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A 250-m-thick sedimentary succession dominated by siliciclastic deposits occurs in the Kąkolowka Structure of the Skole Nappe. The succession was deposited in the inner part of the Skole Basin during the Late Cretaceous. In position and age, it corresponds to the Kropivnik Fucoid Marl of the Wiar Member (a subdivision of the Ropianka Formation), which was comprehensively described in the external part of the Skole Nappe. In this study, the authors provide the first complete data set on the lithological development and biostratigraphy of the Kropivnik Fucoid Marl from the inner part of the Skole Nappe. The results are compared to previous data from the outer part of the Skole Nappe. In the Kropivnik Fucoid Marl of the Kąkolowka Structure, three main heterolithic facies associations are distinguished: shale-sandstone, marl-sandstone and sandstone-shale. The occurrences of hard, platy and soft marls within siliciclastic rocks are typical of the sections studied. The features observed indicate a turbiditic origin of the deposits studied, including the hard, platy marls. The allogenic material of the strata described includes the small, fragile tests of planktonic foraminifera, which were redeposited from the outer parts of the Skole Basin. Particularly large concentrations of planktonic foraminifera were observed in the hard, platy marls. They are less common in the soft marls and shales. In the Zimny Dzial section, a diverse assemblage of benthic and planktonic foraminifera was found. The Kropivnik Fucoid Marl was dated as uppermost Campanian to lowermost Maastrichtian on the basis of planktonic foraminifera, which represent the Gansserina gansseri Zone. The agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages are representative for the lower part of the Rzehakina inclusa Zone and the co-occurrence of the Caudammina gigantean (Geroch) acme with Rzehakina inclusa (Grzybowski) was observed.

The global climate change in the early Eocene contributed significantly to the turnover of benthic foraminifera. A major extinction within agglutinated and calcareous forms and the occurrence of opportunistic assemblages resulted. The Trochammina material described here belongs to these post-crisis assemblages. Foraminiferal assemblages with numerous Trochammina species are identified within deep-water Eocene deposits of the Polish part of the Outer Carpathians. Trochammina reach up to 80% of the assemblages, the remainder consists of cosmopolitan agglutinated foraminifera, mainly Bathysiphon, Recurvoides, Paratrochamminoides and Trochamminoides. The low biodiversity (average number of species 24, of genera 15) and the presence of dwarf forms are the main characteristics of the assemblages. These assemblages occur predominantly in shales with numerous organic traces (lower Hieroglyphic beds), deposited in the Silesian Basin (Outer Carpathians) which was on the northern margin of the western Tethys Ocean during the early Eocene (Ypresian, c. 50 Ma). The Trochammina biofacies developed in the Silesian Basin after the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum crisis, and is dominated by opportunistic forms, mainly represented by mobile epifauna and shallow-water infauna, interpreted as a recolonizing assemblage in a low energy environment.

The lithologic variation and biostratigraphy of the Hieroglyphic Beds were examined in the Szczyrzyc Depression, where four lithologic complexes were distinguished. The biostratigraphy is based on agglutinated foraminifera and supported by scarce planktonic foraminifera. The lower part of the Hieroglyphic Beds contains non-characteristic, Ypresian foraminifers, including assemblages of small-sized Trochammina and at successively higher levels representatives of the Bartonian Ammodiscus latus Zone and the Priabonian Reticulophragmium gerochi Zone. The upper part of the Hieroglyphic Beds, composed of dark shales enriched in TOC (1–2%), corresponds to the deposits of the so-called Black Eocene, known from the Fore-Magura group of nappes. Redeposited flysch rocks resulting from episodes of subaqueous mass flow occur in the lower Bartonian part of the section.

The global climate change in the early Eocene contributed significantly to the turnover of benthic foraminifera. A major extinction within agglutinated and calcareous forms and the occurrence of opportunistic assemblages resulted. The Trochammina material described here belongs to these post-crisis assemblages. Foraminiferal assemblages with numerous Trochammina species are identified within deep-water Eocene deposits of the Polish part of the Outer Carpathians. Trochammina reach up to 80% of the assemblages, the remainder consists of cosmopolitan agglutinated foraminifera, mainly Bathysiphon, Recurvoides, Paratrochamminoides and Trochamminoides. The low biodiversity (average number of species 24, of genera 15) and the presence of dwarf forms are the main characteristics of the assemblages. These assemblages occur predominantly in shales with numerous organic traces (lower Hieroglyphic beds), deposited in the Silesian Basin (Outer Carpathians) which was on the northern margin of the western Tethys Ocean during the early Eocene (Ypresian, c. 50 Ma). The Trochammina biofacies developed in the Silesian Basin after the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum crisis, and is dominated by opportunistic forms, mainly represented by mobile epifauna and shallow-water infauna, interpreted as a recolonizing assemblage in a low energy environment.

The olistostromes form two belts within the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) in the Northern Carpathians. They mark an early stage of the development of the accretionary prism. The first belt was formed during Late Cretaceous time as a result of subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys. The fore-arc basin originated along this subduction zone, with synorogenic flysch deposits. Huge olistoliths deposited within the Cretaceous–Palaeogene flysch of the Złatne Basin, presently located in the vicinity of the Haligovce village (eastern Slovakia), provide a good example of the fore-arc olistostrome setting. The second belt is related to the movement of the accretionary prism, which overrode the Czorsztyn Ridge during Late Cretaceous–Paleocene time. The destruction of this ridge led to the formation of submarine slumps and olistoliths along the southern margin of the Magura Basin. The Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene flysch sequences of the Magura Basin constitute the matrix of olistostromes. The large Homole block in the Jaworki village represents the best example of the Magura Basin olistolith. Numerous examples of olistoliths were documented in western Slovakia, Poland, eastern Slovakia and Ukraine. The olistostromes formed within the Złatne and Magura basins orginated during the tectonic process, forming the olistostrome belts along the strike of the PKB structure.

The aim of the study was to evaluate 10-years of clinical material referring to the rare dental abnormality of double teeth. The study material consisted of case records, operation-books and radiographic or photographic documentation on patients treated in the Department of Oral Surgery, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, from the 1st of June 2000 to the 31st of May 2010. The following features were considered important: age and sex, the reason why the patient reported for treatment, general state of health, the time of recognition and type of double teeth, location of double teeth, complaints and disturbances connected with double teeth, types of radiographs, the radiographic and macroscopic appearance of double teeth and treatment method. Diagnoses were as follows: eight conrescent teeth, two fused teeth, two geminated teeth and one invaginated tooth. The anomaly of a deciduous tooth was referred to in one case only. Double teeth were most often seen in the region of maxillary incisors and molars but rarely in the mandible. The region of incisors was affected chiefly in children and the region of molars in adults. Double incisors are usually recognized prior to treatment whereas double molars as late as during their extraction. In many cases, neither intraoral radiographs nor pantomographs help to confirm double teeth or provide sufficient information to plan the treatment. In such a situation, CT or CBCT should be used in addition to imaging diagnostics. Double teeth among incisors are usually accompanied by occlusal disorders. Therefore the therapeutic management is conducted by a team, including orthodontists.

The stratigraphic position of the Goryczkowiec Sandstone reflects the Paleocene ridge geodynamics in the Outer Carpathian basins. The Goryczkowiec Sandstone was deposited on the slope of a ridge, known as the Subsilesian Sedimentary Area that originated during reorganization of the Outer Carpathian realm. A Paleocene age of this sandstone, documented clearly by autochthonous foraminiferal and algal assemblages indicates the time of the final formation of the Subsilesian Ridge. Abundant calcareous material of biogenic origin was transported by turbidity currents into deeper zones. This material includes fragments of carbonate buildups represented by algae, bryozoans and other organisms growing in the shallower part of the ridge. The Goryczkowiec Sandstone, previously known as the Szydłowiec Sandstone, is here redefined as a new lithostratigraphic unit within the Subsilesian Sedimentary Area in the marginal Outer Carpathians in Poland. The new name clarifies the ambivalence in the lithostratigraphic nomenclature

The thin- and medium-bedded, turbiditic deposits that are exposed in the Bystrica Zone of the Magura Nappe in the Slovak Orava region are the subject of this study. On the basis of lithological features as well as age and stratigraphic position, they are assigned to the Ropianka Formation. The very well exposed rocks of this formation, recognized in the Biela Farma profile in the Slovak part of the northwestern Orava region, are compared with analogous deposits in the Polish Orava and the Beskid Wysoki Mountains. Lithological and biostratigraphical documentation of the Ropianka Formation is presented. This documentation allowed the determination of the age of the rocks studied. Abundant and taxonomically diverse foraminiferal assemblages of agglutinated, benthonic and occasional planktonic forms indicate a Middle Paleocene age for the upper part of the Ropianka Fm. A new stratigraphic position for the Szczawina Sandstone, considered to be a member of the Ropianka Fm, is proposed. The lithostratigraphy of the Ropianka Fm in the Magura Nappe in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic requires further investigation, including the establishment of new type and reference sections. The large outcrop at Biela Farma should be taken into consideration as a potential reference section. Studies of the new sections will lead to a new monographic elaboration of the Ropianka Fm in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Foraminiferal assemblages rich in Trochammina are described from the uppermost part of the Istebna Beds within the Silesian Nappe (Polish Outer Carpathians). The percentage of Trochammina is 55% and 35% of all foraminifera, making this genus numerous in assemblages. Semi-specific Trochammina assemblages, dominated by the epifaunal eco-group, are represented by dwarf, thin-walled specimens of cosmopolitan taxa, suggesting they developed in a crisis condition. The late Paleocene age of these assemblages is established based on stratigraphic ranges co-occurring agglutinated and planktonic foraminifera, and on superposition of the host rocks.

Eocene thin-bedded flysch, widespread in the Alpine Tethys ocean, is present within the Magura Nappe, the largest Outer Carpathian unit in Poland and Slovakia. Thin-bedded flysch sedimentation accompanied by hemipelagic shales took place accross the entire Magura Basin during Eocene times. The lithostratigraphic position of these deposits has been a subject of considerable discussion. Different names, such as the Hieroglyphic Beds, Hieroglyphic Formation, Łabowa Shale Formation, Grzechynia Sandstones and Beloveža Beds, Beloveža Formation have been used in the Outer Carpathians literature. We show a striking resemblance of the Beloveža Beds (Formation) from its type locality to the Hieroglyphic Beds from the Beskid Wysoki area and to typical Beloveža Beds from the Hanczowa Mts. We propose to the name Beloveža Formation should be applied to thin-bedded flysch within both Bystrica and Raca units of Magura Nappe and the name Hieroglyphic Formation should be restricted to the Skole Unit. The original type locality in Beloveža near Bardejov in Slovakia is selected as type section of the Beloveža Formation.

Interesting objects – the rocky forms and waterfall thresholds, built of Yamna Sandstone occur in the vicinity of Skole town. Beside the esthetic positive aspects related the morphological variety of the rocky forms and occurrence of the diversified weathering structures, the objects have a substantial cognitive value encompassing the lithology and sedimentological processes of the thick-bedded turbidites. The sandstone rocky forms usually occur in the groups distributed on slopes and forming so-called rocky towns. Their number and distribution allow observation of the changing structural and textural features both lateral and vertical within the 100-m thick composed profiles. The excellent degree of rocks outcropping, variety of structural and textural features and spectrum of possible observations indicates the high geotouristic potential of the investigated objects.

Molecular structure, vibrational energy levels and potential energy distribution of 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 5-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 6-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 7-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine were determined using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The optimised bond lengths and bond angles are in good agreement with the X-ray data of 5-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine obtained in the present work (Pbca space group; a = 8.660(2), b = 11.078(2), c = 11.078(3) A, Z = 8). The N+H group plays the role of a proton donor in a medium strong hydrogen bond of the type NH…N, linking the N-atom of the pyridine with the adjacent molecule related by the symmetry operation: 1/2 − x, y − 1/2, z(N…N = 2.869(25) A). The presence of hydrogen bond is confirmed by appearance in the IR spectra of a very broad and strong contour in the 2000–3100 cm−1 range. The place of substitution of the methyl group at the pyridine ring influences the proton position of the NH group at the imidazole unit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The single crystals of ZnCr2Se4 spinel doped with manganese were prepared by the chemical vapour transport in closed silica tubes using stoichiometric contents of ZnSe, MnSe and CrCl3 as the transporting agent. Chemical composition of four single crystals of Zn-Mn-Cr-Se system with different concentration of manganese was analyzed and confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. The structure refinements, taking into account site occupancy factors, indicated that Mn ion shared tetrahedral sites with Zn ion. Thus, the formula describing cation distribution in the system is: Zn1-xMnxCr2Se4. For all x values equal to 0.12, 0.13, 0.18 and 0.24, the observed symmetry was cubic, space group Fd 3m .

Crystals of [(CH2OH)3CNH3]H2AsO4 have been grown, and X-ray diffraction analysis has shown them to be monoclinic, with space group P21. A three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds of the type O-H. . . O and N-H. . . O forms strong cation-cation and cation-anion linkages. Stabilizing the structure, they create favourable conditions in the crystal to be polar. The temperature dependent behaviour of the dielectric permittivity, measured along three crystal axes in the range 100 - 300 K, did not show any evidence for a phase transition, while the pyroelectric properties of the crystal confirmed the lack of a centre of symmetry. These polar features locate [(CH2OH)3CNH3]H2AsO4 among the materials applicable to electrooptics and for the second harmonic generation.

[(InPc) 2 (μ-OH) 2 ]4-Mepy, InPc 2 H and H 2 Pc have been synthesized as crystalline products of the In 2 Pc 3 precursor hydrolysis in the water containing 4-methylpyridine (4-Mepy). The crystalline and molecular structure of di-μ-hydroxo-bis[phthalocyaninato(2-)indium(III)]4-Mepy was determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction and related to the known di-μ-iodophthalocyanines. The results of the synthesis show the decisive role of water in intermolecular interactions between the reactants. In proximity of positively charged In(III) ions, the water becomes ionized and causes the disproportionative transformation of the In 2 Pc 3 molecules into [(InPc) 2 (μ-OH) 2 ]4-Mepy, InPc 2 H and H 2 Pc. It has been concluded that in general, when working with metallophthalocyanines their eventual aquation and/or hydroxylation should be taken into account.

The electrical resistivity ρ of V3O5 was measured at pressures to 10 GPa in the temperature range 4.2–500 K. The semiconductor–metal transition (Tc=428 K at normal pressure) shifts to lower temperatures at high pressure, and for ∼4≤P≤9 GPa, there are two successive resistive transitions. The stability range of an intermediate phase at 6 GPa, 300 K extends over few Kelvin and systematically expands on further pressure increase. Both transitions are completely suppressed at pressures of 8–9 GPa and the ground state is metallic. The electrical resistivity of the pressure-induced metallic state of V3O5 shows features typical of heavy fermion compounds: a pronounced maximum in ρ(T) below 100 K and a large T2 coefficient of the low temperature resistivity.

Raman and IR studies of potassium, rubidium and cesium hexatungstate single crystals were performed. Assignments of the observed bands are proposed. These studies confirm that the crystal structure of hexatungstates is related to the hexagonal bronze structure but it contains a large number of W atom vacancies. The vibrational properties of these compounds are similar to those of valence-balanced hexagonal tungsten bronzes obtained by partial substitution of W atoms by atoms with a lower valence. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

To optimize exploration for new hydrocarbon accumulations in the Polish Outer Carpathians, it is necessary to concentrate attention on identification of hydrocarbon accumulations of the “shale-gas” type. Results of recently completed analysis suggested new such possible targets in the Magura Basin, preserved in the Outer Carpathian Magura Nappe. Analysis of the preliminary results of paleoenvironmental and geochemical studies of these shales is the subject of this paper. Micropaleontological and geochemical study was conducted on the 300 m thick Świątkowa Member, the uppermost part of the Ropianka Formation located in the external, northernmost Siary Zone. This member is composed of thin- and medium-bedded sandstones interbedded by green, brown, black and dark-gray shales. Poor and changeable oxygenation is reflected in the composition of foraminiferal assemblages. A negative correlation between the TOC content and numbers and diversity of foraminifera is observed. The paleogeographic position and paleoenvironment assessment indicates that the Siary Zone fulfills certain conditions for organic productivity and preservation during the deposition of the Ropianka Formation.

The rocky sandstone landforms, which are interesting geotouristic objects, occur in the eastern part of Istebna village. The series of rock walls and pulpits is located on the southern slopes of the Karolowka Range. Fragments of the upper sandstones of Istebna Formation (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) crop out within these rocks. They represent the period of intensive supply of the clastic material into the Outer Carpathian Silesian Basin leading to the origin of thick-bedded , very coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates. The occurrence of large, numerous crystalline rocks is a particular and unique feature of these outcrops. These magmatic and metamorphic rocks were derived from the basement of the Carpathian basins. This paper describes the detailed characteristics of these rocky landform objects.