mobile mapping system (MMS) or autonomous vehicle(AV), the relationship between vehicle pose and optical flow is proposed to be utilized and all optical flow vectors are decoupled into 3 translational components, 3 rotational components and 1 depth component. The error influences on single component and combined components to vehicle pose estimation are derived. The validity of error separation models with single or combined components is verified through simulation and real-scene data experiments. The combined components error separation model is employed in the proposed flow-decoupled motion field based pose optimization algorithm for stereo visual odometry. Experiment results illustrate that, in conditions of almost the same calculation efficiency as the initial estimation process, this algorithm can reduce the average lateral direction error from 4.75% to 2.2%, which means the lateral direction error is reduced by 53.6%; and it can reduce the average forward direction error from 2.2% to 1.9%, which means the forward direction error is reduced by 15.4%.The results demonstrate that the lower cumulative error ratio can satisfy the requirement of real-time vehicle ego-motion estimation in low power dissipation and high efficiency situations in integrated navigation.

The automobile industry is faced with societal and market pressures to develop radically innovative cars for the future. The development of the autonomous vehicle (AV) is a strategic innovation in this area. This paper studies whether and how AV-innovation strategies at Tesla, BMW and Toyota are developed by using an open and/or closed innovation paradigm. More than ever, it appears that R&D departments of car manufacturers employ a combination of a closed and an open innovation strategy. In order to nurture their AV innovation strategy, they strategically decide which innovations to adopt from outside, and which parts of the R&D process to keep in-house. This paper presents and discusses the combined closed-open AV-innovation strategies used by three dominant car producers. It provides an insight in how they aim to gain a first-to-market position and sustainable competitive advantage in a new market segment of a highly saturated market.