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This study aimed to examine the self-esteem of those who did sports in physically disabled individuals by some variables. Based on this aim, the study was designed quantitatively. In this descriptive research, the general survey model that is coherent with the main purpose was used. The study group of the research consisted of 140 individuals aged 18 and over who had physical disabilities and actively engage in sports. Purposeful sampling approaches and easily accessible sampling methods were used in the selection of the study group. The scale form was used to collect research data. The scale form consisted of two parts. In the first part of this form, there was a personal information form containing information about the participants and in the second part, there was the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale" developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted into Turkish by Çuhadaroglu (1986). This form was applied to the participants on a voluntary basis, on the internet between 13.05.2020 and 03.06.2020. Necessary explanations were made to the participants while filling the form and they were provided to answer correctly. In this study, the self-esteem of physically disabled athletes was examined according to some variables. The research group consisted of 140 participants; 42 (30.0%) of them were female and 98 (70.0%) of them were male and the number of male participants was approximate twice the number of female participants. It was found that 18 (12.9%) participants were graduated from elementary and secondary schools, 59 (42.1%) from high school, and 63 (45%) from college, and the number of the participants belonging to the group consisted of graduates from high school and college were approximately four times more than the participants from the elementary and secondary school graduate group. It was determined that 9 (13.6%) of the participants had low, 105 (75%) had medium and 16 (11.4%) had a high level of income. It was observed that 83 (59.3%) of the participants were congenitally disabled and 57 (40.7%) of the participants disabled after birth and the number of congenitally disabled participants approximately 1.5 times more than the number of participants with disabilities after birth. It was determined that the number of participants who were national athletes was approximately 2.5 times those who were not. Among the variables examined, it was seen that there was only a statistically positive and low-level significant relationship between the sports age variable and the self-esteem mean score of the participants (r = 0.147; p < 0.05). In this context, as the age of the participants increased, the self-esteem of the participants also increased. As a result, it was determined that there was a positive correlation between the age of starting sports and self-esteem in physically disabled individuals, and individuals who started sports at an early age had a higher rate than other individuals.

Poor single-leg balance performance is associated with an increased risk of sustaining lower limb injuries in team sports. However, it is unclear whether this relationship is modified by the level of training experience (years of training experience). The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether soccer players' single-leg balance performance is related to lower limb injuries in noncontact situations with different levels of training experience. Subelite young male soccer players performed the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test with the dominant and the nondominant leg at the beginning of the preseason. Due to COVID-19 rules, the occurrence of lower limb injuries during the second half of the competitive season was documented. The odds of injury were calculated based on a previously reported Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test cut-off score for side-to-side anterior reach difference ([greater than or equal to]4 cm). Twelve soccer players sustained a lower leg injury in noncontact situations. Only four of them had an anterior reach difference equal to or above the cut-off score. Soccer training experience has no significant influence on the association between Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test anterior reach asymmetry and noncontact lower limb injury in young male players.

Inclusive sports have emerged as a potential tool for building social inclusion within diverse populations. The Special Olympics Unified Sports programs are an example of inclusion initiatives specific to students with intellectual disability and sports that can be reevaluated with new understandings of inclusion. This systematic mixed studies review aimed to capture athlete Unified Sports experiences and identify what athletes reported about their participation. The systematic review identified nine original studies conducted by six unrelated research groups. Results across the studies are synthesized and suggestions for future research are presented. Athletes in all nine studies reviewed reported positive experiences with Unified Sports leading to increased social inclusion and/or self-concepts.

Our aim was to identify the suitability of three assessment tools (i.e., Flanker test, Updating Word Span, and Color Trails Test) for future inclusion in the classification process of elite Paralympic athletes with intellectual disability and to assess the strength of the relation between Executive function (EF) and intelligence. Cognitive and EF assessments were performed on 59 participants, divided into four groups according to their cognitive level (with versus without intellectual disability) and sport expertise (athlete versus novice). Inhibition and working memory update skills were implicated in people with intellectual disability. For set-shifting, a more nuanced picture was observed. Strong associations between EF and intelligence was found in people with intellectual disability. Working memory updating and set-shifting are relevant EF skills to assess in the context of elite sport; however, culture-free alternatives for the Updating Word Span test are needed, and alternatives to the Color Trails Test, less reliant on literacy skills are required.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a practical food skills and nutrition education workshop and investigate the attitudes towards, and knowledge of, nutrition among young amateur Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) players. Design and method: A quantitative study using a pre-/post-intervention study design assessed nutritional knowledge, food preparation skills, cooking skills confidence, attitudes towards nutrition, and future diet and food practices among GAA players (n = 336) across the Island of Ireland who took part in a practical food skills and nutrition education workshop. Findings: The workshop was effective in improving culinary knowledge, skills and confidence. Post-session, in comparison with men, women were 'definitely' more confident in preparing the dish they cooked during the session (p [less than or equal to] 0.05) and in using a cooker to prepare a meal or snack (p [less than or equal to] 0.05). While nutrition knowledge improved for many participants, women knew 'a lot' more about the quantity of each type of food they needed to consume (p = 0.013) and portion sizes (p = 0.003). Most participants indicated that in the future, they were likely to try out other recipes (94%, n = 310), more likely to prepare a meal themselves (93%, n = 307) and make healthier food choices (92%, n = 304). Originality: Results indicate the benefits of an integrated nutrition education and food skills workshop in improving players' knowledge of nutrition and increasing confidence in relation to food preparation and cooking. As gender differences were found across a range of key knowledge and confidence outcomes, future food and nutrition education programmes may need to be tailored to take account of this.

Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common phenomenon in the United States, with up to 3.6 million sport-related mTBIs diagnosed annually. Return to learn protocols have been developed to facilitate the reintegration of students into school after mTBI, however, the implementation of return to learn protocols varies significantly across geographic regions and school districts. An integrative review of the literature was performed using Whittemore and Knalf's methodology. A search of published literature was conducted using the PRISMA checklist. Database searches were conducted from March 2,019 to October 2,021 using the terms "mild traumatic brain injury" and "return to learn." Twenty-eight publications were included. Three themes were derived from this review: lack of policy, poor staff education on concussion symptoms and stakeholder communication breakdown. The development of communication patterns and use of a return to learn protocol could facilitate a gradual return to full academic workload after concussion.

Financial barriers often restrict sport participation among children from low-income families. Schools are thought to offer equitable access to programming, including school sport participation. However, pay-to-play school sport models can inhibit participation among students from low-income households. Recognizing the potential benefits of school sport and realizing the financial barriers to participation, the purpose of this study was to understand the extent to which school sport promotes educational experiences and holistic well-being of Canadian youth from low-income families. A case study was conducted with stakeholders who were supported by funding from a non-profit organization to help cover the costs of school sport registration fees. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with low-income students and their parents, teacher-coaches and school administrators. Three overarching themes were representative of the experiences of school sport participation among low-income students: (1) healthy student-athletes, (2) developing student-athletes in school, for life, and (3) supporting student-athletes as a community. The participants perceived that school sport participation offered holistic health benefits, and developed skills and behaviours that support positive educational experiences and foster life skills. Further, our results highlighted the importance of the school community in supporting low-income students to participate in school sport teams and the need to reframe school sport to better support low-income families.

Kazakhstan makes a significant contribution to the development of physical culture and sports in the Olympic games and as such, there is an urgent direction to study the prospects for the development of the educational services market and conduct research on consumers of educational services. The purpose of our study was to study and analyze the activities for the organization and implementation of work, related to the massive introduction of the ideas of Olympism and Olympic education in the daily life of both Kazakhstani specialists in the field of physical culture and sports, and the entire sports community. The study collected data through a survey involving 347 respondents working in the field of physical culture and sports in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Data was analyzed using percentages and content analysis. From the study, it was concluded that Olympic movement and Olympic education make the younger generation much smarter, more humane, more aesthetic and more tolerant.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, specialists in the field of Physical culture and Sports are faced with the problem of increasing interest in practicing folk national sports, based on the creation of both theoretical paradigms and a more evidence-based comprehensive practical database of research in scientific and methodological orientation. The research is aimed at creating a bank of models of bio pedagogical data for coaches and young people engaged in national wrestling, on the influence of Kazakh wrestling classes on the physical fitness of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system of its quality and the cardiac activity of highly qualified wrestlers in the preparatory period of the training process. The research was experimental, and data was analyzed using spss' correlation coefficient. The results revealed the positive effects of the quality of development management on the level of general and special physical fitness of highly qualified athletes of the national team who constantly train in different teams of the republic.

This study represents an effort to explore and understand the experiences of individuals who have significant stakes on Physical Education and Sports (PES) courses either through being practically involved in teaching or planning this course or by being theoretically engaged in discourses relevant to the nature and normative enactment of the course. The main purpose of this study is to explore the status of Physical Education course through unveiling the voices of significant stakeholders. To this end, this qualitative study relied on several parameters: an examination of curriculum of physical education, Ministry of Education's (MoNE's) efforts and initiative to increase success at sports, the role of sports clubs at school along with an exploration of key 29 stakeholders' experiences through semi-structured interviews. The results gathered through content analysis highlight that physical education and sports courses are mostly perceived of little worth, and that development of a strong sport culture is largely hindered by financial, systemic, and administrative constraints. The study also points out the urgent call for introduction of system-wide regulations and policies and further fortification of facilities.

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between self-talk and mental toughness levels of kickboxers and to compare the differences between the self-talk and mental toughness of the athletes according to the independent variables obtained from the personal information of the athletes participating in the research. The study group of the research consists of athletes who participated in kickboxing competitions in Turkey (n=223). 120 (53.8%) of the athletes are women and 103 (46.2%) are men. In the study, the "Self-Talk Questionnaire" adapted to the Turkish athlete population by Engür (2011) and the "Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire" adapted to Turkish by Altintas and Bayar Koruç (2016) is used. It is decided whether the data met the prerequisites of the parametric tests by examining the Skewness and Kurtosis values (normal distribution of the data) and the Levene test (equality of variance) results. As a result, correlation analysis is used to determine the relationships between the variables, and t-test and ANOVA analyses are used to determine the differences. As a result of the research, it is determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-talk and mental toughness. Mental toughness is accepted as a term that trainers, managers and athletes attach importance to, and it is considered a prerequisite for sportive success. The fact that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-talk and mental toughness suggests that self-talk is also a predictor of performance. At the point of achieving success, the inner messages that the athlete will give themselves will increase their mental toughness and will be reflected in the sports environment, training or competition.

This study, which included 50 young amateur male footballers aged between 16 and 18, aims to compare certain physical and performance parameters of young football players based on positions. Based on their positions, the footballers were divided into two groups as "central" and "wing" positioned players. The body composition, anaerobic power, speed and flexibility values have been determined using field tests. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistics program. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality distribution of the data. The independent t-test was used because of the normal distribution of the data. Confidence interval for statistical processes was considered to be p < 0.05. The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of height (cm), body weight (kg), fat mass (kg) and lean mass (kg) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in age (years) and fat rate (%) parameters (p > 0.05). The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of vertical jump (cm), 30-m sprint (s) and anaerobic power (kgm/sec) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in 10-m sprint (s) and flexibility (cm) parameters (p > 0.05). The results of this study showed that, in terms of physical parameters, the height, body weight, fat mass and lean mass values of the central players were statistically higher than the wing players. In terms of performance parameters, the vertical jump and 30-m sprint performance of the wing players were found to be statistically better than the central players, while the anaerobic power values of the central players were found to be statistically higher than the wing players.

The study aims to investigate the regional plyometric trainings' effects on the agility performance of male volleyball players. Süleyman Demirel University Volleyball Team with 20 players attended to the study voluntarily. Players were randomly divided into volleyball training group (VTG) (n = 10) and plyometric training group (PTG) (n = 10). As the VTG continued with their routine volleyball training; regional plyometric trainings for the lower extremity were performed to the PTG for 6 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 minutes a day in addition to volleyball training. T and Pro-Agility Tests were applied to the groups at the beginning and end of the 6-week period. Descriptive Statistics, Paired T-Test, and Independent T-Test were used for comparison. "p < 0.05" significance level was accepted for the results' evaluation. Results of comparison of the T and Pro-Agility pre and post tests' values of the groups, differences were statistically significant in PTG's values p < 0.05), but no differences were found in VTG' values (p > 0.05). Also, no differences were found as a result of the comparison of the pre and post T and Pro-Agility Test values between the groups (p > 0.05). Considering that plyometric trainings provide maximum contraction in the shortest time possible and its effect on the characteristics like sudden changes of location and direction in the volleyball, applying plyometric trainings may be thought to be effective in volleyball training programs.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effect of a core training program that was applied on football players on some performance parameters. In total, 40 football players, aged between 18 and 24 years old, who regularly trained in football and were from various amateur football teams participated: 20 athletes in the training group and 20 athletes in the control group. It was taken the pre-test measurements of the athletes' vertical jump, 30-m speed, agility, and flexibility; after the 6-week core training program, which was applied three days a-week, and it was taken the post-test measurements of the athletes. The training group applied the core training in addition to football training for 6-week, whereas the participants in the control group did not apply any training program other than their ongoing football training. It was used the SPSS 22 statistics program to evaluate the data and Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality distribution of the data. Owing to the normal distribution of the data, it was used a paired t-test to compare the pre-test and post-test values within the groups and accepted the confidence interval for statistical processes as p < 0.05. It was found a statistically significant difference in the vertical jump pre-test and post-test values of the training group (p < 0.05). In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in the vertical jump pre-test and post-test values (p > 0.05). It was found a statistically significant difference in the 30-m speed pre-test and post-test values of the training group (p < 0.05). In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in the 30-m speed pre-test and post-test values (p > 0.05). It was found a statistically significant difference in the agility pre-test and post-test values of the training group (p < 0.05). In the control group, no statistically significant difference was found in the agility pre-test and post-test values (p > 0.05). Considering the in-group flexibility pre-test and post-test comparisons, a statistically significant difference was found in the flexibility pre-test and post-test values of the training group (p < 0.05). In the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in flexibility pre-test and post-test values (p > 0.05). Based on the results of the present research, the 6-week core training program that was applied to football players improved the performance of vertical jump, 30-m speed, agility, and flexibility.

Rhythmic gymnasts repeat elements thousands of times which may put a risk on gymnasts' health. It is necessary to protect the current and future health conditions of young gymnasts, especially in the growth process. There is a lack of knowledge about training education on rhythmic gymnastics. To suggest innovative changes, the current study aimed to analyze the scores (D, E, and total scores) of the first 24 gymnasts competing in 34th and 36th Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships (ECh). Research data were collected from 24 rhythmic gymnasts' scores, from the 34th ECh and 36th ECh. Difficulty (D), Execution (E), and total scores for hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon were analyzed. Conformity of data to normal distribution was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Variables with normal distribution were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)/independent samples t-test and for variables not fitting normal distribution, Mann Whitney U/Kruskal Wallis H test was used. The main findings of the current study were that D scores between 2018 and 2020 increased approximately 4.18 points (p<0.001) while E scores showed no significant changes (p>0.05). In all apparatus total scores increased +15.39 (p<0.001). As these increases seem to be in the faith of gymnasts to get higher results, it is obvious that gymnasts are forced to have a higher number of elements in their routines. Coaches should be informed about new training models and coaching education systems. In this way, they will be able to support their gymnasts in all ways (not only with performance development but also with recent updates on training educations).

This study aimed to research the effect of dry-land quickness training for 14-16 years old male swimmers on 50 m freestyle swimming performance. 30 volunteer male athletes and 10 volunteer males in the same age group who do not sport participated in this study. Athletes were grouped who took swimming training as experiment1 (E1), experiment2 (E2) who took swimming & quickness training and control (C) group who did not take an exercise. Zig-zag (ZZ), Square test (ST), Illinois test (IT), and T-test were applied for quickness skills; 50 m freestyle swimming degree was computed for the swimming performance before and after the training. Findings were discussed by applying paired sample T-test for in-group, independent samples T-test and One-Way ANOVA tests were applied for intergroup comparison. There are significant differences in all the measurement parameters based on pared sample T-test analysis results (p<0.05). Also, with reference to intergroup analysis that compared E1, E2, and C groups, there are significant differences in all the parameters (p<0.05) while there is no difference between E2 and C group in ZZ, ST, K, and IT measurement parameters (p>0.05). On the other hand, there is a significant difference at 50 m freestyle swimming degree. Exercise that were applied on dry-land as an addition to swimming training have an effect on quickness and swimming performance. It can be considered to be available method for swimmers to plan their training at the appropriate time.

This study is inspired by the limited educational resources in sports education, especially those that discuss the role of leadership in improving the quality of education and training of athletes in achieving the quality of human resources in the form of improving performance in sport. Through this research, it is hoped that a pedagogical resource can be used as a model, that improving the achievements of the young generation in the field of sport is not enough with the education and training of athletes, but strong leadership is needed by the Regional Head of Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, and the Indonesian National Sports Committee of Kediri City is the parent of the research. This method of research is qualitative. Data was collected using in-depth interviewing and participatory observation techniques. The results showed that the role of leadership in the education and training of athletes plays a very important role in improving the performance of sport in the area. Its form may be in the form of a leader's decision on the allocation of funds, monitoring, motivation and maximum moral support.

Likeness, also known as homophily, describes the tendency for individuals to seek out others who are socially similar to themselves. As a society, we are attracted to "like" behaviors, but subconsciously the value placed on likeness can lead to undesirable outcomes including segregation, reduced diversity in peer groups, and narrower social interactions. Homophily behaviors present major limitations to multicultural group interaction and can negatively impact the recruitment and retention of diverse groups. The purpose of this study was to determine if homophily behavior exists among Kentucky secondary agricultural education youth toward three binary variables: a) farm background/non-farm athlete; b) Black student/white student; and c) gay student/straight student. Senior level high school students throughout the state were randomly assigned two, of eight, mock student profiles to determine if they were "like" them or "different" than them. Student participants reported homophily-likeness toward students who were white and perceived differences in likeness from students who were Black or gay. Further analysis suggested that students were open to likeness if the mock student profile reflected a minimum of two similar variables to their own demographic. Continued critical research, conversation, and professional growth in homophily is necessary to avoid particular group extraction and to promote inclusion and diversity initiatives in secondary agricultural education.

Identifying the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury is very important for the careers of elite players. When identifying risk factors, effective, easy, valid, reliable methods applicable to a large number of participants should be used. The purpose of this study was to compare the landing pattern of elite-youth soccer players using the landing error scoring system (LESS) which is a valid and reliable qualitative screening method. 95 volunteer elite-youth soccer players (U19, U17, U16 & U15) between the ages of 14 and 18 participated in this study. Jump-landings were recorded by two camcorders from sagittal and frontal planes. These records were replayed and scored by a trained rater on LESS score sheets. There were statistically significant differences in LESS scores among the soccer age groups (p = 0.00). Post-hoc analysis demonstrated significant differences between U19 and U17 (p = 0.00), U17 and U15 (p = 0.00) and U16 and U15 (p = 0.01) soccer players. The best LESS score was found in U17 players and U15 players had the weakest score. The higher LESS score of the U15 players may be related to the neuromuscular control ability however, more evidence is needed to confirm the potential influence of age categories on LESS scores.

The paper is aimed to determine whether there is a loss of performance by comparing the competition values of the Super League team before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to reduce the performance losses of the athletes due to lack of training, 60-75 minutes of self-weight training was applied during the quarantine period. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis. A statistically significant difference was found in the Total Distance, High Intensity Distance, Sprint Distance, High Speed Distance, Number of High Intensity Runs, Number of Sprints, Number of High Speed Runs, Average Speed, Total Distance in Possession, Total Distance Out of Possession, Total Distance Ball Out of Play, High Intensity Distance in Possession, High Intensity Distance Out of Possession, High Intensity Distance Ball Out of Play, Sprint in Possession, Sprint Out of Possession, Sprint Ball Out of Play, High Speed Distance in Possession, High Speed Distance Out of Possession, High Speed Distance Ball Out of Play values of the athletes compared to p < 0.05. As a result, it has been observed that the training of super league football players with their own body weight during the quarantine period positively affects their performance during the season.

Pre-competition warm-up has mostly been examined physically in the literature, focusing on its effect on performance and protection from injuries. However, there is a lack of studies regarding the psychological influences of warm-up. Therefore, in this study it was aimed to explore the psychological reflections of pre-competition warm-up in terms of motivational process and outcomes. The research was designed in qualitative research, and phenomenology was employed. Participants were 10 international wrestlers whose age differentiated between 20 and 25 years. They have a sports career ranging from 8 to 12 years. The data were collected via focus group interviews and analyzed via content analysis. Results showed that wrestlers need pre-competition warm-up as they perceive it improves their performance and protects them from injuries. However, perception of the opponent as stronger or weaker, guides whether the warm-up is needed or not. In addition, pre-competition warm-up motivates wrestlers through stimulating, goal-directing (e.g., adaptation, concentration, awareness), and encouraging them to the competition. In conclusion, pre-competition warm-up not only physically prepares athletes for the competition, but also prepares them psychologically with its motivating influences.

This study was carried out to find out the burnout levels of judo coaches in COVID-19 period and to show how they will approach their profession and athletes in the period after the pandemic. 136 judo coaches from different coaching levels participated in the study. Maslach Burnout Inventory was used in the study. In addition, 3 qualitative questions were prepared by the researchers to find out the emotions of coaches during and after the pandemic and how they approached their athletes. IBM SPSS 22 statistical program was used to analyze the data in the study. Since the data were not normally distributed, non-parametric Mann Whitney U was used in paired group comparisons, while Kruskal Wallis H test was used for the comparison of more than two groups and significance level was taken as p < 0.05. Content analysis method was used to analyze the 3 qualitative questions. As a result, burnout levels of the judo coaches in the study were found to be low. No significant difference was found between the variables of gender, age and coaching level and burnout level. In addition, while coaches stated that they missed their profession and were waiting excitedly for trainings to start, more than half of them stated that their approaches to athletes will change after the pandemic.

Purpose: This study aims to study the impact of the eight-week high-intensity interval training implemented by the national track and field team on some motor skills by gender. Technique and method: The study involves 17 male and 16 female athletes ages 18 to 26 who currently pursue an active sports life in the Turkish national cross-country teams. The anaerobic strength, agility, vertical and horizontal jump values, and sprint skills of the athletes in the study were measured. Findings: Through statistical assessment, it was found that while there was a significant increase in the Wingate test, it was not significant in terms of gender. It was also found that while significant decreases took place in the right-foot jump, left-foot jump, right-foot vertical jump, left-foot vertical jump, double-foot vertical jump, Illinois agility test, and sprint test values, there were no significant differences based on gender. Conclusion: The study suggests that an eight-week high-intensity interval training boosts the anaerobic capacities of young female and male national cross country athletes and improve performance parameters such as jump and vertical jump performance, agility, and sprint.

This study aims to analyze injury anxiety in archers according to several parameters. The research universe consists of archers who conduct sports in archery clubs modern category and Sports sciences Faculty students in the Turkey. On the other hand, the research sample comprises 346 archers, 194 men and 152 women, who willingly participate in archery at sports clubs in various cities in Turkey. In the study, the personal information form generated by the researcher and the "Sports Injury Anxiety Scale" established by Rex and Metzler (2016) and modified into Turkish by Caz, Kayhan and Bardakçi (2019) were utilized as data collection methods. Statistical analysis of the data was done with SPSS 25 program, t-test and One Way Anova tests. According to the results of the research, it was established that among the archers who participated in the research, the archers who had a lot of sports experience, had a sports injury before, and did not have any other sportsmen in their family, had a high mean score of sports injury anxiety.

The present study is aimed at determining coach athlete relationships, perceived school experiences and sports life satisfaction levels of athlete high school students and to examine the levels based on certain variables. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 306 students, 117 (38.2%) male and 189 (61.8%) female, who continued their education at different high schools in Trabzon in the 2019-2020. "Personal Information Form" designed by the researcher, "The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q)," "The Sport-Specific Satisfaction with Life Scale (SSWLS)" and "Perceived School Experiences Scale (PSES)" were used as data collection tools in the research. In the statistical method of the study, descriptive statistics, t-test, pearson correlation tests and regression tests were used. In the research findings, while there was a significant difference in the sub-dimensions of the coach-athlete relationship and sportive life satisfaction according to gender, no significant difference was found in the perceived school experiences. A significant difference was found in all scales and sub-dimensions according to the status of playing in the school team. As a result, a high level of positive correlation was found between the coach-athlete relationship and sportive life satisfaction, and between perceived school experiences and sportive life satisfaction. In addition, another important result is that the coach-athlete relationship (51%) and school experiences (32%) have important roles in predicting the satisfaction with sportive life. [This study was presented as an oral proceeding at the 5th International Academic Research Congress held on 07- 09 October 2021.]

Using Moustakas's modification of Van Kaam's systematic procedures for conducting transcendental phenomenological research, we explored ballet culture and identity and their impact on ballet dancers' mental health. Participants included four current professional ballet dancers and four previous professionals. Four main themes emerged: (a) ballet culture--"it's not all tutus and tiaras"; (b) professional ballet dancers' identity--"it is a part of me"; (c) mental health experiences--"you have to compartmentalize"; and (d) counseling and advocacy--"the dance population is unique." Suggestions for counselors when working with professional ballet dancers and professional athletes, such as fostering awareness about ballet culture and its impact on ballet dancers' identity and mental health, are provided. We also discuss recommendations to develop future research focusing on mental health treatment for this population.

Sports can build both strength and be fun at the same time. When it comes to a professional athlete's victory, the winner will enhance his reputation and can earn a great deal of money. The problem that athletes frequently encounter is traumas, which can happen in games or during training. Today, the technology is very advanced and modernized. Innovations and perceptual devices can be created to monitor, measure, analyze and evaluate data from the information received from the introduction of an intelligent system of evaluation and prediction in terms of safety and risk prevention with regard to athletes, by collecting heart rate data, blood oxygen measurement, air density around the athletes' body, body temperature and a temperature in the sports training room. This is the point of view and vision of a sports industry leaders, who perceive the opportunity and advantage associated with the competition and training of both amateur and professional athletes, to develop the athlete's physical potential to achieve international excellence. The study of intelligent sensor technology that is used to support devices that work on the guidelines of Internet of Things (IoT) leading to the development of real time data collecting applications. These are used to process or interpret physiological knowledge for an analysis of results and for the prediction of incoming results. It was found that using intelligent sensing technology which are two main groups of detection and measurement: First, human body function sensing and second, measurement to environment around the body or object, and explained to detail in this article.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of fifteen-week basic soccer training and education by coaching youth soccer players who are under eight (U8) and under ten (U10) years old. This study has included 24 children (U8 and U10) who have participated in the physical fitness sessions of football at school. Twelve participants in the experimental group (EG) undertook intervention training in games. Twelve young players served as a control group (CG) undertook traditional training methods used in Dali Football Club. Experimental groups indicated greater improvements than control groups (P<0.05) at four tests of basic technical education of football. The results indicated that soccer education and training four times a week can improve the basic skills of football of U8 and U10 children. Study concluded that the training in games methods considered in this study might be suitable to design an effective coaching methods and training sessions aimed at the development of the fundamental skills in youth soccer players.

The purpose of this study is to compare the multiple intelligence level of athletes participating in Inter-University Kick Boxing Championships in Turkey according to different variables. The universe of the study is created by 650 athletes from 65 universities that attended to the Inter-University Kick-Boxing Championship in Turkey (between 06-11 March 2018). And the sample of the study is 87 athletes who voluntarily accepted to participate in the study. In the study, "Self-Assessment Inventory in Multiple Intelligence Areas," which was developed by Howard Gardner, translated into Turkish by Saban (2002) and whose validity and reliability ([alpha] = 0.93) were made, was used as the data collection tool in the study. SPSS 20 package program was used to analyze the data. The normality of the distribution was examined using the Shapiro Wilk test. It was observed that the available data had normal distribution. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that compares the multiple intelligence levels of the athletes according to the universities they attend, the Tukey test, and the Independent sample "t" test that compares the multiple intelligence levels of the athletes according to the age variable were used. At the end of the study, depending on the age variable, Linguistic intelligence (p = 0.663; p <0.05), Logical intelligence (p = 0.724; p <0.05), Visual intelligence (p = 0.900; p <0.05), Musical intelligence (p = 0.815; p <0.05), Nature intelligence (p = 0.450; p <0.05), Interpersonal intelligence (p = 0.713; p <0.05), Kinesthetic intelligence (p = 0.548; p <0.05), Intrinsic intelligence (p = 0.799; p <0.05) no significant difference was found between the sub-dimension levels and the ages of the athletes.

In this study, we analyzed data of heart rate and pulse amplitude collected by undergraduate students in a physiology lab course during and after the diving reflex. On average, heart rate was reduced 21% at 15 seconds and 29% at 30 seconds during diving. Pulse amplitude generally decreased but with greater individual variation. There is no difference in the heart rate decrease seen between male and female subjects. Athletes started with slightly lower heart rate but showed the same response as non-athletes during diving. This study provides some variations on the typical diving reflex laboratory activity that could be used with students studying the physiological regulation of cardiac function.

The aim of this study is to examine the acute effects of different stretching methods on jump performance of volleyball players. 11 female volleyball players (age: 24.36 ± 5.10 years; height: 177.81 ± 7.30 cm; weight: 68.17 ± 11.69 kg; body mass index (BMI): 21.46 ± 2.56 kg.m-2 ; sports age: 12.72 ± 5.31 years) have participated voluntarily in this study. The players have applied three different stretching protocols such as control (no stretching), static and dynamic stretching on non-consecutive days. The protocols have included 5 minutes general warm-up, 1 minute rest, 30-second stretch program for each muscle group (control group not included), 1 minute rest and countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and standing long jump (SLJ) tests. Friedman analysis has been used for data analysis. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test has been implemented in order to determine the difference among groups. At the end of the study, a significant difference has been found between control and dynamic stretching groups with regard to static stretching groups in view of CMJ and SJ performance findings (p <0.05). It has been found that there is a statistically significant difference in the test averages of dynamic stretching group compared to static stretching group in view of SLJ performance findings (p <0.05). This study shows that static stretching practices reduce the jumping performance of the players. As a result, it can be suggested that trainers should use dynamic stretching methods before the trainings on jumping properties containing explosive movements.

The aim of the study was to examine the differences between the sports training and services provided by local governments in Istanbul, a metropolitan city, and the city of Bursa. The sample of the study was chosen randomly among the residents of both provinces. There were a total of 519 participants, 288 (55.5%) selected in Istanbul and 231 (44.5%) selected from Bursa. The research used a questionnaire consisting of two parts. The first part consists of 10 single-item demographic questions developed by the researcher (age, gender, marital status, chronic illness, education, occupation, economic status, participation in activities, weekly sports time, and city of residence). In the research, the "Opinion of Public about Sports Services of Local Authorities" scale developed by Tekin (2013) for his thesis on Keçiören Municipality in Ankara province was used. The scale consists of 4 sub-dimensions. These sub-dimensions are: Sports Services (items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Sports Management (items 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), Sports Facility Operation (items 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18) and Sports Facility Usage (items 19, 20, 21, 22, 23). The SPSS (25.0) program was used for the analysis of the data. Frequency and percentage values were used in descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups for data that did not show normal distribution. A statistically significant difference was found between the scores for sports management, sports facility operation and sports facility usage provided by local governments in the cities of Bursa and Istanbul (p <0.05). Participants in Istanbul were found to have higher scores in sports management, sports facility operation and sports facility usage compared to participants from Bursa, and the difference was found to be significant (p<0.05). [Note: The page range (137-148) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range for this article is p137-149. The following article begins on page 149.]

The study aimed to determine the Somatotype characteristics of Turkish national male boxers, since the somatotype profile helps to establish an athlete's suitability for a sport. Twenty-five elite boxers (mean age 16.50±1.06 years; mean height 172±0.06cm and mean mass 64.62±9.88kg), who had some experiences in national and international tournaments participated in the study. Skinfold thicknesses, length and circumference measurements were conducted for all the boxers. Characteristics of somatotype were determined by using Heath-Carter and statistical analysis were made on computer using SPSS for Windows program. According to the results, Somatotypes were calculated as Endomorphy 3.42±1.03mean±SD; Mesomorphy 4.39±0.84 mean±SD and Ectomorphy 3.121±0.95mean±SD respectively. Thus, it was determined that boxers generally have a mesomorph structure.

The aim of this study is to investigate the sports-specific psychological ability levels of high school students. The study is a descriptive study, and the data were collected by survey method. A total of 402 students (226 male, 176 female) participated in the study. Mann Whitney U test was used for paired comparisons and Kruscal Wallis H tests for multiple comparisons. The Mann Whitney U test used for non-parametric data was utilized to detect the source of the difference in multiple comparisons. In the study, the significance level was accepted as p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in favor of male students in the sub-dimension of goal setting, in all sub-dimensions except for the sub-dimension of being open to learning according to high school type variable, in favor of those who define themselves social-extroverted in all sub-dimensions except for high performance under pressure according to the self-definition variable, in favor of those who do team sport in the sub-dimensions of goal setting, confidence and achievement motive according to the sport branch variable; and in all sub-dimensions of the variables of club license status, sport year, number of exercise per week, being in the school team and presence of a licensed athlete in the family. As a result of this study, it was found that students who were successful in bilateral relations, social and were interested in sports for a long time were more advanced in terms of sports-specific psychological ability.

This paper reports on how a prominent American football player, Joe Burrow, from the state of Ohio adopts the Cajun English spelling system used in Louisiana, a southern state in the U.S., in a symbolic and innovative way during his short stay there when he relocated to Louisiana from Ohio for the final two years of his college career. In previous studies of language attitudes toward English dialects in the U.S., Michiganders evaluated the English used in the Great Lakes area (including Ohio) as the best variety while judging the English spoken in the South (including Louisiana) as the worst. Although Burrow may not carry such language attitude, it is implicitly demonstrated in media coverage related to his college football career. Despite the harsh folk evaluation and rather negative portrait from the media of the Southern U.S. English, Burrow's accommodation to the Cajun English spelling was a means to express his gratitude to the state of Louisiana and resonated through the U.S. in various ways.

The body is one of the ways people express themselves. This is true not only for people without disabilities, but also for people with disabilities. Physical education and sports are one of the methods of disabled people to express themselves physically in society. The aim of this study is to contribute to increasing the visibility of disability in sports in terms of the social model. The sample of the study consists of 11 physically disabled national shooting athletes who have the right to participate in the 2021 Paralympic Games. In the study, a semi-structured interview technique was used in which theoretically, according to De Pauw, his/her thoughts on the visibility of disability in sports were used. In this study, in which qualitative research methods are used, descriptive analysis of the data is performed using both content analysis and in-depth interview. In the study, the demographic characteristics of the participants were determined. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 people (4 women and 7 men) who voluntarily participated in the study. Findings obtained from the data after the interviews; The sub-theme of the "obstacles to participation in sports" theme is lack of materials and facilities, the sub-theme of the "attractiveness of the Paralympic Games" is the inadequate promotion of the Paralympic Games, the sub-themes of the "reaction of the social environment" are being congratulated as a positive reaction, and the shooting sport is not known as a negative reaction determined.

The aim of this study was to examine the COVID-19 fear of high school students in the COVID-19 pandemic proccess, based on a few characteristics. Within the scope of this aim, the study's research group; in the 2020-2021 academic year, a total of 760 students, 382 girls and 378 boys, were identified using a sample technique that can be readily located among high school students who continue their studies in Krsehir province. In the research, for determining the COVID-19 fear levels of students, Ahorsu et al. (2020), and Bakioglu et al. (2020) "COVID-19 Fear Scale" adapted into Turkish was used. Kolmogorov-Smirnowa values showed that the data were normally distributed. Frequency and percentage analyzes were applied in descriptive statistics, T test was used in the analysis of binary groups, and One way Anova was used in the analysis of three or more groups. As a result of these analyzes, it was determined that the high school students participating in the study had a moderate (X-bar = 15.7) fear of COVID-19. It was determined that the COVID-19 fear levels of high school students the pandemic process, according to the gender variable, the COVID-19 fears of female students (X-bar = 17.26) were significantly higher than male students (X-bar = 14.21). Yet, it was determined that the variables of age, class, being in the school team, doing licensed sports, type of sports, duration of doing sports and getting COVID-19 disease did not have a significant effect on high school students' fear of COVID-19. As a conclusion, it was shown that fear of COVID-19 in high school students created substantial disparities in favor of girls only on the basis of gender. Other characteristics revealed in the study had no significant effect on high school students' COVID-19 fear levels.

Introduction and Purpose: The aim of this research is to examine the effects of athlete success and permanency of learning the winter mountaineering training given by the Turkish Mountaineering Federation. The research group consists of a total of 105 participants, 21 women (20%) and 84 men (80%) who attended the winter mountaineering training course organized by the Turkish Mountaineering Federation. Materials and Methods: In this study, quasi-experimental design was used in the research. A multiple-choice achievement test of 25 questions which includes knowledge and practice issues related to winter mountaineering education was prepared. The reliability analysis of the achievement test was made with the "ITEMAN" program. The pre-test-post-test data of the study were collected on 20-27 January 2019 on Zigana Mountain, and 4 weeks later, the permanency test data was collected on 28 February 2019 on Erciyes Mountain. In data analysis, for correlated samples (repeated measures) one-factor ANOVA and for repeated measurements two-factor ANOVA analyzes were performed. Findings: There was a significant difference between the pre-test-post-tests-permanency test total, knowledge, and application scores of the athletes. It is seen that the achievement scores of male and female athletes before and after the training do not differ significantly. Results: According to the research results; It has seen that the winter mountaineering training given by the Turkish mountaineering federation has a positive effect on the knowledge and practice levels of the athletes and has an important contribution in the context of the permanency of learning. In addition, it was determined that the success scores of female athletes who received training were higher than male athletes.

The present study is aimed at determining subjective vitality and subjective happiness levels of sport high school students and to examine the levels based on certain variables. Relational screening model was used in this study. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 185 students, 113 (61.1%) male and 72 (38.9%) female, who continued their education at "Trabzon Sports High School" in 2019-2020. "Personal Information Form" designed by the researcher, "Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS)" and "Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)" were used as data collection tools in the research. It was accepted that the research data showed a normal distribution according to the skewness and kurtosis values. Accordingly, descriptive statistics were used as a statistical method in the analysis of the data, and T-Test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and regression analyzes were used for independent groups. In line with the research analysis, it was found that the students of sports high schools had above-average levels of vitality and happiness. It has been observed that the subjective vitality and happiness levels are higher among male students and students affiliated with a sports club (licensed/unlicensed). In addition, it was concluded that the subjective happiness and vitality levels are higher among students who do team sports and those who have longer years of practising sports, and no significant difference was determined according to the variable of socio-economic status of the family. As a result, it was found that there was a high (0.81) significant positive correlation between subjective happiness and vitality. Another important result is that subjective vitality (66%) has an important role in predicting subjective happiness.

The impact of regular track and field trainings on student's physical development and physical preparedness have been studied in the work. The study was conducted in the Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University. In total, 64 students at the age of 17-20 years have participated into the study. Applied methods: anthropometry, physiometry, the Stange-Hench tests. Sports and pedagogical control tests (on flexibility, strength, speed, endurance and agility) have been used as well. While evaluating students' physical development, the second study of both 'Sports' and 'Initial' groups has revealed the high indices among boys according to the following criteria: body height and weight, chest bulk, vital capacity, chest excursion and the Stange-Hench tests. According to the heart rate criterion, the indices of the "Sports" group were reliably higher than those of the "Initial" group (P < 0.05). During the comparison of the second study results of girls' physical development, more reliable distinctions have been found out (P < 0.05). When the physical development indices were under the study, the second examination exposed and proved that the flexibility of boys from 'Sports' group being higher on 7.1 cm (P < 0.05). The experimental materials provided in this article gave an opportunity for concluding that systematic track and field trainings had had a positive impact on the physical development indices, to be precise on the functional condition and physical preparedness level of boys and girls at the age 17-20 years old.

The purpose of this study is to identify the determinant role of emotional intelligence sub-dimensions (evaluation of others' emotions, evaluation of one's own emotions, regulation of emotions, social skills, use of emotions) in determining the self-efficacy levels of athletes. In addition, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy levels of the athletes by gender variable were examined within the scope of this study and the results were reported. A total of 261 athletes from different sports (soccer, basketball, handball, volleyball, tennis, wrestling) volunteered to participate in the study with 163 males (57.8), (X[subscript age] = 22.36 ± 4.34) and 119 females (42.2), (X[subscript age] = 21.08 ± 3.61). Within the scope of the study, information on socio-demographic variables was collected using a personal information form created by the researchers. In the study, "Emotional Intelligence Sports Inventory" which was adapted into Turkish by Adilogullari and Görgülü (2015), and the "Self-Efficacy Scale" which was adapted into Turkish by Öcel (2002) were used as measurement tools. The skewness and kurtosis values for the total score distribution of the surveys indicated that the distribution was normal. In line with this, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used, and Pearson correlation analyses were completed to determine the relationships between the variables. A stepwise regression analysis was completed to determine the power of independent variables in predicting the dependent variable. According to the findings obtained, it was determined that the emotional intelligence levels of the athletes are important determinants of their self-efficacy levels and the analysis completed in two steps explained approximately 12% of the variance. However, while there was no significant difference in the self-efficacy mean scores by gender, significant differences were found in the emotional intelligence levels of the athletes within the groups.

In this study, by determining the thoughts of women footballers about their experiences in football fields; aims to reveal female footballers and social reactions, and to take steps towards solving the problems. A semi-structured interview form created by the researchers consisting of a total of five questions was used in the interviews with the female football players who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports Department. In the process of creating the questions in the interview forms, a literature review was conducted, and expressions describing the existing situation were included. As a result of the interviews, the concept of "hegemonic masculinity" formed our main theme. There are three sub-themes under the main theme of hegemonic masculinity, which are "negative discrimination, discourses, and expectation". These main and sub-themes that are determined contain various codes. In the light of the data obtained, it could be noted that female football players have not yet earned their rights adequately compared to male football players in 2020, and they have not, however, overcome the barriers of the male-dominated football world in the field and their social lives.

As club sports become more prominent at the university and youth sport levels, it is important to investigate their effects on students' moral reasoning as this may further support the existence of these programs as going beyond simply building sport skills. Even though there have been numerous studies suggesting that individuals' moral reasoning differs between sport and everyday contexts, it is still not understood if influences on moral reasoning in sport are associated with different levels of moral reasoning in everyday life. This study sought to determine if athlete moral decisions in parallel moral dilemmas were treated the same in their outcome decision making. The results of this study suggest that as club sport athletes progress through their time in school, their moral reasoning in sport progresses to a higher level and becomes more similar to their moral reasoning in daily life situations. This contradicts previous studies in collegiate varsity athletics that have suggested that athletes' moral reasoning in sport situations decreases as they get older.

The overall purpose of this study was to examine parents' role in the development of character among young athletes, with a particular focus on life skills development across learning contexts (i.e., sport, family, school). Participants were 20 parents (13 mothers, 7 fathers, M[subscript age] = 46.8 years, SD = 4.6) and 24 children (14 girls, 10 boys, M[subscript age] = 14.3 years, SD = 1.3) who competed in a variety of youth sports. Each participant completed an individual semistructured interview. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. We identified five strategies that parents used to facilitate their children's life skills development: reinforcing values and consistency; giving perspective and guiding; seizing teachable moments; instructing, reminding, and encouraging; and promoting independence. These findings highlight parents' role in character development among young athletes, and show that life skills are developed and reinforced, across learning contexts.

Despite the established physical, social, and emotional benefits of participating in youth sport, such outcomes are not guaranteed. Indeed, purposeful efforts must be made to ensure that sport offerings are age-appropriate, promote engagement and enjoyment, and involve quality social relationships (e.g., Côté et al., 2020). The current article describes an integrated knowledge translation (iKT) partnership that developed a free story-based positive youth development (PYD) program for young ice hockey players (aged 10 to 12 years) in North America. The aim of the '1616 Program' is to use elite ice hockey players as role models--through storytelling--to serve as motivating agents to introduce and engage young athletes with important concepts pertaining to PYD. Content from the general and sport-specific PYD literature (e.g., Côté et al., 2010; Lerner, 2006) informed decisions during program development, with the process generally being guided by the Knowledge-To-Action (KTA) framework (Graham et al., 2006). Herein, we describe the iKT collaborative process that could serve as a template for other researchers interested in partnering with relevant invested partners to create youth development programs.

In 2019 the University of Missouri Athletics (Mizzou Athletics) tweeted an image of student athletes as part of their "I am" campaign. While the two white student athletes are defined with captions stating the certainty of their future careers, the Black students are defined by their racial identity and current values. The Mizzou tweet demonstrates how collegiate sports programs at PWIs reflect white patriarchal systems that seek to control the futures of Black women student-athletes like Arielle Mack. Throughout this paper we, two Black women literacy scholars, present a critical re-telling of Arielle's story for her future, which she narrated through a series of visual images and words. Specifically, we frame Arielle's "multimodal counterstory" with two reflective questions in mind: (1) What did Arielle have to say in response to the Mizzou tweet? and (2) How, if given the chance, might she have represented herself and her future differently?

A new form of recreation-focused collective action has grown over recent decades. Practitioners of shared outdoor recreation interests are coordinating to meet stewardship and advocacy goals. Such "civic recreation organizations" blur the lines between voluntary sport clubs, interest groups, and resource management, promising concentrated recreational benefits and offering the potential for positive impacts for other user groups and stakeholders, land managers, and perhaps even the general public. This study draws insights from leisure, voluntary contributions, and social exchange research to examine how the relationship between a recreationist and a civic recreation organization, recreational commitment, and the likelihood of receiving tangible benefits may impact recreationist's propensity to contribute to civic recreation through organizational membership, donations, and volunteering. The analysis offers theoretical insights into how trust and recreational commitment might support sport-centered local civic environmentalism, with practical implications for civic recreation leaders.