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This survey report was prepared to assess the role of Corps of Engineers recreation area sewage lagoons in light of recent technology and current and future Corps problems and needs. A review of the literature was conducted to identify design, operation, and upgrading methods that may be applicable to the special loading problems and other circumstances characteristic of recreation area lagoons. Concurrently, a survey was conducted to establish the geographic distribution and the design and performance successes and failures of the more than 200 Corps recreation area lagoons nationwide. Steps are recommended for improving lagoon waste treatment at recreation areas based on current knowledge, and areas of needed research are identified. (Author)

Man's activities in the Nation's coastal zones and waterways have served to contaminate sediments in these areas, generating concern that dredging and disposal may exert adverse effects on water quality and aquatic organisms. The long-term effects of dredged material on water quality at the disposal site remain an area of particular concern. To study the magnitude and predictability of long-term releases from dredged material, an 8-month aerobic leaching study was conducted in the laboratory. A large number of sediments (32) representing broad geographical and pollutional variation were used to ensure wide applicability of study results. Under the aerobic chemical conditions likely to prevail at aquatic disposal sites, total organic carbon, orthophosphate-P, and zinc exhibited the most consistent net releases to the water column. Very little net mass release of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), or arsenic (As) into the water column was observed regardless of the composition of the sediments. Worst case evaluation of the potential effects of contaminant releases, conducted by comparing results of this study with the most stringent water quality criteria available, indicated that sediments used in this study would not be expected to cause significant long-term water quality problems., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

This study evaluates the mobility performance of 18 selected 1-1/4- to 5-ton cargo trucks in the HIMO West Germany Study Area. The Army Mobility Model (AMM) was used to obtain on-road and off-road mobility predictions in terms of speed profiles for each study vehicle for the dry, wet, and snow surface condition. The SWIMCRIT/WACROSS water-crossing model was used to obtain study vehicle performance crossing linear features. The HIMO methodology was used to establish mobility rating speeds for five levels of mobility (on-road, tactical support, tactical standard, tactical high, and high-high) in the West Germany HIMO study area. The study vehicles were compared with the standard military 2-1/2-ton cargo truck (M35A2, 6x6) and in terms of best vehicle for each tactical mobility level. The vehicles' mobility was graphically portrayed in terms of a 'cube' in order to compare the complete mobility of the study vehicles over all mobility levels. A method was then suggested for relating the performance of cargo vehicles in the tactical mobility levels to the mobility required for cargo vehicles operating in the brigade, division, and corps areas. Finally, a correction was suggested to indicate which of the study vehicles would contain the mobility required for the brigade, division, and corps operations. Appendix A gives the vehicle characteristics required for the AMM and SWIMCRIT/WACROSS water-crossing model; Appendix B gives the detailed mobility performance data; and Appendix C shows the computations required for determining the vehicle rating speed for the tactical mobility levels. (Author)

An alternative for disposal of dredged sediments is to use them beneficially to amend marginal agricultural soils. To tudy the suitability of dredged material for crop production, 10 dreged material samples and 10 marginal soil samples were collected from locations in the United States. The soils were marginal for crop production and were of such character that additions of dredged material might improve their physical and chemical properties. The soils and dredged material samples were dried, ground, and mixed for plant growth studies and laboratory analysis. The following treatments were prepared: (a) soil alone; (b) 1/3 soil and 2/3 dredged material; (c) 2/3 soil and 1/3 dredged material; and (d) dredged material alone. In addition, three productive soils were chosen from the St. Paul, Minn., area to serve as controls in the plant growth studies. It is concluded that the dredged material used in this study would be beneficial for increasing agricultural production when mixed with marginal soils. Relationships between uptake and the availability of various soil elements were developed that can be used in setting the ratio of dredged material to marginal soil to be used in the field. Physical and chemical data, along with the plant growth data, were used to develop guidelines for the disposal of dredged material on marginal soils., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

This study was part of an investigation to determine the environmental effects of offshore dredged material disposal at Galveston, Texas. The biological portion of the study was conducted in two phases: a pilot survey of the dredged material disposal site (DMDS) to determine the areal distribution of the biota and sediments; and an experimental study to assess the effect of dredged material disposal on the biota at selected sites in the DMDS. Three experimental sites were investigated: a sandy bottom that received sand, shell, and silt-clay dredged material; a muddy bottom that received sand and shell dredged material; and a muddy bottom that received silt-clay dredged material. The magnitude of the effect on the benthic populations could not be accurately assessed because adequate predisposal data on natural sediment and benthic population changes were not available. Dredged material deposits had no apparent effect on feeding habits of fish or on the distribution of nekton, although some nektonic species may have congregated in the turbid water following dredged material disposal. Zooplankton and phytoplankton studies detected no population changes during disposal that could not have been due to sampling error. It is probable that sudden abiotic changes and commercial fishing activities cause more destruction of biota than dredging-related activities., Report on Dredged Material Research Program. Includes Appendix C.

A field demonstration was implemented to deploy under actual field conditions several water-quality monitoring systems to determine their overall suitability and compatibility with the LaBarge designed remote water data transmitter. In addition, the study was to establish an information base upon which decisions could be made for selecting water-quality monitoring equipment capable of gathering reliable data for extended periods with limited maintenance.

The California Legislature decreed that the California Coastal Commission had until 1 February 1978 to identify, evaluate, and rank alternate potential Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Terminal sites on the California coast. Because of the Corps' experience in various aspects of such studies, the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station was requested by the Coastal Commission to assist, particularly in the use of existing hindcast data to evaluate possible effects of wind and waves on the docking and unloading of a LNG tanker. The effect of wind and wave climate was relatively evaluated at 26 potential LNG terminal sites along the coast of California. The analysis did not apply wave refraction theory at any of the sites, so the absolute magnitudes of the values obtained at each site are subject to refinement. The computations which were performed were optimized on a site-specific basis; i.e., they have been determined by utilizing the situations unique to that one particular location, and the results should not be extrapolated far beyond the respective site, if at all.

There is concern that the development of marshes and upland habitats on dredged material may increase the incidence of medical and veterinary diseases in the localities of those habitats. Faunal field inventory information and available literature were used to identify potential relationships between habitat associated animals and communicable diseases at habitat development field sites in Virginia, Texas, and Oregon. Medical and veterinary records were used to document the actual occurrence of diseases at these locations. No vector-borne, contact, or environmental diseases were identified from any of the field sites. (Author), Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

The large dispersion of data for components of earthquake motion requires that the spread be appraised in design applications. Instrumental data also must be related to historic records of intensity. The near field and the far field contribute greatly to differences in peak motions. Site conditions, soil versus rock, affect duration. With these considerations, and with geological studies and the probability of recurrence, peak values can be specified from parameters of motions related to Modified Mercalli intensities. These peak values can be used for rescaling selected strong motion records or alternatively for the generation of synthetic seismograms. The procedure incorporates the wide variability in ground motions that have occurred during earthquakes. (Author), See also Rept. no. 6, AD-A040 870.

Great Egg Harbor Inlet and Corson Inlet, located in southeast New Jersey, have been plagued with hazardous navigation conditions and erosion problems. Numerical techniques were used to investigate the tidal hydrodynamics of the inlet complexes for existing conditions as well as for proposed improvement plans. The physical size and complex geometry of the study areas required a simulation model that could be economically applied. Consequently, an inherent part of the study involved development of a numerical model (WI model) based on an implicit finite difference formulation. Results of the numerical computations indicated that the systems proposed for Corson Inlet appear to function equally well and no detrimental effects were noted. For Great Egg Harbor Inlet, a concentration of ebb flow toward the upcoast deposition basin and structure was noted, suggesting a potential problem which should be recognized for the proposed plans. Time histories of tide elevations and velocities are presented for selected stations throughout each inlet complex. Circulation patterns at each half hour during a complete tidal cycle are presented in film form for the verification conditions and for each plan.

This report provides a basis for selecting alternative, renewable power sources specifically for operating dredged material processing systems. A dredged material processing system is designed to: (1) extract sand and gravel for commercial use, (2) remove silt and clay from water to meet quality restrictions on return water, and (3) dewater the residual silt and clay to reduce volume and provide a usable foundation for later land use. Currently, processing of dredged material usually consists of holding the hydraulically pumped slurry in a diked containment area and pumping or draining off the water after settlement of the suspended material. Subsequent natural drying by sun and wind presents a problem if the material is a fine-grained silt or clay. The scope of the assigned task was to provide a screening and selection procedure for the engineer designing a dredged material processing system in order to decide which natural form of energy (or combination), if any, should be chosen to power the system. Alternative power can be provided in several forms. The following were considered in this study: (1) Wind power, driving pumps and electric generators, (2) Solar radiation converted to thermal and electrical energy, and (3) Hydraulic power (waves and currents) for driving electric generators. Some consideration was given to obtaining power from solid waste (such as incineration of trash), but was discarded. Of all the alternative power sources studied, wind electric generation seems to be the most practical and versatile to apply at this time., Includes Appendices A-E.

A hydraulic model investigation was conducted at a geometrically undistorted scale of 1:16, model to prototype, to design stable rubble-mound breakwater sections to protect a beach nourishment area at Imperial Beach, California. Both the -5.0 ft mllw contour (shallow-water location) and -10.0 ft mllw contour (deeper water location) were given as proposed construction sites. Twenty-one plans were tested, resulting in two adequate breakwater designs for each of the two proposed sites. A constant high-sill structure, using 3-ton graded armor stone, and an alternating high- and low-sill structure, using 5- and 0.5-ton armor stone, were stable for the design conditions at the shallow-water location. Two alternating high- and low-sill structures proved adequate for the design condition at the deeper wate location. One used 5- and 3-ton graded armor stone on the breakwater trunks and 7-ton capstone on the ends of the breakwater system on 1V-on-3H side slopes while the other design used truck sections of 7- and 5-ton graded armor stone on 1V-on-2H side slopes and 7-ton capstone on the head section with 1V-on-3H side slopes. (Author)

Little River Inlet, located near the State border of North and South Carolina, is part of the 'Grand Strand,' a rapidly growing resort area along South Carolina's northeast shore. The inlet is a natural channel through the coastal barrier beach that conducts tidal flows between the Atlantic Ocean, inner channels, and a lagoon approximately 6 square miles in size. The inlet also provides a restricted passage for small-craft navigation from the ocean to the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) and to private and commercial docking facilities. Improvements for the inlet were authorized on 12 October 1972 and included two jetties, sand transition dikes connecting the structures to the shore, a 300-ft-wide by 12-ft-deep entrance channel through the offshore bar, and a 90-ft-wide by 10-ft-deep inner channel from the entrance channel to the AIWW. A model study was performed to aid in preconstruction planning and design of the structures and included an investigation of items such as optimum alignment, length and spacing of the jetties, current patterns and magnitudes, sediment movement patterns, effects on the tidal prism, and effects on bay salinities.

This report documents the development of a three-dimensional elastic-plastic isotropic constitutive model for earth materials and demonstrates its ability to simulate a wide variety of observed stress-strain-pore pressure responses of fully saturated cohesionless soils. The model reproduces the hysteretic behavior exhibited by these materials when tested under hydrostatic and deviatoric states of stress, and accounts for shear-induced volume changes, strain-softening response, and progressive increases in pore pressure due to subfailure cyclic loadings. The undrained condition for fully saturated materials is simulated by the assumption that for each loading increment, the corresponding increment of volumetric strain is zero. The behavior of the model under simulated undrained triaxial test conditions is examined in detail and correlated with experimental data for saturated Reid-Bedford Model sand and Banding sand. It is recommended that the present constitutive model be incorporated into a suitable computer code for use in conducting numerical effective-stress analyses aimed at assessing the liquefaction potential of earth dams or other earth structures subjected to earthquake-type loadings. (Author), See also Report 4, AD-A044 262.

The water quality of proposed Trexler Lake, Pennsylvania, was evaluated with respect to its eutrophication potential and water quality criteria and standards appropriate for project purposes. Study approaches included review of existing water quality data taken on the four tributaries to the proposed project; review of existing data on surrounding impoundments; algal bioassay analyses on water samples taken in the proposed tributaries and in one surrounding lake; mathematical simulation; and nutrient loading analyses. Algal bioassays were conducted on water samples taken in Mill, Lyon, Switzer, and Jordan creeks and in Beltzville Lake. All samples were phosphorus limited, and all of the orthophosphate was available for algal growth. The proposed Trexler Lake is expected to be in the mesotrophic or early eutrophic stage and exhibit strong thermal stratification during the summer months with a 1-month period of hypolimnetic anoxia during the fall. The project purposes are not expected to be vitiated by water quality although the lake is expected to be anoxic for a short time during late summer. Appendix A describes the algal assay procedures. Appendix B discusses the Hydrocomp simulation of Jordan Creek drainage basin. Appendix C presents the initial conditions, coefficients, and updates for mathematical ecological simulations. Appendix D lists the coefficient references.

Data pertaining to the classification and engineering properties of dredged material are presented. Data were acquired from Corps of Engineers (CE) Districts, from published reports, and a program of sampling and testing of material to be dredged. Standard soil properties tests were used to determine the classification and engineering properties of dredged material samples. Sampling, test specimen preparation, and test descriptions are presented. Samples were classified in accordance with each of four standard soil classification systems. The engineering properties of ten samples of compacted dredged material were determined, and the results show that dewatered dredged material has properties comparable to those of similar types of soil. The engineering properties of dredged material in some containment areas are presented, showing the variation of properties with depth, time, and distance from the dredge discharge pipe. The study concludes that dewatered dredged material is a soil, can be analyzed as a soil, and can be used as a soil. The use of soil mechanics tests and the comparison between soil and dredgedd material are presented to encourage the productive use of dredged material as a natural resource in urban and other development projects, especially in areas where landfill needs can be met by available dredge material. (Author), Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

The results of a series of consolidated-undrained (CU) triaxial compression tests performed on normally consolidated and overconsolidated specimes of two clays consolidated both isotropically (ICU tests) and anisotropically (ACU tests) are presented and analyzed in this report. The specimens were trimmed from samples of Vicksburg Buckshot clay (LL = 57) and a clay from the East Atchafalaya Basin Protection Levee (EABPL) project area (LL = 79), both of which had been consolidated from a slurry in large-diameter consolidometers under a maximum vertical consolidation pressure of 3.0 kg/sq cm. Data presented include stress-strain curves, pore pressure observations, final water content distributions within the specimens, and shear strength envelopes based on total and effective stresses. Test results indicate that the change in volume during consolidation and the water content at the end of consolidation are not a unique function of the vertical consolidation stresses but are related to the mean effective consolidation stress. Total stress envelopes based on Taylor's method of deriving strengths of anisotropically consolidated specimens from test results obtained from isotropically consolidated specimens slightly underestimate observed values. In this context, Taylor's method is an appropriate means of predicting strengths for various K sub c ratios from conventional ICU tests. Use of hyperbolic stress-strain relationships derived from ICU tests in finite element codes for ACU conditions will lead to erroneous results. Further testing of anisotropically consolidated soils under stress systems that better simulate in situ conditions is needed.

Landsat (formerly called ERTS-1) data recorded on computer-compatible tapes (CCT's) augmented by data derived from ground control measurements were used to determine the feasibility of detecting alterations to the optical properties of water caused by the movement of suspended particles and solutes in selected portions of the Chesapeake Bay area. Techniques were developed to process CCT's on a PDP-15 computer, establish correlations of radiance and suspended material concentrations, and produce suspended material distribution photomaps. This report discusses these techniques, and includes in appendixes a discussion of experience with automated data collection systems in connection with this study, validation of the computer algorithms for high suspended material concentrations, and by-products that resulted from this study. (Author)

The Civil Works program of the Corps of Engineers (CE) involves the entire spectrum of water resources development for the Nation and, as such, is unique among Federal agencies. Current concern for energy demands and water supply have emphasized the need for comprehensive water resources development including hydropower, water supply, and navigation as project purposes. Recreational demands are at a record high for most CE facilities and recreation is generally included as a purpose for new projects. Fish and wildlife enhancement plus water quality management are project purposes that have a direct relationship to the improvement of the Nation's environmental quality, and flood control remains as a traditional project purpose. Consistent with all of these project purposes, the CE is required to address or meet local, regional, and national environmental quality objectives. This requirement has resulted in numerous problems for CE projects in the planning, design, and operational stages. This report contains the results of an effort to identify and assess environmental quality problems associated with Civil Works activities of the CE, and a recommended research program to address these problems., Original contains color plates: All DDC reproductions will be in black and white.

A 1:75-scale (undistorted) hydraulic model, reproducing approximately 2.6 miles of shoreline and sufficient offshore area to permit generation of the required test waves, was used to investigate the arrangement and design of alternative proposed structures for prevention of erosion of the Imperial Beach shoreline. The proposed structures consisted of (a) continuous breakwaters at the -15 ft and -10 ft contours, (b) segmented breakwaters at the -15 ft and -5 ft contours, (c) stepped breakwaters at the -10 ft and -5 ft contours, (d) a system of five groins, and (e) a system of nine groins. A 115-ft-long wave generator, crushed coal tracer material, and an automated data acquisition and control system (ADACS) were used during model operation. It was concluded from model test results that: Existing conditions are characterized by strong rip currents and longshore currents for most wave conditions with considerable onshore-offshore movement of sand; The original improvement plan for Imperial Beach (i.e., the authorized five-groin plan) is ineffective in trapping tracer material, and, in fact, contributes to the offshore movement; The originally proposed breakwater plan (Plan 1) is not adequate for full protection of the beach. Of the plans tested, Plans 3A, 4A, 5A, 5B, and 7 provide adequate beach protection.

The objective of this investigation was to determine if engineering properties of soil-cement could be significantly improved by the addition of a relatively small amount of polymeric material. Polymer science has increased drastically over the last two decades and polymers have become increasingly useful in recent years. Composite materials using polymers have been used in several areas of engineering, and it was believed that positive results could be obtained when they were used in combination with soil-cement. Three soils were used in this investigation: a lean clay classified as CL by the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), a fat clay classified as CH by the USCS, and a uniform grade sand classified as SP by the USCS. The stabilizers used included type I portland cement and two proprietary polymers. These two polymers were selected after a deliberate screening test involving numerous polymers. Indirect tensile and unconfined compressive tests were conducted on specimens containing 4, 6, and 8 percent portland cement plus 2 percent polymer. Results are presented showing the effects of polymers on tensile strength, compressive strength, density, tensile modulus of elasticity, and compressive modulus of elasticity. Correlations are also presented between tensile and compressive strengths and tensile and compressive moduli of cement-treated soils. Although conclusive results cannot be determined without extensive research using other polymers and other soils, it is concluded that polymers have a tremendous effect on soil-cement, and that further research should be initiated in order that the effects of various polymers on different soil types can be more accurately defined. (Author)

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of a general-purpose mat/panel for the theater of operations for multiusages other than as aircraft landing mats and to establish criteria for future design of such mat/panels. Several test sections werw used to test 11 different fabricated designs of materials and several additional materials were tested as potential items. Accelerated traffic was applied using an M54, 5-ton military truck loaded with 20,000 lb for a gross load of 40,000 lb and with tires inflated to 70 psi. Comparative laboratory tests of the structural properties of the panels were also conducted. Four of the panels sustained the maximum crush test of 1250 psi. From these tests, the following criteria were established as a guideline in further testing and developing a general-purpose mat/panel: The panels must be capable of sustaining 3000 passes of the M54 truck with gross weight of 40,000 lb using tires inflated to 70 psi on a loose dry sandy soil. Individual mats must be of such size, shape, and weight as to be handled by two men. Panels must be provided with connectors on all edges. Panels must be coated with an antiskid to provide a coefficient of friction between 0.4 and 0.8 when wet or dry. Panels must withstand a crushing load of 1250 psi, as determined when using a container corner. Mats must support 400 lb per ft of width at a maximum deflection of 4 in. when tested as a beam using a 10-ft span and 1/3-point loading. Mats must support 4000 lb per ft of width at a maximum midpoint deflection of 4 in. when tested as a 12-ft column. Multimillion square feet production cost should be approximately $3.00 per sq ft.

A procedure for the numerical solution of nonorthogonal boundary-fitted coordinate systems, i.e., a coordinate line coincides with the boundary, is presented. This method generates curvilinear coordinates as the solution of two elliptic partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions, one coordinate being specified to be constant on each of the boundaries, and a distribution of the other specified along the boundaries. No restrictions are placed on the irregularity of the boundaries, which are even allowed to be time dependent, such as might occur in problems involving the computation of the location of the free surface, flooding boundaries, and streambank erosion problems. In addition, fields containing multiple bodies or branches can be handled as easily as simple geometries. Regardless of the shape and number of bodies and regardless of the spacing of the curvilinear coordinate lines, all numerical computations, both to generate the coordinate system and to subsequently solve the system of partial differential equations of interest, e.g., the vertically integrated hydrodynamic equations, are done on a rectangular grid with square mesh.

Accelerated curing procedures are being used more and more frequently to obtain an estimate of concrete strength by testing accelerated specimens at ages ranging from 24 hr plus or minus 15 min, 28-1/2 hr plus or minus 15 min, or 48 to 96 hr, depending on whether the warm water, the boiling water, or the autogenous curing procedure standardized in ASTM C 684 is followed. Modifications of these procedures also exist. Good correlations between strength of early accelerated specimens and that of 28-day specimens offer the advantage of evaluating the strength level of the concrete within 1 to 4 days from the time of placement which provides economies in construction by giving early warning of unsatisfactory strength. We believe that in the future design strengths will be specified as accelerated strengths.

The U.S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, is responsible for maintaining a navigable channel on the Ohio River during low-flow periods through the manipulation of the navigation dams on the river. In addition, during periods of flooding on the lower Ohio and lower Mississippi Rivers, the Ohio River Division directs the operation of Barkley and Kentucky Reservoirs on the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, respectively. Flood control regulations by these reservoirs are met by controlling, to some degree, the Ohio River stage at Cairo, Illinois. A mathematical model, SOCHMJ, for unsteady-flow solutions in multi-junction systems has been modified to include the effect of five navigation dams on the Ohio River in addition to the effect of operations at Barkley and Kentucky Reservoirs. For economical applications of the model to the system extending from Louisville, Kentucky, on the Ohio River, Livermore, Kentucky, on the Green River, Mt. Carmel, Indiana, on the Wabash River, Barkley Dam on the Cumberland River, Kentucky Dam on the Tennessee River, and Cape Girardeau on the upper Mississippi River to Caruthersville on the lower Mississippi River, the model has been modified to accept two time steps. A large time step applies to large branches, whereas a smaller time step is used to step computations forward on small branches within the large time step. An initial calibration of the model to 1975 data has been completed with encouraging results. Similar results from an application using 1976 data with no additional calibration of the model are also presented. (Author)

In 1965, Newmark described methods for computing permanent displacements of embankments subjected to earthquake loading, and provided a chart for estimating the upper bounds of permanent displacements on the basis of a sliding block model and four earthquake records. Since that time, many additional strong-motion records have been obtained in the western United States, and it was decided to extend the data base for Newmark's chart by making use of these records. For this purpose, a computer program was written to integrate the digitized accelerograms and compute the permanent displacements from the velocity-time history and the resistance coefficients. All records were scaled to 0.5g peak acceleration and 30-in./sec peak velocity, and the resulting scaled permanent displacements are called standardized maximum displacements. A total of 169 horizontal and 10 vertical corrected accelerograms were processed in addition to several synthetic records., See also report dated Sep 72, AD-748 816.

This investigation describes a portion of a research effort to provide fundamental data for the design of rubble-mound breakwaters. This report addresses the use of dolos armor on breakwater trunks subjected to nonbreaking waves and with no overtopping. The majority of the tests reported herein were designed to determine the stability coefficient, K, and runup and rundown values for the above conditions. Additional limited tests were conducted to show what effects (1) varying the first underlayer stone material from 1/5 to 1/20 of the armor weight (Wr) would have on armor stability, wave runup, and wave rundown; (2) placing the dolosse in selected geometric patterns would have on stability; and (3) reducing the number of dolosse used in the cover layer would have on stability.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using various types of dynamic test techniques to detect and trace tunnel complexes. The terrain in the vicinity of the tunnels was flat to slightly rolling with pine tree forests. The predominant soil in the area was red clay. During the testing there was continuous rainfall accompanied by occasional high winds. The types of tests conducted were: vibratory tests, drop hammer tests, seismic tests, and acoustic tests. It was concluded that: (1) Vibratory tests with a low power source were inconclusive for detection purposes; (2) Drop hammer tests did not release enough energy to cause reverberation of an underground cavity, and are therefore not readily adaptable for detection; and (3) Acoustic tests are a feasible means of tracing tunnel complexes from the ground surface. It is recommended that further tests be performed to develop instrumentation and techniques of utilizing the acoustic method of tunnel tracing. (Author)

This study was conducted to develop expedient procedures for assessing the structural and functional adequacy of existing pavement systems in the theater of operations (TO) and to provide guidance for upgrading inadequate or deteriorated facilities to meet operational requirements. This instruction report presents simplified procedures for the evaluation of existing pavements and alternate expedient procedures for upgrading the pavement systems where required. The construction procedures and techniques described herein have been validated in prototype pavement structures or in special test sections that were designed, constructed, and traffic tested to validate various construction techniques and procedures for upgrading deteriorated pavement structures. (Author)

Mechanical impedance tests on fresh concrete revealed the properties that resist motion. It was found that there were two distinct mechanical impedance curves depending on whether the dynamic stress applied was above or below a threshold level. At low stress levels, the impedance of the mixture was almost flat, possessing high damping, stiffness, and mass characteristics. No resonant frequency was found, but on the contrary, a wide spectrum of frequencies would produce sufficient motion for consolidation. It is likely that fresh concrete requires a continuous spectrum of energy over a wide frequency range to produce consolidation rather than discrete or optimum frequencies. Since concrete has a continuous spectrum of particle dimensions, it is probable that vibrators should supply energy over a spectrum of frequencies. Tests are planned to study the consolidation of concrete with impulses rather than a sinusoidal motion as impulses contain energy over a wide band of frequencies., See also report no. 2, AD-695 615.

This report documents a study that illustrates the applicability of conventional remote sensor imagery for obtaining archeological information. The study exemplifies the use of imagery for a problem common to both Corps district offices and military facilities; determining if a feature of archeological significance will be impacted by some planned action such as construction or training. In this instance, aerial photography and supporting historical charts were readily available for an area suspected to be the site of an old French village, Old Kaskaskia, near St. Genevieve, Missouri. The U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis, was interested in the site of the village because of a proposed levee improvement project under consideration for the area. The available information and nature of the problem provided an excellent opportunity to demonstrate at low cost the applicability of remote sensing techniques for locating features of archeological significance at military installations and acquire information relevant to an existing Corps district problem. (Author)

Computations of annual gross and net littoral transport seaward of the breaker zone are made for the area offshore Dauphin Island, Alabama by means of a numerical model. Forty-four combinations of significant wave height and period are considered but only two deep water wave directions; waves approaching at angles of forty-five and one hundred thirty-five degrees relative to the shoreline. Results are presented in tabular and graphic form. (Author)

Primary emphasis of Task 5A research was oriented toward dewatering fine-grained dredged material resulting from maintenance operations and placed in confined disposal areas. Based on results of research, as synthesized herein, it was determined that: (a) Use of progressive surface trenching concepts to remove disposal area ponded surface water and precipitation and enhance evaporative dewatering of fine-grained dredged material is the most cost-effective dewatering alternative. (b) When existing constraints make it impossible to implement a surface trenching dewatering program, a surface trenching program alone will not produce dewatering at necessary rates, or it is desired to obtain maximum possible dewatering effects, various concepts of either gravity- or vacuum-assisted under-drainage may be applied. (c) Implementation of any program of fine-grained dredged material dewatering and densification will be conducted most effectively as part of an overall confined disposal area management plan. The main technical unknown in application of concepts synthesized in the report is the exact rate at which dewatering will occur. State-of-the-art prediction methods given and referenced in the report are satisfactory for feasibility determinations, and, in many instances, use in final design., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

Results of detailed engineering studies regarding use of dredged material to expand an existing marshland area are presented. Sampling and testing programs are described that allowed determination of the suitability of channel sediment for use as marsh substrate. Foundation studies indicated conditions at the demonstration site are adequate for construction of a containment facility. A methodology for correlation of in situ channel sediment volume and containment area volume is presented. The methodology incorporates basic principles of containment area volumetric sizing and accounts for consolidation of the newly placed marsh substrate. Laboratory tests using a full height column were performed to simulate the sedimentation phase of the dredging process. Conventional consolidation tests were then performed on samples taken from the column for evaluation of the consolidation phase. Evaluation were made regarding containment sizing for retention of suspended solids, containment area operation, and procedures for placement of dredged material. Results of retaining dike stability analyses, dike settlement analyses, and erosion protection requirements are presented. Availability of construction materials for the containment facility and recommended construction procedures are described.

In order to provide information on channel location and configuration and assist in planning of dredging operation, the geometry of Fire Island Inlet, New York, is analyzed. Using the 18 sets of aerial photographs taken between April 1962 and April 1972, the locations of shoals, beaches, and channels were determined, digitized for computer analysis, and displayed on drum plots. One of two channel locations proposed by the New York District is considered more appropriate in terms of matching the average channel location. (Author)

A numerical model for wave generation in water bodies of arbitrary shape is described. The new model is a variation of a model previously developed by Barnett (1968). Important differences are the numerical technique, slightly modified source terms and the incorporation of a variable equilibrium range of spectral density. Results for ideal, homogeneous generation situations for growth with nondimensional time and nondimensional duration are examined and compared to those from some previous models. (Author)

This report is a state-of-the-art examination of existing soil classification systems with emphasis on classification of cohesionless soils. The purpose of the report is to note and suggest possible improvements to the Unified Soil Classification System currently used by the Corps of Engineers. Characteristics of soil types pertaining to roads and airfields and soil stabilization' are also considered. Criteria for differentiating between coarse-grained soil groups which have diverse engineering properties, but which are not fully described in other classification systems, are also proposed. Boundaries between clean gravels or sands, gravels or sands with some fines, gravels or sands with fines, and fine-grained soils are suggested as 5, 20, and 50 percent fines, respectively. Coarse-grained soils are also classified with respect to their coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature as well graded and poorly graded, with the poorly graded further separated into narrow (i. e. uniform) and gap gradations. Criteria to separate each group are presented.

The 11th Annual Meeting on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Aquatic Plant Control Research Program was held in Atlantic Beach, Florida, on 19-22 October 1976 to review current operations activities and to afford an opportunity for presentation of current research projects. (Author), Original contains color plates: All DDC reproductions will be in black and white.

This bibliography on grouting contains abstracts of various engineering and scientific publications on both portland cement and chemical grouts. The technical data cover subjects such as: dams, bridges, buildings, machinery foundations, tunnels - sewers - shafts, silos, roadbeds, pavements, soils, rock bolts, and miscellaneous structures. (Author)

A probabilistic model is developed to predict the reliability of an embankment constructed on soft saturated clay. The model is based on a circular arc method of analysis, supplemented with a measure of the uncertainity in the resisting and overturning moments. The uncertainty in the overturning moment was considered negligible in ths thesis. The uncertainty in the resisting moment was considered due to the uncertainties of bias, random testing error, and inherent soil variability. Two case studies were analyzed in this thesis by both the conventional method of analysis and the probability model. The results indicate that the uncertainties in bias correction factors are the dominant sources for both field vane testing and unconfined compression testing. The basic probability model is then extended to include the effect of embankment length on the computed failure probability. Two approaches are taken. The first is a direct extension of the basic model, considering the actual embankment length as a multiple of the minimum embankment length required to satisfy the assumption of plane strain. The second approach is a three dimensional probability model developed from a first passage failure criterion. (Author), Master's thesis.

The primary objective of this study was to become familiar with centrifuge installations and modeling techniques employed in the design of foundations for structures under static and dynamic loading. In addition, attention was to be directed toward construction methods in seismic areas and the evaluation of various techniques that have been employed in this regard. To be added to these objectives is the information to be gained from the exposure to new (if not different) engineering methods, needs, and procedures. It is believed that all the objectives were amply satisfied, and the study could be characterized as an unqualified success.

This study was conducted to assess the impact of terrain on horizontal construction in Army Facilities Components System's four climatic zones. This included the identification of terrain conditions in selected countries within each zone and the evaluation of terrain effect variables used as input to the Engineer Horizontal Construction Effort Model (EHCEM). This model estimates the number of engineer battalion-days to construct specific types of airfields. The present terrain input data were analyzed and the difficulty and volume indexes used in EHCEM were evaluated. The revised data were applied to the selected terrain condition countries. Terrain conditions were mapped in 20 countries within the four climatic zones by using available data and applying state-of-the-art mapping procedures. The terrain arrays were correlated with the volume and difficulty indexes. These data were used to identify the revisions required to improve the output of the EHCEM. The frequency and areal coverage of each unique terrain configuration array were determined and a statistical analysis was performed on terrain conditions that occur within each climatic zone. (Author)

Event DICE THROW, a 2.5-terajoule (600-ton) charge of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO), was detonated on 6 October 1976 at the Giant Patriot Site on the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The soil is predominatly loose silty sand with random lenses of hard silty clay. Field tests were conducted to determine the degree to which the crater and its associated ejecta field constituted a physical barrier to the movement of military vehicles. Four terrain units in the crater and ejecta area were delineated as significant to ground mobility and described in terms of soil strength, soil moisture content, surface configuration, ejecta depth, and areal extent. The test vehicles, i.e., and M60A1 tank, an M551 Sheridan tank, an M577A1 command post carrier, an M109 self-propelled howitzer, an M35A2C 2-1/2-ton cargo truck, and an M715 1-1/4-ton cargo truck, could operate with ease in all the terrain units except the crater wall. The crater wall was too steep for the vehicles to make a safe entry into the crater; therefore, a D7F bulldozer was used for 10 minutes to make an entrance lane into the crater. Comparison of measured values and values predicted by AMM-74X (Army Mobility Model) for four vehicle performance parameters revealed that the overall accuracy of the predictions for go-no go, draw-bar pull, motion resistance, and speed was acceptable in every case.

This report contains road and roadside terrain data pertinent to the evaluation of the Lofted Mine Concept for a portion of West Germany. Appendix A presents the profile data sheets representing 104 sites, 29 of which are accompanied by one or two sheets of on-site photographs. The information on the profile data sheets has been inferred from available topographic and soil maps and air photos. The data are presented on profile diagrams representing transects intercepting the road at right angles and extending 200 m to the right and left from the road center line. The data include a topographic profile along the transect line, slope orientation of the profile, and vegetation, soil, and roadwayy characteristics to the extent that the relevant data were inferable from the available data sources or from on-site inspection. Selection of the terrain characteristics for description was based on their presumed interactions with various functional phases of the proposed lofted mined system. The data constitute information exhibiting the considerable variation found within the study area. Analysis of the data in terms of performance of the proposed mine systems can be made by inference or more adequately by use of quantitative performance prediction models.

Disposition of dredged material has become a problem of such proportions that all potential solutions must be explored. The present study was conducted to survey existing knowledge of, inventory, describe, and evaluate the potential for using subaqueous pits, holes, or depressions as dredged material disposal sites. The scope was limited to investigating the estuaries, bays, rivers, and continental shelf areas of the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and Great Lakes coasts of the United States. Included were all subaqueous depressions whether caused by dredging or extraction activities or by natural erosional events. The author concludes that the potential for having or creating man-made subaqueous disposal sites will depend upon demand and supply of the products excavated. Demand for construction aggregate in the vicinity of large coastal metropolitan areas and for shell as a source of aggregate or feed supplement. Adequate supplies for beach replenishment and construction aggregate are presently known or can be reasonably hypothesized, with economic constraints being the only hindrance to widespread usage. Conversely, shell supplies are limited, dredging areas are being curtailed, and the resulting pits fill rapidly. Thus, there is little potential, for shell dredging to leave extensive pits., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

In situ bulk densities and water contents of unconsolidated materials have determined from geophysical logs obtained from borings in three separate geologic environments: desert alluvium, river alluvium, and loess. The geophysical logs used in the property determinations were natural gamma, gamma-gamma, neutron, and caliper. The geophysical (field) bulk densities and water contents were derived at depth intervals corresponding to sampled intervals where similar property data from laboratory analyses were available for comparisons. The field bulk densities ranged from about 5 percent lower to 11 percent higher and had an overall average of 1 percent higher than the laboratory bulk densities. The field water contents ranged from about 12 percent lower to 18 percent higher with an overall average of about 6 percent higher than the laboratory water contents. (Author)

The results of analyses designed to develop model fishery compartments and associated fish population rate coefficients on a regional basis for use in reservoir ecosystem modeling are presented. Emphasis is directed toward development of regional rate coefficients for the United States corresponding to major geographical drainage areas. Fishery data will be incorporated in the reservoir ecosystem model currently being developed by personnel of the Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Known physical, chemical, and fishery conditions in 187 Corps of Engineers (CE) impoundments larger than 500 acres are described. Multivariable equations are presented that allow estimation of standing crop and sport fish harvest in CE reservoirs. Data were also reviewed and summarized on the ecological growth and assimilation efficiencies of fish, food consumption rates, respiration rates, temperature tolerances, half-saturation constants for growth, and chemical composition.

The hydraulic roughness of the interoceanic canals created by either nuclear or conventional construction is considered. In the canals of nuclear excavation, the part of resistance due to the ejecta is estimated on the basis of distribution of size of ejecta material; and the part due to the expansions and contractions in the canal created by the explosives is attributed to the isostatic losses from free turbulence. For the conventional canals charged with very fine sediment, the friction of the granular surfaces is assumed to be that in a hydrodynamically smooth surface. In the presence of bed features, the added form resistance is estimated from the findings of Alam and Kennedy concerning alluvial rivers. A detailed study of resistance noted in Fort Collins tests shows that there is a difference in the frictional processes between tthe laboratory flumes and the natural rivers, suggesting that for resistance estimates reliance should be placed on river calibration. (Author)

The Concrete Laboratory (CL) has used nondestructive testing (NDT) in the evaluation of concrete and concreting materials. In recent years, more emphasis has been placed on the inspection and structural evaluation of completed Corps of Engineers structures. The need for a capability to predict, prior to placement, certain properties of concrete mixtures after hardening has been realized. This report discusses the history, progress to date, and needs for future research and development in the field of NDT.

This study was conducted to determine if the proposed Marysville Lake pumped-storage hydropower (900-MW) project could satisfy downstream water temperature objectives. A one-dimensional numerical model was used for simulation and prediction of temperatures within and downstream of Marysville Lake. A physical hydraulic model was used for study and description of the hydrodynamic response of the project to pumped-storage hydropower operations. The physical model, constructed to a distorted scale of 1:1600 horizontally and 1:160 vertically, simulated the dynamic, unsteady-state, density-stratified flows through Marysville Lake and the afterbay or reregulating pool. Information from the physical model was used to modify existing algorithms and to develop new ones for the mathematical model. The mathematical model allowed simulation of the heat exchange characteristics so the thermal regimes within and downstream of the lake could be determined for various hydrologic and meteorologic conditions and various pumped-storage hydropower operations. Results of the study indicate that the project should satisfy the temperature objectives desired downstream. (Author), See also Report 2, AD-A052 655.