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NASA’s ICESat-2 space-borne photon-counting lidar mission is providing global elevation measurements that will provide significant benefits to a variety of ecosystem related research applications. Given the novelty of elevation and the derived data products from the ICESat-2 mission, the research community needs software tools that can facilitate photon-level analyses to support product validation and development new analysis methods. Here, we describe PhotonLabeler, a free graphic user interface (GUI) for manual labeling and visualization of ICESat-2 Geolocated Photon data (ATL03). Developed in MATLAB, the GUI facilitates the reading and display of ATL03 Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) files, the manual labeling of individual photons into target classes of choice using a number of point selections tools and enables eventual saving of labeled data in ASCII format. Other capabilities include saving and loading of labeling sessions to manage labeling tasks over time. We expect labeled data generated using the application to serve two main purposes. First, serve as reference data for validating various products from ICESat-2 mission, especially for study sites around the world that do not have existing reference datasets such as airborne lidar. Second, serve as training and validation data in the development of new algorithms for generating various ICESat-2 data products. We demonstrate the first use case through a validation case study for the land and vegetation product (ATL08), which provides canopy and terrain height estimates, over two sites. For the first site, located in northwestern Zambia, we used ICESat-2 ATL03 data acquired at night and for our second site in Texas, US, we used ATL03 data acquired during the day. ATL08 canopy and terrain height data showed good agreement (mean R2 > 0.8) with corresponding height metrics generated from manually labeled data. A comparison between PhotonLabeler and ATL08 photon labels also showed good agreement −93.3% and 95.4% overall accuracies for the Texas and Zambia site, respectively. These results, while limited in scope, show how PhotonLabeler can facilitate photon-level analyses for ICESat-2 data products beyond the ATL08 product. The PhotonLabeler application is freely available as a compiled MATLAB binary to enable free access and utilization by interested researchers.

Introduction Recent years have seen considerable development in the fields of machine learning and neural networks in particular [1]. New architectures and methodologies allow for the use of data, such as sound and image, and for drawing conclusions based on these. Developments involving neural networks enable us to successfully address issues such as recognition, image categorization and recognition of objects depicted – in certain instances more efficiently than a human agent could [2]. There is ongoing development in neural network architectures [3]. Increased access to data combined with improved computing power have enabled researchers and programmers to find new applications for neural networks at a very rapid rate [4]. For many years, there have been various attempts at devising systems that can depict chemical structures; ‘SMILES’ is one of these systems of depiction which is commonly accepted in scientific cirles [5]. The Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System (SMILES) is a standard which takes the form of a linear string describing chemical structures using short ASCII strings. Most molecular processors can be input with SMILES strings and transform those back to 2D depictions or 3D molecular patterns [6, 7]. Chemical structure images will be used as input in neural networks which will attempt to model their response to human tissue and cells. Our aim was to determine whether this specific information could be used for modelling purposes.

The ability to find short representations, i.e. to compress data, is crucial for many intelligent systems. This paper is devoted to data compression and a transform-based quantitative data compression technique involving quick enumeration in a unary-binary time-based numeral system (NS). The symbols comprising the alphabets of human-computer interaction languages (HCIL), which are used in an informational message (IM), are collected in primary code tables, such as the ASCII table. The statistical-oriented data compression method using unconventional timer encryption and encoding information are proposed by us. It was constructed probability - discrete model of the set of character sequences and characterized some probabilistic algorithms associated with the recovery of text by its public key and its cipher. We find the possibility of parallel implementation of this method by building a block of timer tags. The necessary estimations of complexity are obtained. The method can be used to compress SMS messages. Probabilistic-statistical analysis and evaluation of their effectiveness are obtained.

High quality requirements and specifications are the premises of efficient software system engineering. Formal approaches propose precise and unambiguous requirements amendable to automated reasoning. TLA+, for instance, is used by major companies, such as Microsoft and Amazon, to specify high-profile business critical systems. However, despite its undeniable strengths for the specification of complex distributed systems, TLA+ suffers from the duality of its syntax, which hinders its large-scale industrial adoption. A system engineer can easily read mathematical specifications in TLA+, produced through LaTeX. However, for writing TLA+ specifications, he must learn the discommoding ASCII syntax, which requires unnecessary effort and dedicated learning time. This paper introduces SpecEdit, an IDE for TLA+ with a projectional editor that solves this issue. SpecEdit exposes the mathematical syntax of TLA+ for both reading and writing specifications, without requiring external transformations. This approach minimizes the cognitive effort and streamlines the formal system specification process. We illustrate the benefits of our approach using the specification of the Elasticsearch cluster coordination module. We furthermore emphasize the complementarity with the existing TLA+ tools. Through SpecEdit, TLA+ gains the specification editor that was missing without compromising compatibility with the existing tools.

BACKGROUND To apply novel analysis methods for processing high-resolution pressure-impedance motility parameters, raw data acquired by commercial motility systems are exported and analyzed externally using purposed-designed software. METHODS Data acquired by the Medical Measurement Systems (MMS) motility equipment are exported from MMS in different file formats. KEY RESULTS MMS studies that are exported to ASCII-file format will be in cmH2O units even though acquired and displayed by the MMS system in mmHg units (1 mmHg would be exported as 1.36 cmH2O). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Due to this issue, investigators may unknowingly generate pressure data in incorrect units, data exported from MMS in ASCII-file format need to be divided by a factor 1.36 to convert cmH2O to mmHg.

In this paper, a security enhancement on ECC dynamic point encoding is proposed to prevent a duplicate message frequency analysis attack by using an ASCII value, a sequence number, and an initial value to map a character to a point on an Elliptic Curve. This encoding is compared with 3x3 matrix based encoding and ECC dynamic point encoding with 4 performance metrics, which are a frequency analysis, a duplicate message frequency analysis, encoding and decoding time, and memory usage. The experiment is done on a Raspberry Pi, which is an IoT device. The results show that all encodings can prevent the frequency analysis attack but only the proposed encoding can prevent the duplicate message frequency analysis attack. The encoding time for the proposed encoding is the longest due to more steps to calculate but the decoding time for all encodings do not show significantly differences. The memory usages for all encodings are also similar.

This paper is devoted to a transform-based quantitative data compression technique involving rapid enumeration in a unary-binary time-based numeral system (NS). The symbols comprising the alphabets of human-computer interaction languages (HCIL), which are used in an informational message (IM), are collected in primary code tables, such as the ASCII table. The statistical-oriented data compression method using unconventional timer encryption and encoding information are proposed by us. It was constructed probability - discrete model of the set of character sequences and characterized some probabilistic algorithms associated with the recovery of text by its public key and its cipher. We find the possibility of parallel implementation of this method by building a block of timer tags. The necessary complex assessments are made. The method can be used to compress SMS messages. Probabilistic-statistical analysis and evaluation of their effectiveness are obtained.

In this paper, a prototype for controlling servo motors using voice commands over an android phone is presented. The prototype includes a DE10-Nano FPGA (Field Programmable Logic Array) board, an RFS card (Terasic wireless communication card), an android phone, a servo motor, and a motor driver board. The DE10-Nano board is a revolutionary FPGA board that is capable of sending precise PWM signals to control the motor. The voice commands were captured using an application we built that can be used with any android phone and is capable of detecting the voice commands and sending them to the FPGA board as ASCII codes. The RFS module secures the wireless communication between the android device and the FPGA board via the HC-05 Bluetooth. The code to run this prototype was written in Verilog and flashed into the FPGA board whereas the android application was built using Android Studio.

We present pygiftgenerator, a python module for systematically preparing a large number of numerical and multiple-choice questions for Moodle-based quizzes oriented to students' formative evaluation. The use of the module is illustrated by means of examples provided with the code and they cover topics from Mechanics, Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics and Modern Physics. The fact that pygiftgenerator relies on a well-established computer language which allows to combine and reuse functions in order to solve complex problems, makes it a very robust tool. Simply by changing the input parameters, a large question bank with solutions even to complex physical problems can be generated. Thus, it is a powerful alternative to the calculated and multiple choice questions which can be written directly in the Moodle platform. The module writes the questions to be imported into Moodle in a simple and human-readable ASCII output using the GIFT format, which enables html definitions for URLs for importing figures, or for simple text formatting (sub/superindices or Greek letters) for equations and units. This format also admits LaTeX typing for complex equations., 15 pages, 5 figures

Mapping of image-based object textures to ASCII characters can be a new modification towards visual cryptography. Naor and Shamir proposed a new dimension of Information security as visual cryptography which is a secret sharing scheme among N number of participants with pixel expansion. Later on, many researchers extended the visual secret sharing scheme with no expansion of pixel regions in binary and color images. By stacking k shares the secret can be decoded using normal vision. In this paper the authors have proposed a modification towards visual cryptography by converting the message in the form of printable ASCII character-based numerical encoding patterns in a binary host image. The encoding of the message is represented as ASCII numeric and a texture of those numeric are arranged to form a binary host image. Then, N numbers of shares are built up but after stacking all the shares the decoding of the message is achieved by converting ASCII numeric to the secret.

In the contemporary world, Data analysis is a challenge in the era of varied inters disciplines through there is a specialization in the respective disciplines. In other words, effective data analytics helps in analyzing the data of any business system. Flight delays hurt airlines, airports, and passengers. Their prediction is crucial during the decision-making process for all players of commercial aviation. The goal of our project is to get monthly wise statistics of airline data and taking particular airport as target we are further analyzing the data to get the hourly statistics. And also we are finding out the most popular source-destination pairs and calculating the average delays at every airport. The data for this project comes from the stat-computing.org website. In particular, in the year 2008 data 70,09,728 titles recorded there which includes information on the Origin, Destination, Month, Year, DayofWeek, DayofMonth, DepDelay, ArvDelay, DepTime, ArvTime and a few other less interesting variables. Conveniently, you can export the data directly as a csv file.

MC’s PlotXY, in the following just called PlotXY, is a free piece of software able to make line plots and bar charts from data deriving from measuring devices or simulation programs using several formats. It allows to visualize and post-process these data without the need to have on the target computer the original software that generated it. It was written from the ground-up having researchers and scientists in mind, and therefore is optimized for speed, clarity, soundness.Its special characteristic distinguishing it from the large base of existing plotting software is its flexibility: using this small piece of software, the user can do plotting and post-processing activities on the results obtained from other sources (simulation software or measuring devices) without having these sources installed on the computer where post-processing is made.Moreover, it allows reading file formats rarely available on non-specific software, such as ATP, Comtrade, LabView formats. Although the support of some of these formats is not complete, being the software open-source, anyone can contribute to expanding them, operating on just a single cpp file.It is developed using the Qt platform, which allows good GUI design, and already available for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems.This paper describes the software characteristics and some programming techniques used to develop it. Keywords: Line chart, Bar chart, Post-processing, Fourier series, Matlab, Lab-view, ATP, ASCII

The APEXeditor, an Excel-based tool has been developed using the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to provide a graphical user interface (GUI) to the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. APEX, in its native form, requires users to edit text files for modifying input files; therefore a GUI interface can aid users in modification of these files and reduce errors. Microsoft Excel is a popular spreadsheet program that has the largest user base among scientists and researchers, thus providing a relatively common platform in which stages the tool. The APEXeditor requires minimal additional learning to operate the tool for those who already have basic level of knowledge in Excel. The user can load APEX input files into the spreadsheet tool and the GUI offers meta information and provides functions to edit, write, and run the APEX model. Ultimately, the APEXeditor substitutes existing GUI programs such as WinAPEX or ArcAPEX that require installation or additional licensing. A series of scripts were developed as a back-end engine that automates data formatting and editing of linked APEX input ASCII files including database libraries. The simple architecture of the tool helps users maintain the quality of the data and allows error-free editing of APEX model inputs to characterize the system under study. This tool is suitable for all kinds of applications and has been successfully used for the creation of APEX model runs in numerous studies.

In this paper, we describe AMASP, a proposal for an open standard communication protocol / model whose objective is providing a novel and lightweight solution to the problem of communication between small computers acting in particular on embedded systems, but not limited to them. The protocol establishes addresses for computers or peripherals, allowing them to send messages directly to these addresses. It is based on message interchanging, being the messages composed by ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) text or binary streams, according to the user customization. AMASP is very customizable using four different packets to send the messages and manage a master / slave communication model. The protocol is designed to work where a direct communication link is established or a bus architecture is available - by serial, USB connections, etc - and it supports to many error checking algorithms that can be used in unsafe links. Due to the focus on simplicity, low overhead and metadata, it is a connectionless protocol and does not support routing.

To improve utilization of text storage resources and efficiency of data transmission, we proposed two syllable-based Uyghur text compression coding schemes. First, according to the statistics of syllable coverage of the corpus text, we constructed a 12-bit and 16-bit syllable code tables and added commonly used symbols&mdash, such as punctuation marks and ASCII characters&mdash, to the code tables. To enable the coding scheme to process Uyghur texts mixed with other language symbols, we introduced a flag code in the compression process to distinguish the Unicode encodings that were not in the code table. The experiments showed that the 12-bit coding scheme had an average compression ratio of 0.3 on Uyghur text less than 4 KB in size and that the 16-bit coding scheme had an average compression ratio of 0.5 on text less than 2 KB in size. Our compression schemes outperformed GZip, BZip2, and the LZW algorithm on short text and could be effectively applied to the compression of Uyghur short text for storage and applications.

DNA nanostructures with programmable nanoscale patterns has been achieved in the past decades, and molecular information coding (MIC) on those designed nanostructures has gained increasing attention for information security. However, achieving steganography and cryptography synchronously on DNA nanostructures remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrated MIC in a reconfigurable DNA origami domino array (DODA), which can reconfigure intrinsic patterns but keep the DODA outline the same for steganography. When a set of keys (DNA strands) are added, the cryptographic data can be translated into visible patterns within DODA. More complex cryptography with the ASCII code within a programmable 6×6 lattice is demonstrated to demosntrate the versatility of MIC in the DODA. Furthermore, an anti-counterfeiting approach based on conformational transformation-mediated toehold strand displacement reaction is designed to protect MIC from decoding and falsification.

In-text compression algorithms, a set of symbols as alphabets are defined. These alphabets are the basic building blocks of the language. Traditionally 8-bit ASCII characters are chosen as alphabets. In this paper, an approach that chooses larger symbols as alphabets is proposed. For example, in the case of the English language, a set of words and special characters are chosen as alphabets. In the case of HTML documents, HTML tags are included along with alphabets from the English language described before. Better compression results can be achieved since words have larger byte size than individual ASCII characters but still get mapped to similar-sized encodings. Compressing the data to be transmitted across networks implies less usage of network bandwidth, faster transmission of data, sending several data files over a single transfer and faster reading and writing of data. Thus, the transmission of a compressed file is cost-effective and also saves time in communication. The results prove that the proposed approach gives better file size compression concerning the compression ratio when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.

This lightning talk describes the use of escape rooms in Computer Science and Mathematics education. Escape rooms are games where players work collaboratively to solve a series of puzzles in order to achieve a goal within a limited time frame. Student created escape room puzzles are a novel way for students to foster and demonstrate their knowledge through non-traditional methods. This activity can be used in courses across the CS curriculum as well as in K-12 education. Students enjoy building the escape rooms, so they don't consider it a formal assessment and it promotes creativity and teamwork skills. Our presentation will cover the key elements in this process from formation of groups to acquiring traditional escape room elements as well as other resources that students use to create the puzzles. We will also discuss how we familiarized the students with escape rooms before the activity. We will give examples of some of the puzzles created by our CS students that included the history of computing, tracing computer code, designing algorithms, solving logic problems, binary numbers, decoding ASCII codes, encryption and sequence and series problems.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems are being increasingly used for myriads of applications. Along with many global systems, various regional systems are also deployed to exploit commercial potential, for strategic point of views and self-reliance. IRNSS/ NavIC is one of such regional systems developed by ISRO. NavIC enabled, costly, geodetic receivers are available in market and at the same time, few NavIC enabled chipsets also are being offered by manufacturers. These NavIC chips are low cost but the associated receiver board costs are much higher in comparison to the chipsets. Compact, cost-effective NavIC receiver boards are essential for NavIC based application development, popularization and effective utilization of the system. This manuscript presents an effort towards development of a compact, cost-effective NavIC receiver board and the results on the solution accuracy obtained from it. The power-efficient board operates in L5 band and is of 8 cm  10 cm size. The module is working properly both in static and dynamic operation and can provide meter level 2-dimensional precision; the altitude variation is found to be higher in comparison. Final cost of the prototype board is less than US$ 60 which may be reduced during bulk production. The board can be used with Raspberry Pi (RPi) or other controller boards for ASCII NMEA data reception, display and recording. The board has the potential for using it as a stand-alone receiver, for integration with other systems towards application development or as a geolocation sensor in IoT applications enhancing the possibility of deployment of multiple sensors because of cost, power and size efficiency.

At the current stage of the development of information systems and technologies, global computer systems and multimedia tools, as never before, there is an urgent need to ensure the reliability, security of storage of digital data and their transmission through open channels of information communications. One of the most promising and popular approaches to solving this problem is based on the applying of computer steganography methods. The purpose of the article is systematizing information about methods of textual steganography, namely methods of arbitrary intervals, carrying out a comparative bandwidth analysis. Methods of research - methods of textual steganography: the method of double spaces between words, the method of changing the space code, the method of changing the number of spaces at the end of text strings, the method of changing the number of spaces between words aligned to the width of the text. Methods of arbitrary interval are used to hide the data in the free space in the text. They use intervals between sentences, spaces at the end of text strings, intervals between words in the text, including those, which are aligned in width, manipulate symbols of spaces, which have different ASCII codes. They are used to organize secret transmission of confidential information through open communication channels. In the article, on the basis of the software complexes developed in the environment of the computer algebra MathCAD, the steganographic transformations, which consistent with the algorithms of the methods, are sequentially tracked. The question of the bandwidth of the constructed steganosystems was considered. Bandwidth is the maximum amount of additional information that can be embedded in one element (symbol) of the text container. So, the bandwidth of the double-space method between words and the method of changing the space code in the case of the Ukrainian-language text container is 1.75%. The method of changing the number of spaces between aligned by the width of the text of the words has a lower bandwidth of 0.4%. The bandwidth of the method of changing the number of spaces at the end of the text strings depends on the difference between the number of symbols in the longest line and all other lines. The article also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Conclusions. The arbitrary interval methods are effective provided that the text is presented in ASCII format. In general, text files are "inconvenient" containers. They lack redundancy in comparison, for example, with graphic or audio files. For such arbitrary interval methods as a method of changing the space code, the method of changing the number of spaces at the end of the text strings is characterized by the fact that the hidden data can not be obtained from a hard copy of the text file. Despite the drawbacks, arbitrary interval methods have reason to be applied because of the prevalence of text file files. Users of computer networks are constantly exchanging text messages. This is a routine everyday action, so text files, even those, which contain hidden confidential information, should not cause unnecessary interest among outsiders.

The multilingual interface for C++project aims to help students at the early stages to learn programming while bypassing the language barrier. Additionally, it can aid in the transfer of skills gained by the students to C++. The proposed interface utilizes the pre-processor commands of C++ and offers a simplified syntax and translate the keywords to natural language.The problem however is that keywords from some natural languages cannot be written in ASCII and there are multiple words for some keywords.The outcome of the experiment reveals that the presence of multiple natural language words to cater for a specific traditional programming language keyword causes confusion among novice programmers. The Syntax and keywords were formulated by a three phased workshop on school children and teachers.The multilingual interface for C++ was evaluated by a study on KG to 7thGrade children and novice programmers.The findings showed that natural language-based programming is not a complete solution for the difficulties faced by novice programming language learners. But, it could assist in elimination of certain syntax errors, while adding to the complexity of natural language constructs.

The growing information technology is very rapidly, the more evolving crime techniques to find information that is confidential. The Internet is one of the main media in disseminating information. The use of security on the internet still needs to be developed. Based on these problems, the type of research undertaken in the writing of this final task is the type of experimental research by developing methods that have been done by previous researchers to hide secret data that is inserted into the audio * .wav so that the security and confidentiality of data can be guaranteed. data security can be done with various methods, including cryptography and steganography. Cryptography is a technique for encrypting messages and steganography is a message concealment technique. This insertion type uses binary ASCII character code. In the cryptographic process, using the Vigenere Cipher algorithm and in the steganography, process using the algorithm (LSB) Least Significant Bits. The merger of the two techniques resulted in a better new digital image security system and increased the value of MSE, PSNR and Execution time. Then the test results in the evaluation using BER and histogram analysis. Good audio quality has a minimum value of 30 dB PSNR. In the embedding process using combinations of vigenere and LSB methods, Audio 15 is the best audio compared to other audio. Audio 15 has a smaller MSE (0.001656) value and a larger PSNR (124.138499) value than any other audio when embeded messages *.txt file with character 4096.

ASCII differentiation is a compression method that utilizes the difference value or the difference between the bytes contained in the input character. Technically, the ASCII differentiation method can be done using a coding dictionary or using windowing block instead of the coding dictionary. Previous research that has been carried out shows that the ASCII differentiation compression ratio is good enough but still needs to be analyzed on performance from the perspective of the compression ratio of the method compared to other methods that have been widely used today. In this study an analysis of the comparison of the ASCII Difference method with other compression methods such as LZW will be carried out. The selection of LZW itself is done by reason of the number of data compression applications that use the method so that it can be the right benchmark. Comparison of the compression ratio performed shows the results of ASCII differentiation have advantages compared to LZW, especially in small input characters. Whereas in large input characters, LZW can optimize the probability of pairs of characters that appear compared to ASCII differentiation which is glued to the difference values ​​in each block of input characters so that in large size characters LZW has a greater compression ratio compared to ASCII differentiation.

In many applications such as transaction data analysis, the classification of long chains of sequences is required. For example, brand purchase history in customer transaction data is in a form like AABCABAA, where A, B, and C are brands of a consumer product. The decision tree-based package mbonsai is designed to handle sequence data of varying lengths using one or multiple variables of interest as predictor variables. This software package uses tree growing and pruning strategies adopted from C4.5 and CART algorithms, and includes new features for handling sequence data and indexing for classification purpose. The software uses a simple command line program for learning and predicting processes, and has the ability to generate user-friendly graphics depicting decision trees. The underlying C++ codes are designed to efficiently process large data sets in ASCII files. Two examples from transaction data sets are used to illustrate the application of mbonsai.

Encoding for Arabic based on the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) differs from encoding for English based on the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) since the Arabic usage of diacritics, symbols and elongated characters makes searching more challenging in the field of information retrieval. In this paper, we propose a new partition-based pattern matching approach that divides the query words into two equal parts (sub-parts). The proposed approach treats the two divided sub-parts as independent query words and uses a parallel search to match the content in the database. In addition, the proposed approach modifies the conventional brute force pattern matching to speed up the searching process which results in efficient text retrieval from any database. The experimental results are used to evaluate the proposed approach in terms of processing time. The comparative analysis of the existing approaches and the proposed approach reveals that the proposed approach outperforms all other existing approaches in terms of computational time.

Molecular communications in macroscale environments is an emerging field of study driven by the intriguing prospect of sending coded information over olfactory networks. For the first time, this article reports two signal modulation techniques (on-off keying-OOK, and concentration shift keying-CSK) which have been used to encode and transmit digital information using odors over distances of 1-4 m. Molecular transmission of digital data was experimentally investigated for the letter "r" with a binary value of 01110010 (ASCII) for a gas stream network channel (up to 4 m) using mass spectrometry (MS) as the main detection-decoding system. The generation and modulation of the chemical signals was achieved using an automated odor emitter (OE) which is based on the controlled evaporation of a chemical analyte and its diffusion into a carrier gas stream. The chemical signals produced propagate within a confined channel to reach the demodulator-MS. Experiments were undertaken for a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with different diffusion coefficient values in air at ambient conditions. Representative compounds investigated include acetone, cyclopentane, and n-hexane. For the first time, the binary code ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is combined with chemical signaling to generate a molecular representation of the English alphabet. Transmission experiments of fixed-width molecular signals corresponding to letters of the alphabet over varying distances are shown. A binary message corresponding to the word "ion" was synthesized using chemical signals and transmitted within a physical channel over a distance of 2 m.

A GIS toolset was developed to support spatial analysis functions, visualization and extraction of a variety of input variables for air quality assessment. The developed toolset allows the automated processing of large amounts of ASCII data converting to points and raster data and the examination of the correlation among them. A case study was performed in Athens basin in Greece. Using the developed GIS toolset, topographic, climatic characteristics and air pollution conditions as well correlations were derived by processing the input data. In addition, thematic maps illustrating the spatial distribution of each parameter were extracted. The developed GIS toolset greatly reduced the time and effort needed to process the GIS data, and provided a useful tool for a wide variety of environmental applications. The tool uses ArcObjects as the programming language to incorporate equations for statistical analysis in a monthly and a yearly time step. This versatile programming language allows advanced users to incorporate more complex formulations for more accurate results as detailed data is acquired to develop routines for calibration when reference data exist. Results verified the usefulness and feasibility of the developed platform.

With the aim of reducing duplicate records in databases, duplicate record detection (DRD) ensures the integrity of data. Its role is to identify records signifying same entities either in the same or in different compared to database. A diversity of indexing techniques has been proposed to support DRD. Q-gram is one of the common techniques used to index databases. This paper introduces modification to the Q-gram indexing technique. Such modification participates in improving the performance of the duplicate detection process and in reducing the time and number of comparisons. In the proposed work, in order to make the back-end computations easier, Q-gram strings are alternatively converted into numeric values using their corresponding ASCII code. Based on these numeric values, the indexing will decrease the complexity of Q-gram comparisons and speed up the DRD process as a whole. Unlike the existing approaches, the proposed technique is easier in implementation and requires less memory space. Two other variations of the proposed technique are introduced in this paper to decrease the matching process time; the first uses a range for matching, while the second sorts words alphabetically inside blocks. According to experimental results, the three proposed techniques perform much faster and are almost as accurate as the current Q-gram technique, meaning that they can be used in large-sized databases DRD.

Advancements in electronics and miniaturized device fabrication technologies have enabled simultaneous acquisition of multiple biosignals (MBioSigs), but the area of compression of MBioSigs remains unexplored to date. This paper presents a robust singular value decomposition (SVD) and American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) character encoding-based algorithm for compression of MBioSigs for the first time to the best of our knowledge. At the preprocessing stage, MBioSigs are denoised, down sampled and then transformed to a two-dimensional (2-D) data array. SVD of the 2-D array is carried out and the dimensionality of the singular values is reduced. The resulting matrix is then compressed by a lossless ASCII character encoding-based technique. The proposed compression algorithm can be used in a variety of modes such as lossless, with or without using the down sampling operation. The compressed file is then uploaded to a hypertext preprocessor (PHP)-based website for remote monitoring application. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm provides a good compression performance; in particular, the mean opinion score of the reconstructed signal falls under the category "very good" as per the gold standard subjective measure.

An upgrade is presented of a MATLAB graphical user interface toolbox for implementing third-order/four-way multivariate calibration models. The new Multivariate Calibration 3 (MVC3_GUI) incorporates new models and features that make it a very versatile tool for four-way data processing. In addition to the quadrilinear decomposition (QLD) and latent structure models based on partial least-squares regression and residual trilinearization, included in the earlier software version, non-QLD models are now available. The latter include extended multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS), augmented parallel factor analysis (Augmented PARAFAC) and PARAFAC2. The software is presented as both a set of MATLAB codes and as a standalone program. MVC3_GUI accepts a variety of ASCII data for input. Appropriate working sensor regions in the different data modes can be selected. Model development and its subsequent application to unknown samples are straightforward from the interface. Prediction results are provided along with analytical figures of merit and standard concentration errors, as calculated by modern concepts of uncertainty propagation. Different examples of use of this updated interface are given in this work. Fil: Mazivila, Sarmento J.. Universidad de Porto; Portugal Fil: Bortolato, Santiago Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina Fil: Olivieri, Alejandro Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Química Rosario; Argentina

In this paper, a high performing, reliable and robust Photoplethysmogram (PPG) compression and encryption method is proposed for efficient, safe and secure storage and transmission. PPG signals are acquired inside the laboratory using Biopac® data acquisition module and also downloaded from MIMIC database. Digitized PPG samples are passed through an IIR Butterworth Low-pass filter for high frequency noise elimination, down-sampled and then those samples are truncated up to 2nd-decimal places of accuracy. Second difference of those truncated PPG samples (SDPPG) are evaluated and amplified. Amplified integers are grouped using various techniques, encrypted using a symmetric key to convert plain text into cipher text and finally stored in the output file in form of American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) characters. Since the algorithm is completely reversible, PPG signal is reconstructed using just the reverse algorithm. The algorithm attains an attractive compression performance (Compression Ratio = 122.24, Percent Root Mean Square Difference = 0.02%, Cross Correlation Coefficient = 0.998845, etc.) which is superior to existing PPG compression methods reported to date.

This project, inspired by the article: "On genetic algorithms and Lindenmayer systems" by Gabriela Ochoa, implements an ASCII tree-generation program using L-systems.

GEOLITH is a FORTRAN program designed primarily to extract and decode geographical, lithological, political, and bibliographical information from the international igneous rocks database IGBADAT. It fetches the following information: sample name, sample latitude and longitude locational coordinates, name of specimen contributor to the database, nominal field and proper rock names, name of geological unit, name and title of rock groups, name of country and province of sample, and sample cultural location. Rock group name and title and geological unit name are decoded directly by simple manipulation and translation of text strings, while other types of information utilize pneumonic representations for decoding. Users interrogate the IGBADAT (and similarly-structured databases) fully, producing a voluminous wealth of data. Output from the GEOLITH software tool is a flat ASCII text file containing the decoded information. A spreadsheet-compatible file containing the output results is also produced. The latter file is ready for inclusion into a spreadsheet like EXCEL. An error file also results from the application of the GEOLITH program.

[EN] The three-dimensional (3D) visualization of historical and cultural heritage in the province of Cáceres is essential for tourism promotion. This study uses panoramic spherical photography and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for the geometric characterization and cataloguing of sites of cultural interest, according to the principles of the Charter of Krakow. The benefits of this project include improved knowledge dissemination of the cultural heritage of Cáceres in a society that demands state-of-the-art tourist information. In this sense, this study has three specific aims: to develop a highly reliable methodology for modeling heritage based on a combination of non-destructive geomatics methods; to design and develop software modules for interactive 3D visualization of models; and to promote knowledge of the historical and cultural heritage of Cáceres by creating a hypermedia atlas accessible via the Internet. Through this free-of-charge hypermedia atlas, the tourist accesses 3D photographic and interactive scenes, videos created by 3D point clouds obtained from laser scanning and 3D models available for downloading in ASCII format, and thus acquire a greater knowledge of the touristic attractions in the province of Cáceres., [ES] La visualización tridimensional (3D) del patrimonio histórico-cultural en la provincia de Cáceres es una herramienta vital para su promoción turística. Este trabajo emplea la fotografía panorámica esférica y el uso del escáner láser terrestre para la caracterización geométrica de los bienes de interés cultural, así como su catalogación, de acuerdo a los principios de la Carta de Cracovia. El beneficio de este proyecto es alcanzar un mayor conocimiento del patrimonio cultural de Cáceres para una sociedad que demanda información turística actualizada. En este sentido, hay tres objetivos específicos en el trabajo: desarrollar una metodología de alto grado de fiabilidad para la modelización del patrimonio basado en la combinación de diferentes métodos geomáticos no destructivos; diseñar y desarrollar módulos de software para la visualización interactiva de modelos 3D; y promover el conocimiento del patrimonio histórico de Cáceres mediante la creación de un atlas hipermedia accesible en Internet. A través del atlas hipermedia, el turista accede gratuitamente a los escenarios fotográficos tridimensionales e interactivos, los videos a partir de las nubes de puntos 3D adquiridas con láser escáner y a la descarga de los modelos 3D en formato ASCII, adquiriendo un mayor conocimiento de los atractivos turísticos de la provincia de Cáceres., The article has been possible thanks to the funding granted by the Junta de Extremadura and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), through the reference aid GR15069 for the research groups NEXUS and DESOSTE. In addition, the present work was developed under the 2013 Plan of Initiation to Research of the University of Extremadura within the Program Orientated at Projects of Initiation to Research called Action VII, financed by the Provincial Government in Cáceres. We also thank the Regional Government of Extremadura for providing aerial images. The authors would like to thank Alan D.J. Atkinson Gordo, José Antonio Gutiérrez Gallego, Juan Antonio Pérez Alvárez, Mercedes Jiménez Muñoz, Manuel Sánchez Fernández and David Díaz Paredes for the guidance received. Likewise, thanks are also extended to Mr. Fergus Crystal and Mr. Giles Petty for help with revising the English version of this text.

The security of digital information has become increasingly vital in the digital world, which is currently evolving and changing at such a quick speed. With the rapid growth of hidden contact and communication around the world, the need for communication security is becoming increasingly important. The main motive of cloud service providers is to collect the information and details of the material uploaded on their cloud servers. One of the major concern is security of the contents uploaded on the cloud servers. Although, they challenge about the security provided by them to the individuals but they are the owner of servers and the information on it. The same has been observed when one of our server crashed and we consulted about the incident with the customer care department of our CSP. We use to back up our university servers backup on cloud for which we pay some amount as decided by our management as well as CSP. The aim of this research is that the cloud owners cannot have access to data of the users. I proposed a new robust encryption technique in this paper to improve the security of the key generating algorithm. To achieve this, an algorithm has been implemented which performs much better than renowned algorithm i.e. RSA algorithm. This algorithm achieves better response time than RSA algorithm which is described and proved in this paper. This paper uses ASCII and EBCDIC codes while encryption and decryption.

The proposed Implementation is on the Android Application to extract using Tesseract OCR in which the following concepts will be used, which are Adaptive Thresholding, Connected Component, Fine Lines, and Recognize Word. Using this Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Technology, an Application generated text which is printed on a clean, B/W or colourful background can be converted into a computer readable form ASCII. With the help of this Android Application using Tesseract OCR, the system has two ways for Text Extraction. The first one is to capture a photo while the second one uploads an image from the gallery after that system can proceed for as per the user requirement which portion of the image they want to crop or edit. After editing the picture, it converts into the text. This Android Application is for two languages, English and Hindi.

Background and objective Musculoskeletal modeling and simulations of movement have been increasingly used in orthopedic and neurological scenarios, with increased attention to subject-specific applications. In general, musculoskeletal modeling applications have been facilitated by the development of dedicated software tools; however, subject-specific studies have been limited also by time-consuming modeling workflows and high skilled expertise required. In addition, no reference tools exist to standardize the process of musculoskeletal model creation and make it more efficient. Here we present a freely available software application, nmsBuilder 2.0, to create musculoskeletal models in the file format of OpenSim, a widely-used open-source platform for musculoskeletal modeling and simulation. nmsBuilder 2.0 is the result of a major refactoring of a previous implementation that moved a first step toward an efficient workflow for subject-specific model creation. Methods nmsBuilder includes a graphical user interface that provides access to all functionalities, based on a framework for computer-aided medicine written in C++. The operations implemented can be used in a workflow to create OpenSim musculoskeletal models from 3D surfaces. A first step includes data processing to create supporting objects necessary to create models, e.g. surfaces, anatomical landmarks, reference systems; and a second step includes the creation of OpenSim objects, e.g. bodies, joints, muscles, and the corresponding model. Results We present a case study using nmsBuilder 2.0: the creation of an MRI-based musculoskeletal model of the lower limb. The model included four rigid bodies, five degrees of freedom and 43 musculotendon actuators, and was created from 3D surfaces of the segmented images of a healthy subject through the modeling workflow implemented in the software application. Conclusions We have presented nmsBuilder 2.0 for the creation of musculoskeletal OpenSim models from image-based data, and made it freely available via nmsbuilder.org. This application provides an efficient workflow for model creation and helps standardize the process. We hope this would help promote personalized applications in musculoskeletal biomechanics, including larger sample size studies, and might also represent a basis for future developments for specific applications.

Due to their complexity, computation time and power requirement, the secure and widely used cryptographic systems such as 3DES and AES may not be considered suitable for applications like mobile and remote sensing of sensitive data. Therefore, secure but less complicated algorithms for data encryption are still sought. This paper suggests a new Segmented Block Cipher Algorithm (SBCA) is a symmetric algorithm that relies on simple mathematical operations and permutation processes on segmented message blocks. The ASCII code representations of the message characters and the key contents are dealt with throughout the encryption and decryption phases. Obtained results manifested a reasonable computation time while the checked security strength looks.

Currently global warming has become an international issue. One of the biggest contributors to global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 gas is one of the most prominent gases of greenhouse gases or greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and has an important role in the Earth's climate. Increased CO2 contributes more than 50% to the effects of global warming. Various methods and measuring instruments of CO2 concentration developed from optical sensors to measuring CO2 directly from space using satellites. Atmosphere Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is one of NASA's six (6) instances launched on May 4, 2002 installed on the AQUA satellite. This instrument uses sounding technology that determines the vertical profile of CO2 from space. This instrument supports climate-related research and also in improving weather forecasts. AIRS data can be obtained online from the Giovanni Website at http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov. Giovani is an application provided by NASA to make it easier to acquire, visualize, and analyze remote sensing data with ASCII data facilities that can be downloaded directly. The purpose of this research is to conduct CO2 analysis in Indonesia online using Giovanni Website year 2013-2016. Rendering data online shows the CO2 fluctuated every month, but yearly data shows the CO2 increased signifantly and the higest value in 2016, its reach 4.039 ppm. The results of CO2 analysis is expected to assist in the process of prevention or reduction of CO2 emissions in the air as one of the activities of environmental conservation.

A big challenge in terms or landslide risk mitigation is represented by increasing the resiliency of society exposed to the risk. Among the possible strategies with which to reach this goal, there is the implementation of early warning systems. This paper describes a procedure to improve early warning activities in areas affected by high landslide risk, such as those classified as critical infrastructures for their central role in society. This research is part of the project LEWIS (Landslides Early Warning Integrated System): An Integrated System for Landslide Monitoring, Early Warning and Risk Mitigation along Lifelines. LEWIS is composed of a susceptibility assessment methodology providing information for single points and areal monitoring systems, a data transmission network and a data collecting and processing center (DCPC), where readings from all monitoring systems and mathematical models converge and which sets the basis for warning and intervention activities. The aim of this paper is to show how logistic issues linked to advanced monitoring techniques, such as big data transfer and storing, can be dealt with compatibly with an early warning system. Therefore, we focus on the interaction between an areal monitoring tool (a ground-based interferometric radar) and the DCPC. By converting complex data into ASCII strings and through appropriate data cropping and average, and by implementing an algorithm for line-of-sight correction, we managed to reduce the data daily output without compromising the capability for performing.

The widespread adoption of electronic distribution of material is accompanied by illicit copying and distribution. This is why individuals, businesses and governments have come to think of how to protect their work, prevent such illicit activities and trace the distribution of a document. It is in this context that a lot of attention is being focused on steganography. Implementing steganography in text document is not an easy undertaking considering the fact that text document has very few places in which to embed hidden data. Any minute change introduced to text objects can easily be noticed thus attracting attention from possible hackers. This study investigates the possibility of embedding data in text document by employing the entropy rate of the constituent characters of words not less than four characters long. The scheme was used to embed bits in text according to the alphabetic structure of the words, the respective characters were compared with their neighbouring characters and if the first character was alphabetically lower than the succeeding character according to their ASCII codes, a zero bit was embedded otherwise 1 was embedded after the characters had been transposed. Before embedding, the secret message was encrypted with a secret key to add a layer of security to the secret message to be embedded, and then a pseudorandom number was generated from the word counts of the text which was used to paint the starting point of the embedding process. The embedding capacity of the scheme was relatively high compared with the space encoding and semantic method.