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The open-air storage and disposal of livestock waste from family-operated livestock farms can be a potential health threat to rural residents. In this study, the occurrence and seasonal distribution of 8 potentially toxic elements, 24 antibiotics, and 4 estrogens were investigated in 44 waste samples from 11 rural farms in North China. The results showed that these micropollutants were ubiquitous in livestock waste, with concentration ranges of 238.9–4555 mg/kg for potentially toxic elements, not detected (ND) to 286,672 μg/kg for antibiotics and ND to 229.5 μg/kg for estrogens. The pollutants in animal wastes showed seasonal variation. Since these wastes are directly applicable to nearby farmland without treatment, the risks those wastes pose to farmland soils were also evaluated. Risk assessment results showed that Zn, Cd, Hg, FF and DC in swine manures were at high risk, while total estrogens in chicken and dairy cattle manures were at high risk. The results will provide important data for the regulation of animal wastes produced by small-scale livestock farms in rural areas of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze the potential amount of electrical energy from biogas energy obtained from animal wastes in Turkey and Poland. Animal waste values were calculated by taking into account the recommended literature values. In determining the biomass energy potential of livestock enterprises in Turkey and Poland, FAO's 2012–2021 data were taken into account. The animal breeds selected as material in this study were cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, horse, pig, mule and donkey. Considering 10-year calculations, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be obtained from animal wastes for Turkey is 28,845,975 GJ, which is equivalent to 8,105,058 MWh of electrical energy. In Poland, the potential amount of biogas energy that can be generated from animal waste is 13,999,612 GJ, which is equivalent to 3,902,020 MWh of electricity. Moreover, it is estimated that the percentage of the potential amount of electricity to be obtained in 2021 to cover the amount of electricity consumed is 0.303% for Turkey and 0.392% for Poland. For 2021, the amount of economic gains that can be from electricity obtained was also calculated, and it was determined that this value can be 78,650,302 Euro for Turkey and 62,182,435 Euro for Poland. At the same time, it was calculated that the electricity needs of 406,170 houses in Turkey and 171,958 houses in Poland can be met in 2021. As a result, it is thought that the potential electricity to be obtained will contribute to determining energy gains and investment plans for biogas plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock production has undergone an industrial revolution over the past few decades. This has resulted in the enormous generation of livestock manure, particularly in agro-pastoral systems. Agricultural productivity in these systems largely depends on livestock manure. However, some of these communities are struggling with goat manure disposal. In addition, livestock manure requires proper treatment before application to agricultural land, because it contains toxic heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms. The review aimed to demonstrate that poor manure management has environmental consequences; thus, interventions that will promote local community livelihood benefits from animal wastes are germane. In many other communities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), horticulture or crop production is minimal, due to erratic rainfall hence, most of the manure lies idle in abandoned kraal pens or is heaped outside the pens with no designed plan. Manure should be viewed as a resource, rather than a waste product. The environmental consequences associated with such manure management are not known and should be probed further. Deliberate efforts to explore the land and environmental risks associated with the non-use of livestock manure are germane to promoting environmental stewardship. The use of manure as feedstock for anaerobic digesters offers the greatest potential for sustainable management in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs are increasingly valuable worldwide as potable source waters, yet in many geographic regions, their limnology and trophic status are poorly known. We characterized 14 drinking water reservoirs and their watersheds across the warming temperate/subtropical southeastern USA. Selected reservoirs had at least three years of accessible summer water quality data during 2010–2020, including Secchi depth, nutrients, and algal biomass as chlorophyll a, and depth profiles for temperature and dissolved oxygen. Most watersheds, including lands within a 10-km radius of the reservoirs, had sustained substantial urbanization and/or intensive industrialized animal production, in some cases including the discharge of partially treated human sewage or livestock slaughterhouse wastes near or into the reservoirs. Five reservoirs were assessed as mesotrophic; the others were eutrophic. Most were stratified, but ephemeral near-surface thermoclines were common, and many were too shallow (median depth 5.0 m) to maintain uniform temperatures in the relatively warm hypolimnia. Bottom-water hypoxia/anoxia occurred throughout the summers but, surprisingly, in 8 of 14 reservoirs hypoxia commonly extended to surface waters. In the Southeast as in many regions, drinking water reservoirs are poorly protected and degrading as livestock production and/or urban development increasingly characterize their watersheds. The eutrophication trajectory of these valuable resources should be used as an indicator of ecosystem health and water quality in developing more protective management and policy actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For how long the nutrient supply from long‐term application of manure and swine effluent will last to sustain crop production after applications had ceased is a research gap. We quantified the change in soil chemical properties 12 years after cattle manure and swine effluent applications had ceased. Data were collected in 2008 (termination of applications) and 2020 on a long‐term animal waste study at the Kansas State University, Southwest Research‐Extension Center near Tribune, KS. Treatments were three levels of cattle manure and swine effluent (phosphorus, P; nitrogen, N; and 2N) and an untreated control. Soil profile NO3‐N declined 78%–95%, 70%–82%, and 58% from the initial amount in 2008 compared to the amount remaining in 2020 in the swine effluent, cattle manure, and an untreated check, respectively. Profile NO3‐N levels were greatly elevated by the P‐based swine effluent treatment and the 2N rate of both cattle manure and swine effluent and remained high (>250 kg ha−1) after 12 years. Total nitrogen in the surface soil decreased by 11%–27% for cattle manure treatments with little change in the swine effluent and check treatments. Total carbon concentration in the surface soil decreased from 22% to 31% for cattle manure treatments and from 7% to 14% for swine effluent and check treatments. Mehlich‐3 P decreased significantly for the cattle manure treatments (41%–53%) but still remained very high (>100 mg kg−1). Soil test P levels in the swine treatments were similar to the check treatment. Application of cattle manure and swine effluent has lasting effects on many soil chemical properties long after ceasing applications. Core Ideas: Twelve years after treatment withdrawal, NO3‐N in profile decreased by 70%–82%, 78%–95%, and 58% from cattle manure, swine effluent, and check treatments, respectively.Total carbon concentration decreased 22%–31% for cattle manure and 7%–14% for swine effluent and check treatments.Mehlich‐3 P decreased by 41%–53% for cattle manure, 36%–58% for swine effluent, and 35% for the check.Cattle manure treatments continued to have high levels of soil test P 12 years after the last application.Application of swine effluent based on P requirement resulted in a buildup of NO3‐N which persisted for 12 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of antimicrobials from the hospital, pharma industries, agriculture and animal husbandry waste into various environmental sources has considerably increased. This triggers the development of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in the ecosystem. Hence, high throughput simultaneous analytical methods are necessary to analyze multiple classes of antibiotics in aquaculture products, soil, meat, honey, milk, water resources and wastewater. This concise review describes various analytical methodologies and sample processing techniques frequently used to determine multiple classes of antibiotics in the diverse field of interest. This article also details the frequently detected antibiotics, various liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction methods, their applications and the role of pKa values in the extraction efficiency of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The metagenomics-based behavior and risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated during cattle manure thermophilic anaerobic digestion with tetracycline and copper, namely, bulk-copper oxide, nano-copper oxide, and copper sulfate, which are common feed additives. Although bulk-copper oxide reduced ARGs' diversity, it enriched high-risk ARGs the most than the other two copper species, while copper sulfate could strongly mitigate the ARG risk by decreasing their abundances. Compared to corresponding individual effects, copper and tetracycline combinations may decrease ARGs' co-occurrence potential by 22.0%, and particularly, tetracycline combined separately with copper sulfate and nano-copper oxide reduces the ARGs' risk in abundance (by 7.2%) and human health (by 4.0%). These were mainly driven by bioavailable copper, volatile fatty acids, and pH, as well as the main potential hosts in phyla Firmicutes, Coprothermobacterota, and Euryarchaeota. Notably, the twin risks of pathogenicity and ARGs should be emphasized due to the ARGs' positive correlation with human pathogens of Clostridioides difficile and Arcobacter peruensis. These findings are important for understanding the potential ARGs' risk in treatments of livestock wastes containing feed additives of different sizes and speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future food farming technology faces challenges that must integrate the core goal of keeping the global temperature increase within 1.5 °C without reducing food security and nutrition. Here, we show that boosting the production of insects and earthworms based on food waste and livestock manure to provide food and feed in China will greatly contribute to meeting the country’s food security and carbon neutrality pledges. By substituting domestic products with mini-livestock (defined as earthworms and insects produced for food or feed) protein and utilizing the recovered land for bioenergy production plus carbon capture and storage, China’s agricultural sector could become carbon-neutral and reduce feed protein imports to near zero. This structural change may lead to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2,350 Tg CO2eq per year globally when both domestic and imported products are substituted. Overall, the success of mini-livestock protein production in achieving carbon neutrality and food security for China and its major trading partners depends on how the substitution strategies will be implemented and how the recovered agricultural land will be managed, e.g., free use for afforestation and bioenergy or by restricting this land to food crop use. Using China as an example, this study also demonstrates the potential of mini-livestock for decreasing the environmental burden of food production in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple sweet potato has been gradually increasing in terms of planting and consumption but, after harvesting, the leaves of the sweet potato are often discarded as waste or used for animal feed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of drying methods on the quality of sweet potato leaf powder and its storage capacity. The nutritional and antioxidant properties of powder were analyzed. The results showed that hot air-drying could preserve the antioxidant properties more than the sun-drying method. Both methods could produce a product with high nutritional value, especially a high amount of protein and fiber. This could be considered as a supplementation ingredient for the food industry. Moreover, after storage at room temperature for 12 weeks, a slight increase in moisture content and decrease in antioxidant properties were found. Further, the application of this ingredient should be further investigated in food application to improve the income for local farmers as well as reduce the environmentally harmful waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While productivity in agricultural lands continues to be the subject of discussion, the evaluation of animal wastes that cause negative environmental effects is an inevitable problem of the modern age. However, these wastes, which are generated from thousands of livestock enterprises, can be used for compost production for the rehabilitation of the soil. The environmental effects caused by these wastes will be minimized, the farmers engaged in planting activities will be able to get higher yields and economic returns will be provided in both respects. Depending on these reasons, this study is carried out to utilize the wastes generated from 123,123 livestock breeding enterprises operating in the provinces of Samsun, Tokat, Çorum and Amasya, for compost production. Geographical coordinates of all livestock enterprises were determined and these enterprises were divided into 18 cluster categories with K-Means clustering method. ARAS method, which is among the multi-criteria decision-making techniques, was used in order to choose the most available one among these cluster alternatives for an entrepreneur who aims to invest in compost production. The optimum number of 18 clusters to be applied for cluster analysis has been determined by Elbow and f(K) Function methods. SWARA method was used for determination of 6 criteria and the weights of these criteria before the optimality ranking of the cluster alternatives. According to the results obtained, it has been determined that the three most suitable locations for compost production from animal wastes in TR83 Region among 18 cluster alternatives are the Suluova district center of Amasya province, central district of Tokat province and Kuşsaray village of the Çorum center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sespite the fact that composting is taken into consideration to have a low environmental effect, it is unavoidable that the composting of manure will emit anthropogenic greenhouse gases and different gases together with ammonia and other gases such as VOCs. Amongst the numerous waste management routines, composting is regarded as the sustainable treatment technique for recycling agro-industrial waste into valuable by-products Employment of cheap and abundant biomass resources is an advantage of this approach making it an extensively studied approach to manage biodegradable waste for a sustainable environment. In this regard, composting represents an effectual substitute for organic waste management, since it reduces the dumping of wastes in landfills and the usage of improper disposal techniques. [Extracted from the article]

Earthworm growth and reproduction is influenced by the environmental variables such as temperature, moisture, substrate and nutrient content in vermibed materials. By using different kind of dietary supplements with the conventional vermibed materials raise the development and reproductive potential of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. The current study evaluated on particular periods such as 10th, 45th, and 90th day in vermibins with dietary supplements in the ratio of 1:1 the 50% Ficus religiosa leaf litters + 50% cow dung (T1); 50% Lawsonia inermis leaf litters + 50% cow dung (T2); 50% sugarcane bagasse + 50% cow dung (T3) was used and 100% cow dung serves as control (C). Among these vermibins, T3 vermibin treated earthworms had the highest growth, reproduction, highest sperm count in the seminal vesicle, hatching success, and also increased the metabolic profile of earthworms such as protein, carbohydrate, and lipids in tissues and seminal vesicle. Compared to the other nutritional supplements, the present study result revealed that cow dung and sugarcane bagasse together have a significant positive impact on earthworm growth and reproduction. This study emphasized on the enhancement of the reproductive capacity of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae by incorporating different dietary supplements with the traditional vermicomposting methods. This also helps to analyse the influence of the metabolic profile in the growth and development and even on the reproductive index of the earthworm which is been observed on three different period: 10th, 45th and 90th day of experimentation. In the current research multi output can be ensured by integrating with production of crops, vermicompost, earthworm growth and waste management. This present study also represents that the open dumping of such a huge quantity of dung materials and plant and animal wastes will create environmental pollution and benefits for soil fertility improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black soldier fly (BSF) has garnered the attention of the scientific community due to its outstanding efficiency in transforming organic waste into raw materials that can be incorporated into the value chain. A bibliometric and bibliographic review was conducted to elucidate the pivotal role played by the bioconversion of organic matter in shaping sustainable circular economy systems. The analysis revealed that black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have proven effective in the bioconversion of common waste, such as household and livestock waste, yielding valuable biomass. Despite these advancements, the exploration of new sources of organic matter persists to mitigate its environmental impact. Emerging technologies enable the efficient processing of BSFL biomass, yielding substitutes for environmentally unfriendly materials. Although the literature emphasizes the advantages of BSF in constructing circular economy models, obstacles such as limited legislation and insufficient incentives for producers, concerns about pathogens and contaminants, and low public acceptance of this species are identified. However, the growing trend in scientific interest suggests that BSF could play a central role in building sustainable societies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-natural Gas (BNG) from livestock manure (BNGLM) is a potential alternative energy source that can yield significant resource and environmental benefits. Energy potentials and carbon intensity differences in livestock manure utilization may exist in provincial areas. The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics for the BNG potentials are analyzed. A life-cycle carbon emission accounting model for carbon intensity was proposed. The results show that with the increase of scale and intensification of animal husbandry, the BNG potential is increasing. The potentials vary greatly among provinces. The annual carbon emission reduction potential from BNGLM reached 1.25 Gt. The proposed energy potential, its spatial characteristics, and carbon emission reduction measurement are expected to provide better support for enhancing specific regional plans for waste manure utilization and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are used on a large scale and have become unavoidable in the modern agricultural economy. Tones of them are used on a daily basis for a variety of functions, which are mostly used for agricultural activities. So, what exactly is a pesticide? A pesticide is a chemical substance used to keep undesired plants, animals, and microorganisms from harming humans, animals, and plants. It is a compound or mixture of chemicals designed to repel pests chemically and physically. Pesticides include herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, bactericides, rodenticides, and many others. Using these chemical compounds aids in the battle against pests, allowing us to improve our plants and animals and ensure the safety of the food production process for all people on the globe. However, studies show that abuse and excessive use of pesticides may have serious consequences for human health and the overall ecosystem. Pesticides are used in crops to manage pests, and they leave residues in animal feed. Consequently, as a result of the transportation of agricultural goods and animal products, pesticide misuse can extend hundreds of kilometers beyond the geographical region of usage. The use of pesticides for pest mitigation has become a common practice all around the world. The increase in pesticide use in agriculture has paralleled the increase in the quality and quantity of food products over the years. This article reviews the current evidence on the management of acute pesticide poisoning. Acute poisoning with pesticides is a global public health problem and accounts for as many as 300,000 deaths worldwide every year. Pesticides can impact human health directly through direct exposure to different types of pesticides or indirectly through the use of agricultural products (plants and animal products). The pesticide residues have also been detected in almost all animal products, such as meat, milk, dairy products, and eggs. The aims of this article are to highlight the possibility of pesticide deposition in various animal products and the acceptable range of some common pesticides according to reliable standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to treat cow and buffalo dung from the heavy elements cadmium and chromium. The results showed the absence a significant effect of Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida by worms. Significant differences between the two types of worms in the average accumulation of cadmium in dung, as well as no significant differences in the average accumulation of cadmium in the tissues of the two types of earthworms. As for the average concentration of chromium in dung, there were significant differences between the two types of worms, as the average concentration of chromium was It reached 14.491 ppm for L.terrestris and 16.316 ppm, while for E.fetida The average accumulation of chromium in the tissues of worms was significant effect, as the highest average was in L. terrestris, which reached 17,050 ppm compared to E. fetida, which reached 11,558 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Farmer characteristics are recognized in this study. The characteristics, perceptions, willingness to adopt climate change mitigation, and awareness of livestock farmers toward livestock waste management are the main points for determining appropriate climate mitigation rules. METHODS: This study was conducted in Enrekang and Barru Regencies of South Sulawesi. International Business Machines - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 27 was used for this study. In descriptive statistics, data were compiled, and the age, long husbandry experiences (year), number of family member, number of farming assistant, gender, education, farmer group participation status, side job, type of business, cattle ownership status, number of cattle (head), and weight total of cattle's manure (kilogram per day) were examined qualitatively. A chi-square test was used to compare the experimental results (perception and knowledge of livestock manure management) with practical livestock manure management. FINDINGS: This study found that the average age of farmers in the study area is 45 and 11.2 percent received have high formal education level from a university. Most of the cattle are male at 86.7 percent. Poor manure management system at 76.30 percent manure unmanaged and un-appropriate farmer groups with more than 60 percent of the farmers unjoined farmer's group. Almost 50 percent of the cattle farmers are willing to learn manure management. Nevertheless, this study found that the respondents' knowledge and practical manure management, as well as the respondents' knowledge (0.837) and perception (0.343) of practical manure management, do not have any significant connection. CONCLUSION: This study determines the full condition of cattle farmers in Barru and Enrekang Regencies. Barriers include low level of education, age of farmers, lack of manure management, and lack of willingness to join farmers group. Nevertheless, drivers, such as willingness to adopt manure management and high levels of experience in cattle farming, were also found. Enriching the knowledge and perception of farmers is essential in managing livestock wastes to mitigateof climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review delves into the processing of tannery solid waste, emphasizing fleshings and chromium-tanned leather waste. This paper centers on fat recovery, chromium elimination, and protein preservation, aiming to make them apt for animal consumption. This paper also assesses the potential of introducing such recycled products to the global market. Drawing on the literature from the past two decades, sourced comprehensively from Scopus and Web of Science, 36 articles were selected because of their significant contributions from leather production powerhouses such as India and Brazil. Fleshings have shown immense potential as animal feed, and the extraction of tallow and collagen from rawhide trimmings yields up to 98% and 93%, respectively. Fermented tannery fleshings, notably with Enterococcus faecium HAB01, also demonstrate strong antioxidant capabilities. The overarching consensus emphasizes the need for rigorous purification when dealing with chromium-containing wastes, addressing concerns tied to Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Furthermore, raw tannery fleshings stand out as a sustainable, cost-effective, and globally marketable solution for animal feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of manure as a source of clean energy can be increased through the conversion of animal waste into energy, which can also reduce the negative effects that animal waste disposal has on the environment. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a potential bioprocess for the utilisation of waste biomass and the conservation of energy. It is also an alternative method of energy recovery and waste treatment that produces biogas, which can be used to generate either electricity or heat and is a byproduct of the digestion process. In this study, different types of cow dung in terms of nutritional processes (grass: bran); 100 % grass, 95 % grass: 5 % bran, and 80 % grass: 20 % bran were taken for anaerobic co-digestion with food waste. The purpose of this study is to investigate the production of biogas as well as the properties of anaerobic codigestion using different types of cow dung under mesophilic temperature (37°C). Biogas production was measured by the water displacement method. The pH value, Organic Matter (OM) content, C/N ratio, and Volatile Acid (VA) were recorded throughout the experiment. Samples of 100 % grass accumulated the highest biogas production (1250 ml) followed by samples of 80 % grass: 20 % bran (1080 ml) and samples of 95 % grass: 5% bran (780 ml) between the 20th and 23rd days. This shows the sample of 100 % grass-feeding has a better performance on biogas production among the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of poor dewatering effect and unclear indexes of extrusion process of different types of livestock and poultry garbage by screw extruder, the screw extruder solid-liquid separator was optimized with discontinuous screw structure. Taking pressure gradient and mass fraction of water in discharge as evaluation indexes of extrusion dewatering process, orthogonal experiments were carried out with screw speed, opening and closing stroke and mass fraction of water in the feed as influencing factors to explore the influence of process parameters on extrusion effect and dewatering effect. The results show that the influence on pressure gradient during screw extrusion dewatering is, in descending order, mass fraction of water in the feed, screw speed and opening stroke. The influence on the mass fraction of water in discharge from large to small is the screw speed, the mass fraction of water in the feed and the opening and closing stroke. The pressure gradient can effectively reflect the extrusion dewatering effect during extrusion process. Adjusting the screw speed and opening stroke of the screw extruder can adapt to different types of materials. At the screw speed of 25.00 r/min, the opening and closing stroke at 45.00 mm and the mass fraction of water in the feed of 84.00%, the screw extruder can achieve the best extrusion and dewatering effect of livestock and poultry garbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of animal husbandry for food production has necessitated effective management of livestock waste, including cattle manure and poultry litter. Using these byproducts as organic fertilizers in agriculture represents a sustainable approach to their disposal. While these residues offer known benefits for soil health and crop productivity, further studies are needed to explore the effect of different manure microbiota on soil composition. The objective of this study was to address this gap and contribute to the advancement of this area. A randomized block design experiment was set up in the field with three replications per treatment, including the application of cattle manure, poultry litter, and a control treatment without fertilizer. After a 60 day period, the chemical characteristics and bacterial population composition of the soil were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Organic carbon, phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al), and the pH level played pivotal roles in changing the structure of the soil’s bacterial community. Notably, the incorporation of poultry litter induced more pronounced changes in both the chemical properties and bacterial community composition compared with cattle manure. Bacterial groups were enriched in the soils treated with poultry litter, which may indicate enhanced soil fertility. This association may stem from both the chemical alterations resulting from poultry litter application and the direct transfer of microorganisms from this organic fertilizer to the soil.

Biohydrogen production is a promising alternative to replace fossil fuels in an environmentally friendly way. In addition to the many available renewable energy sources, the production of “colored” hydrogen and biohydrogen occupies an irreplaceable position due to the undeniable availability of biomass and the need to manage food waste (FW). This article presents the current state of biohydrogen production technology—examples on continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania) and in Europe in terms of the efficiency of dark methane fermentation (CH4). Biophotolysis processes leading to the production of biohydrogen are indicated: directly and indirectly. The mechanism of the fermentation process of obtaining hydrogen and two-stage hydrogen fermentation are presented. The novelty of this article is the development of innovative trends in the development of the biohydrogen industry in Europe. Various models of the biohydrogen process are presented for different raw materials and proportions of substrates used in co-fermenters. Researchers from China are the undisputed pioneers in the use of renewable energy sources. However, improved energy self-sufficiency and environmental impacts are reflected in the growing number of pilot installations operating in European countries. This also gives hope for rapid progress towards full animal and FW management also in Poland.

An economy based on renewable energy sources is the hallmark of responsible companies. Climate policy and energy crisis commitments have led to a search for alternative ways to produce energy. Bioenergy is considered the most consistent renewable energy source due to its economic and environmental benefits. Biogas and biomethane are promising forms of renewable energy derived from widely available evergreen raw materials. Agricultural, animal, industrial and food wastes are excellent substrates used to produce clean and sustainable energy in a circular economy context. Their conversion into biogas and biomethane through the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is an efficient solution to the treatment of waste of different origins. The production and use of biomethane favor important environmental advantages, such as the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with those deriving from the use of conventional fossil fuels. This review would like to highlight modern trends and approaches to evaluate processes and strategies to control biogas and biomethane production. In particular, the use of livestock waste for the digestion process and the reuse of the by-product as fertilizer, as well as the potential development of biogas and biomethane as prospects for the improvement and optimization of renewable energy sources, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural biogas plant operations are energy sources that fit well with rural land use. The continuous increase in cattle and pigs creates the need to manage animal waste, especially slurry. Using it for energy production in biogas plants offers the possibility of obtaining electricity, heat, and highly efficient manure. The thermal energy generated in an agricultural biogas plant is used to heat the substrate in the fermentation process and can also be used to heat buildings, dry fodder, or wood. Electricity can be used to cover the farm's needs and sold to an energy company. However, the energy generated in the biogas plant must be of the right quality. One of the main factors describing the quality of electricity is the voltage distortion from the sinusoidal waveform. This paper presents the results of a study of the impact of biogas plant operation on the course of voltage and current in the grid. The theoretical analysis of the voltage distortion mechanism at the point of connection of an agricultural biogas plant was based on a simplified power system model consisting of a voltage source and the equivalent impedance of the power system. According to the theoretical analyses, agricultural biogas plant operation should reduce the voltage distortion factor. In order to confirm this statement, field tests were carried out at three agricultural biogas plants, based on which an analysis was made of the impact of the power generated in the biogas plants on the value of voltage distortion occurring at the point of their connection. However, the field tests did not confirm the conclusion of the theoretical analysis. Only in one case (where the biogas plant was connected near a substation and there was the highest short-circuit power) could it be seen that an increase in generation affected the voltage distortion factor. In the other two cases, generation did not significantly affect the shape of the voltage waveform. However, in each of the biogas plants studied, as the generation power increased, the current distortion factor decreased, suggesting that agricultural biogas plants should operate as close to the rated power as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Livestock waste in the form of feces and liquid represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Because many ARGs can be horizontally transferred to other pathogens, livestock waste plays an essential role in the emergence and transmission of various ARGs in the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to detect and assess the diversity of tet genes in Escherichia coli isolated from pig farm waste in Banten province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Solid waste (feces) and wastewater were collected from 44 pig farms in Banten province. The isolation and identification of E. coli referred to the Global Tricycle Surveillance extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli World Health Organization (2021) guidelines. tet genes were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after dividing pig farms in the province into four clusters based on their adjacent areas and characteristics. Results: tetA, tetB, tetC, tetM, tetO, and tetX were detected in solid waste and wastewater from pig farms, whereas tetE was not detected in either sample type. tetX (100%) and tetO (75%) were the most dominant genes in solid waste, whereas wastewater samples were dominated by tetA, tetM, tetO, and tetX (prevalence of 50% each). Furthermore, eight tet gene patterns were found in pig farm waste (prevalence of 12.5% each). Conclusion: The results showed a high prevalence of tetO and tetX in solid waste and wastewater from pig farms in Banten province. This significant prevalence and diversity indicated the transmission of tet genes from pigs to the environment, posing a serious threat to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins from agricultural and livestock wastes are rapidly emerging as potential alternatives for non-biodegradable PVA sizes due to their excellent film-forming ability, amphiphilic, biodegradable, low cost and low carbon footprint. However, brittleness of protein-based films that failed to be directly used as textile sizing to protect yarns during high-speed weaving limits their practical applications. Different methodologies to modify protein-based materials to impart excellent properties are highly desired to be better used in textile sizing. Therefore, in this review, recent advances in the various modification methods of proteins and its applications in textile sizing have been focused. The categories, structure, methodology and characterization of modified-protein are fully covered. This review provides an overview of recent research advances on different protein-based textile sizing agents and promotes the development of a new generation of multifunctional bio-based materials from biological renewable resources and sustainability of the textile industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO), such as animal waste or animal-waste-based composts, may contain foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Due to the ubiquitous nature of Listeria, it is essential to understand the behavior of L. monocytogenes in BSAAO in order to develop preharvest prevention strategies to reduce pathogen contamination. As biological control agents, competitive exclusion (CE) microorganisms have been widely utilized in agriculture to control plant- or foodborne pathogens. Due to the diverse microbial community, animal wastes and composts are the potential sources for isolating CE strains for pathogen control. To explore the potential of using CE to control L. monocytogenes in BSAAO, we thoroughly reviewed the studies on the fate of L. monocytogenes in the agriculture field, and in the isolation and identification of CE from different matrices, and the applications of CE as a biological control method. Future studies using a next-generation sequencing approach to identify and characterize CE strains in complex microbial communities can provide a comprehensive picture of the microbial interactions between invading pathogens and the indigenous microbiota in BSAAO. This comprehensive review will provide insight into the development of effective biological control measures for preventing L. monocytogenes contamination in the agricultural field and enhancing food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The black soldier fly is a tropical and subtropical fly that is increasingly used in animal feed worldwide. Its larvae develop in organic plant or animal matter and agro-industrial by-products. In Africa, they represent a source of protein that can help improve local poultry feed rations. The aim of this study was to improve the technique of black soldier fly larvae production by using local substrates (poultry droppings, cotton cake, brewery waste, and local beer waste) for animal feed in Burkina Faso. This study showed that the production of black soldier fly larvae by exposing substrates to naturally occurring flies is possible but that yields strongly vary according to the season and the substrates and types of containers used. These results provide important information for the development of sustainable insect-based poultry feed production methods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Larvae of Hermetia illucens are a valuable source of protein for animal feed that can be produced by exposing animal and agro-industrial wastes to naturally occurring flies. The objective of this study was to improve techniques for obtaining H. illucens larvae to feed livestock in Burkina Faso. An experiment was conducted to determine the most favourable substrates and seasons for larval production. The substrates used were poultry manure, local beer waste, local beer waste mixed with poultry manure, cottonseed cake, and industrial brewery waste mixed with poultry manure. The production of larvae was carried out in four different seasons. The effect of the container's oviposition area (0.07 m2, 0.09 m2, and 0.11 m2) and the type of container (terracotta, plastic, and iron) on larval production was also assessed. The produced larval biomass was high during, or just after, the rainy season but very low during the cool dry and hot dry seasons. Yields were higher with local beer waste mixed with poultry manure followed by local beer waste and cottonseed cake. The average mass of H. illucens larvae increased slightly with the oviposition area for the same amount of substrate. Iron and terracotta containers provided better results than plastic containers. The suitability of this production method for H. illucens larvae production is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals from farm fields, salts from the road, pollutants from the atmospheric circulation, garbage from domestic and industrial wastes, hazardous wastes and animal wastes can lead to water pollution. Chemicals, bacteria and viruses from the septic system can also infect water contaminated with synthetic materials such as gasoline. This polluting water affects human health and is unsuitable for drinking, so water quality is important. This study estimates the water quality index by the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method (WAWQI) using 20 water quality parameters in Uttar Pradesh for 10 districts in one year (January 2019–January 2020). Also, a novel hybrid Deep learning Neural Network-Mini Batch gradient descent optimization (DNN-MBGD) is used for water quality prediction. Based on the results, water from the experimental sites is unsuitable for drinking and other purposes like domestic and irrigation. The WQI value for these 10 sites is much greater than 100. After WQI calculation, the relationship between two water quality parameters are determined by a correlation matrix. Based on the feature importance score, input features were selected, and the performance of K was determined. Then the performance of K was predicted by the hybrid DNN-MBGD model and compared with the ANN (artificial neural network), SVM (support vector machine) and GMDH (group method of data handling). From the performance comparison and error analysis hybrid DNN-MBGD model result gives better performance than other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most soils close to urban centers are often degraded due to intensive cultivation, resulting in low organic matter content and low plant nutrients. Remnants of vegetable materials are frequently abandoned in urban markets in Nigeria and their disposal by local councils is expensive; these materials therefore constitute a nuisance to the environment. However, these materials can be composted and used as soil amendment. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria during the 2018 and 2019 cropping growing seasons to evaluate the effects of urban wastes as compost on the growth, yield and nutritional composition of lettuce. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. The rates of compost application were as follows; 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 Mg/ha and NPK at the rate of 300 kg ha-1. Data were collected on vegetative parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index), yield parameters (yield per net plot, yield per hectare), and the vitamin composition (Vitamins A and C). The results showed that the application of compost manure improved the soil physical and chemical properties such as the water holding capacity, which was improved by 27.77% and 29.43% in the first and second growing seasons respectively. The application of 20 Mg ha-1 produced superior growth and yield (34.93 and 33.64 Mg ha-1) in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Farmers are therefore encouraged to plant their lettuce crop using compost manure especially in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 are the most important foodborne pathogens forming bacterial biofilms that contribute to their virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and surface survival, causing severe food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. Bacteriophages are antibacterial agents that are increasingly used to control foodborne pathogens, and they also play a role in the solution against the development of antibiotic resistance. In addition, bacteriophages can be found in wastewater, natural and animal wastes, and foodstuffs. Aim of this study to determine the purification and lytic effects of Salmonella spp. and E. coli specific phages circulating in our country, which can effectively combat common Salmonella spp. and E. coli infections in our country and the world by using samples taken from the cowshed. In this study, 3 S. Typhimurium and 1 E. coli O157:H5 bacteriophages were isolated, and their lytic activities were determined. As a result, it is thought that the lytic activities of S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 bacteriophages purified from Aksaray province in this study can shed light on the treatment of S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 infections and prevention studies in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overconsumption of energy results in the depletion of fossil fuels. Generally, biodiesels are produced from wastes of animal fats and vegetable oils. In this study, we have tried to produce biodiesel from both the wild strain and ion beam mutated strain and compared the concentration of lipids produced from both the strains and their properties. Lipids were extracted from microbes using the Bligh and Dyer method and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Extracted lipids (free fatty acids) were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) using a base catalyst. The end product biodiesel was characterized and analyzed based on ASTM standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ever-increasing demand and high energy prices (and lack of access), the search for alternative and local energy sources is essential for developing countries; therefore, this study reveals the economic feasibility of using organic waste for biogas production on the Syrian coast. The data was collected through a questionnaire survey among farmers and field visits to the biogas units in Tartus and Latakia provinces from June 2020 to February 2021. The results showed that the total annual return of the biogas unit that depends on plant residues is higher than the total annual return of the biogas unit that depends on animal waste. The study found that every dollar invested in the biogas production unit from animal waste achieves a net return of 0.89 USD without discount factors. In the biogas production unit using crop residues, it was 2.08 USD. The payback period of the small-scale biogas unit is 2.9 years in the animal waste unit and 1.9 years in the plant residues unit. When costs increase disproportion by 20% and revenue slumps by 20% less than expected, every dollar invested in small-scale biogas plants using animal wastes achieves 0.26 USD as a net return without discount factors. On the other hand, every dollar invested in small-scale biogas plants using plant residues earns 1.06 USD as a net return without discount factors. With discount factors, each dollar invested in a small-scale biogas plant using animal wastes achieves 0.012 USD as a net return. Each dollar invested in small-scale biogas plants using crop residues earns 0.13 USD as a net profit. The study found that biogas units that use crop residues are more profitable and should be considered in programs supporting renewable energy, especially with the government's interest in renewable energies and the widespread availability of crop residues in the Syrian environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse composition of biomass waste, with its varied chemical compounds of origin, holds substantial potential in developing low-cost carbon-based materials for electrochemical sensing applications across a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and heavy metals. This review highlights the latest developments and explores the potential of these sustainable electrodes in electrochemical sensing. Using biomass sources, these electrodes offer a renewable and cost-effective route to fabricate carbon-based sensors. The carbonization process yields highly porous materials with large surface areas, providing a wide variety of functional groups and abundant active sites for analyte adsorption, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. The review classifies, summarizes, and analyses different treatments and synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials from different sources, such as herbaceous, wood, animal and human wastes, and aquatic and industrial waste, used for the construction of electrochemical sensors over the last five years. Moreover, this review highlights various aspects including the source, synthesis parameters, strategies for improving their sensing activity, morphology, structure, and functional group contributions. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the immense potential of biomass-derived carbon-based electrodes, encouraging further research to optimize their properties and advance their integration into practical electrochemical sensing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influx/efflux of nitrogen and the dominant influencing factors of nitrogen transformation at the sediment–water interface (SWI). Materials and methods: Two intact sediment cores were collected from Dongfeng Reservoir (DFR) in the Wujiang River basin in December 2018 and July 2019. The cores were immediately sliced upon collection. Pore water samples were obtained by centrifugation. Different forms of inorganic nitrogen were exacted and measured by an analytical continuous flow analyzer (SEAL Analytical Limited, Germany). Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) samples were obtained after the removal of inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen. Stable isotopes (δ15N-PON) and the ratios of C/N were measured by a stable isotopic mass spectrometer (MAT-253) and an elemental analyzer (Elementar, Rhine main, Germany). The estimation of mineralization and diffusion flux was conducted using a first-order kinetic model and Fick's first law, respectively. Results and discussion: Significant seasonal variations in the concentration of nitrogen species in the pore waters of the sediment indicated that dissolved oxygen (DO) was the primary environmental factor controlling nitrogen transformation and transportation at the SWI. Mineralization and nitrification were identified as the dominant processes in the sediment profile and SWI of the DFR. The δ15N-PON and C/N ratios provided insights into the sources of PON in the sediment, with soil organic matter and livestock waste being identified as the primary contributors. The estimated endogenous diffusion fluxes of NH4+-N from sediment were 34.69 mg m−2 d−1 and 29.21 mg m−2 d−1 in the stratified period (SP) and non-stratified period (NSP), respectively. These fluxes were notably higher than those observed in most eutrophic aquatic systems, suggesting that the role of sedimentary nitrogen reservoirs in nitrogen accumulation in oligotrophic/mesotrophic environments may have been significantly underestimated. Conclusions: Mineralization of PON and nitrification were the main processes of nitrogen transformation at the SWI in DFR. As a dominant component of inorganic nitrogen, NH4+-N exhibits high levels of endogenous release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] Residual film in farmland is the main source of white pollution. In the recycling and utilization of residual film, Farmland residual film accounts for about 10.00%-20.00% of the residual film recovery, how to separate theresidual film from the residue and fiber mixture has always been a "stuck neck" problem that plagues the recycling and reuse of residual film. The development of technology that uses insects to transform agricultural and animal husbandry wastes provides ideas for solving this problem. [Methods] There are 6 treatments were set up, which are urea + fungus, CK, pig manure + fungus, fungus, cow manure + fungus, insect dung-sand + fungus, and carried out a 30-day decomposing pretreatment under outdoor natural temperature and light conditions. Thereafter, the 3rd instar larva of Proteatia brevitarsis Lewis were put into the fermentation material to separating the recycled plastic film residual mixtures. The separation effect was measured by measuring the proportion of residual membrane in the mixture, the transformation capability of larvae and the residual membrane on the surface accounted for the total. [Results] The highest fermentation temperature of three organic accessories (pig manure, cow manure, insect dung-sand)+ fungus treatments has exceeded 55 °C, the fermentation is more intense, and the decomposing effect is better; the 3rd instar larva of P. brevitarsis Lewis can grow and cocoon normally in the six decomposed material, And can get insect dung-sand equivalent to 57.60 times to 193.10 times increase in weight, the three treatments of organic accessories + fungus performed the best; Special way of the feeding and back-walking activities of the 3rd instar larvae of P. brevitarsis, The residual membrane on the surface of each treatment accounted for more than 42.58% ±0.94% of the total, The best is cow dung + fungus treatment, up to 54.11%±7.60%; the fermentation process all contributes to the decomposition and improvement of the proportion of residual membrane in total residue mixture, the transformation and separation of the larvae of P. brevitarsis can greatly increase the proportion of residual membrane in the residue. Under the compound of insects and fungus, the three treatments of organic accessories + fungus can increase the ratio of residual membrane to more than 4.8 times. According to a rough estimate, the profit that can be created by recycling the residual membrane mixture per ton of cotton field is about 300 yuan. [Conclusion] The insect and fungus compound technology can not only realize the value-added separation of the residual membrane in the residual membrane recovery mixture. It also can improve the resource utilization of manure (i.e, cow manure) and the insect dung-sand which has the application potential in organic fertilizer, and providing a new exploration direction for cracking the residual membrane pollution control in the Xinjiang cotton area, and it has initial application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that turns animal waste into organic fertilizers. It remains unclear whether differences exist in the structure of microbial communities during different livestock manure composting. This study analyzed the dynamic change of bacterial and fungal communities, metabolic function, and trophic mode during chicken manure (CM) and pig manure (PM) composting based on 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. Environmental factors were investigated for their impact on microbial communities. During composting, bacterial diversity decreased and then increased, while fungal diversity slightly increased and then decreased. Saccharomonospora and Aspergillus were the dominant genera and key microorganisms in CM and PM, respectively, which played crucial roles in sustaining the stability of the ecological network structure in the microbial ecology and participating in metabolism. Saccharomonospora gradually increased, while Aspergillus increased at first and then decreased. PM had better microbial community stability and more keystone taxa than CM. In CM and PM, the primary function of bacterial communities was metabolism, while saprotroph was the primary trophic mode of fungal communities. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the primary factor influencing the structure and function of microbial communities in CM and PM. In addition to DOC, pH and moisture were important factors affecting the fungal communities in CM and PM, respectively. These results show that the succession of bacteria and fungi in CM and PM proceeded in a similar pattern, but there are still some differences in the dominant genus and their responses to environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three vertical sub-surface flow (VSSF) constructed wetland (CW) systems (CW -1, CW -2 and CW-3) filled with different filter media, each 4 m2 in area, planted with Arundo donax was operated for 4 years for treating dairy farm wastewater. The vertical CW systems received high fluctuations in influent concentrations and loads i.e., BOD (26 to 619 mg L -1 and 1.5 to 34 g m -2 d -1 ), TSS (165 to 643 mg L -1 and 9.1 to 24 g m -2 d -1 ), TP (16 to 49.9 mg L -1 and 1.2 to 2.7 g m -2 d -1 ) and NH4-N (24.5 to 76.2 mg L -1 and 1.3 to 4.2 g m -2 d -1 ) during the assessment period. Average annual removal rates showed fluctuations in removal of BOD (70.5 to 92.9%), TSS (82.5 to 97.5%), TP (51.1 to 91.9%) and NH4-N (34.6 to 69%). This shows that the removal of BOD is very sensitive to inlet load fluctuations in CWs. High inlet loads may confine good nitrification that affects ammonium-nitrogen removal while TP removal rate reduced when inlet TP loads reduced. The average concentration of the pollutants (BOD, TSS, TP and NH4-N) in the treated effluent showed noticeable decrease: 43.4 to 16.1 mg L -1 for BOD; 43.3 to 11.7 mg L -1 for TSS; 17.9 to 3.1 mg L -1 for TP and 33.2 to 22.7 mg L -1 for NH4-N. Thus, from the outcomes of the current study, it can be concluded that the VSSF CW system may provide promising outcomes despite there is fluctuations in the influent loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) hold great promise for sustainable management of meat and bone meal (MBM), a kind of organic waste. Harvested BSFL frass can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer. This study evaluated the quality and microbial profile in the frass of BSFL, fed with fish MBM containing 0% (CK), 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% (T3) of rice straw. Results suggested straw addition into fish MBM had no significant impacts on BSFL weight; however, straw addition remarkably affected waste reduction and conversion efficiency, as well as physicochemical properties including electric conductivity, organic matter (OM) and total phosphorus contents in frass. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that increasing levels of cellulose and lignin might not be fully degraded or transformed by BSFL when more straw was introduced into substrates. Straw addition had hardly significant influences on microbial richness or evenness in BSFL frass, only T3 treatment remarkably elevated the phylogenetic diversity value more than the control. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant phyla. Genera Myroides, Acinetobacter and Paenochrobactrum maintained high abundances in all frass samples. Elements including OM, pH and Na were key factors in shaping the microbiological characteristics of BSFL frass. Our findings helped to understand the effects of fish MBM waste manipulation on BSFL frass qualities and contributed to the further application of BSFL frass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of antimicrobials in animal rearing and the associated environmental hazards have become a pressing issue. Animal agriculture is often viewed as a significant contributor to environmental degradation due to the residues of antimicrobials. It is a common practice to use livestock waste as a soil enhancer in farming. Despite some research into antimicrobials, there is room for more comprehensive data regarding these pollutants in animal farming environments. A handful of earlier studies have identified antimicrobials in animal waste. This research undertook the task of examining and evaluating soils amended with animal waste (from chickens, cows, and pigs) for the presence of seven specific antimicrobials. The antimicrobials under scrutiny included trimethoprim (TRI), ormethoprim (ORM), ofloxacin (OFL), norfloxacin (NOR), tetracycline (TET), chlortetracycline (CTE), and tylosin (TLS). Soil samples were collected from areas surrounding breeding farms located upstream of the Sai Gon River. These samples were then subjected to laboratory analysis, which involved solid‐phase extraction using ultrasonic waves and the application of high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) to identify the antimicrobials. TRI, which had the highest average concentration (2.603–91.304 μg/kg), and OFL, with the second highest average concentration (1.815–15.832 μg/kg), were detected in all soil samples amended with manure. CTE, with the third highest average concentration, was found in soils amended with cow and pig waste (1.625–15.486 μg/kg). ORM and TE, with lower average concentrations (0.595–1.318 μ and 11.537–13.569 μg/kg, respectively), were only detected in soils amended with chicken waste, while NOR was only found in soils amended with cow waste. These findings indicate that the use of antimicrobials in animal farming can negatively impact the soil ecosystem. Consequently, these results can contribute to the creation of guidelines for monitoring antimicrobial residues in agricultural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pig waste can be used to generate energy through biogas and has been gaining importance for being a renewable energy source. The resulting biogas can be used in many forms, such as to produce electricity and supply local networks using microgrids. This helps bring greater stability and energy security to local electricity supply networks. Under this light, this article aims to (i) report on socio-environmental impacts, (ii) present lessons learned (from a circular economy and territorial intelligence perspective), and (iii) point out future business opportunities of value recovery from waste in rural properties. To that end, a case study was carried out in a rural property in Paraná, Brazil. The authors conducted local visits and surveys, and consulted documents provided by the property owners about projects making use of biogas produced from pig waste and used to generate electricity. Different partnerships between the property and public and private bodies enable business opportunities arising from projects that range from the commercialization of carbon credits, decentralized energy generation, to sale of energy to the State's energy provider and establishing Microgrids. From those projects, direct and indirect environmental and social benefits are primarily related to the replacement of non-renewable energy with renewable energy from waste, and impacts avoided from the inadequate handling of pig waste. The results show that it is possible to explore the energy potential of rural properties, based on livestock waste, by developing partnerships with public and private actors, producing energy from biogas, from circular economy and territorial intelligence perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poorly managed animal faecal waste can result in detrimental environmental and public health implications. Limiting human exposure to animal waste through Animal inclusive Water Sanitation and Hygiene (A-WASH) strategies is imperative to improve public health in livestock keeping households but has received little attention to date. A small number of A-WASH interventions have previously been identified through a systematic review by another research team, and published in 2017. To inform intervention design with the most up-to-date information, a scoping study was conducted to map the existing evidence for A-WASH in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) emerging since the previous review. Methods: This review followed PRISMA guidelines to identify interventions in SSA published between January 2016 to October 2022. Databases searched included PubMed, PMC Europe, CabDirect and Web of Science. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were written in English and documented interventions limiting human contact with animal faecal material in the SSA context. Key data extracted included: the intervention itself, its target population, cost, measure of effectiveness, quantification of effect, assessment of success, acceptability and limitations. These data were synthesized into a narrative, structured around the intervention type. Findings: Eight eligible articles were identified. Interventions to reduce human exposure to animal faecal matter were conducted in combination with 'standard' human-centric WASH practices. Identified interventions included the management of human-animal co-habitation, educational programs and the creation of child-safe spaces. No novel A-WASH interventions were identified in this review, beyond those identified by the review in 2017. Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) were used to evaluate six of the eight identified interventions, but as effect was evaluated through various measures, the ability to formally compare efficacy of interventions is lacking. Conclusion: This study indicates that the number of A-WASH studies in SSA is increasing and the use of RCTs suggests a strong desire to create high-quality evidence within this field. There is a need for standardisation of effect measures to enable meta-analyses to be conducted to better understand intervention effectiveness. Evaluation of scalability and sustainability of interventions is still lacking in A – WASH research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]