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An Hand von immunelektrophoretischen Untersuchungen kataraktoser menschlicher und klarer Tierlinsen konnte gezeigt werden, das die menschliche Linse mindestens 3–4 Proteine mit den Saugetierlinsen gemein hat, das sie aber andererseits eine fur den Menschen allein spezifische, dem α-Kristallin zugehorige Proteinfraktion besitzt.

Umwandlungs- und Ausscheidungsvorgange in austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stahlen konnen Ursache fur die Ausbildung von Korrosionselementen sein. Beispiele sind die interkristalline Korrosion und die selektive Martensitkorrosion. Die interkristalline Korrosion beruht auf einer Anderung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften korngrenzennaher Bereiche durch Chromverarmung. Dieser „Klassische Kornzerfall” findet in mehr oder weniger starkem Ausmas bei allen Potentialen statt. In austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stahlen kann als Folge der Chromverarmung, durch Abkuhlen auf tiefe Temperaturen oder durch Kaltverformung eine kubisch raumzentrierte α′-Phase (Martensit) gebildet werden. Diese erfahrt lediglich bei Potentialen, die der ansteigenden Stromdichte-Potential-Kurve im Aktivbereich zugeordnet sind, eine selektive Korrosion. Sowohl bei der interkristallinen Korrosion als auch bei der selektiven Marrensit-Korrosion werden Lokalanoden gelost. Im Transpassivzustand tritt auch bei losungsgegluhten Proben bevorzugter Korngrenzenangriff auf. Dieser Angriff wird durch Carbidausscheidungen verstarkt. Mit der Ausscheidungsgluhung werden gleichzeitig Kathoden gebildet, die bei der Korrosion in Redoxsystemen, z. B. Werkstoffe und Korrosion Huey-Test eine Polarisation in den Kornzerfallsbereichen bewirken. In diesem Falle sind also nicht notwendig Lokalanoden, sondern indirekt auch Lokalkathoden fur einen Korngrenzenangriff verantwortlich. Corrosion elements set up by structure heterogeneity in stainless chromium-nickel steels Transformation processes and precipitation of carbides could be the reason for corrosion elements in austenitic stainless steels. Examples are the intergranular corrosion and the selective martensite corrosion. The intergranular corrosion is based on a change of the electrochemical properties of the grain boundary regions by impoverishment of chromium. This “classical intergranular corrosion” takes place at all potentials. Resulting from the impoverishment of chromium after colling to very low temperatures, or by cold deformation, an α′-phase can be produced. This phase is only attacked in the active region of the current density-potential-curve. Both the intergranular corrosion and the corrosion of martensite are caused by local anodes. A selective attack of grain boundaries is also observed in the transpassive region. The intensity of this attack increase with precipitation of carbides. During the sensitivisation cathodes are produced, which cause a polarisation in the intergranular corrosive regions. Therefore, this attack of grain boundaries is not only connected with the formation of local anodes but also influenced by the formation of local cathodes.

Pulse radiolysis of oxygen-saturated bromobenzene yields a transient absorption with λmax = 480 nm at pulse end, which is identified as due to the BrO2-radical. To confirm this assignment the same radical was produced by flash photolysis of a Br2/O2-gas mixture and by chemical synthesis at low temperature. The absorption spectra of these BrO2-samples present a maximum between 480 and 380 nm dependent on the solvent. The influence of complex-formation on this absorption band is discussed. The ESR.-spectrum of chemically synthesized BrO2 is given.

Am Beispiel eines 18/10-Chrom-Nickel-Stahles mit niedrigem Kohlenstoffgehalt wurde das korrosions-chemische Verhalten zweier Phasen untersucht, die gleiche chemische Zusammensetzung, aber unterschiedliche Gitterstruktur aufweisen. Von den beiden Gefugekomponenten Austenit und Martensit erfahrt der Martensit im Aktivbereich eine selektive Korrosion. Im Aktiv-Passiv-Ubergang, im Passiv- und Transpassivgebiet wurde kein Unterschied im Verhalten beider Phasen gefunden. Eine Verschiebung des anodischen Gleichgewichtspotentials der Metallauflosung und/oder eine Erhohung der Austauschstromdichte gegenuber dem Austenit konnen fur die selektive Korrosion des Martensits verantwortlich gemacht werden. Wahrscheinlich bewirkt die hohe Fehlstellenkonzentration der martensitischen Phase eine Erhohung der Austauschstromdichte und somit einen bevorzugten Angriff im Bereich der Aktivierungspolarisation. Influence of the lattice structure on the corrosion of an 18/10 chrome nickel steel An 18/10 chrome nickel steel with low carbon content has been used for the examination of the corrosion-chemical behaviour of two phases with identical chemical composition but different lattice structure. Of the two structure components, austenite and martensite, the latter is subject to selective corrosion in the active zone. In the active/passive transition zone, in the passive zone, and in the transpassive zone, no difference in the behaviour of the two phases could be detected. The selective corrosion of the martensite may be ascribed to a shift in the anodic equilibrium potential of the metal dissolution and/or an increase in the exchange current density. It is likely that the high defect concentration of the martensite phase causes an increase in the exchange current density, thus favouring corrosion attack in the activation polarisation zone.

The radiation chemistry of aqueous benzene solutions has been studied by the electron‐pulse radiolysis technique. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of some of the transient species have been recorded by synchronized flash‐absorption spectroscopy. The elementary reactions occurring have been observed by fast photoelectric recording of the transient optical density.A transient spectrum having a broad absorption with a strong maximum at 313 mμ has been observed. On the basis of both spectrographic and kinetic evidence this spectrum is assigned to the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical, (OH)C6H6·. The molar extinction coefficient is estimated to be e3130=3500±800 M—1cm—1. A number of substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals have been observed in aqueous solution as well as in pure benzene and chloro‐benzene. A second transient observed in oxygenated aqueous benzene solution shows an absorption shifted to lower wavelengths. This is attributed to the hydroxycyclohexadienyl peroxy radical, (OH)C6H6O2·.Absolute rate constan...

Zusammenfassung Zur Deutung der interkristallinen Korrosion der nichtrostenden Stahle wird die Chromverarmungstheorie heute weitgehend anerkannt. In der Literatur werden aber zuweilen Einwande gegen diese Theorie erhoben und andere Deutungsvorschlage diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Einwande gegen die Chromverarmungstheorie eingehend erortert und widerlegt. Theoretische Uberlegungen und Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass alle anderen Hypothesen die interkristalline Korrosion nicht oder nicht in allen Punkten erklaren konnen, die Chromverarmungstheorie dagegen alle bekannten Erscheinungen zwanglos zu deuten vermag.

In a solution of benzene in carbon tetrachloride a transient absorption in the visible part of the spectrum could be detected. It appears within less than 0.3 μs after the irradiation by a high-energy electron pulse, and it can be shown to be due to the charge-transfer complex between the chlorine atoms as electron acceptors and benzene molecules as electron donors. A variety of aromatic hydrocarbons also yield similar absorption bands in the visible. They show a linear correlation between the absorption energy and the ionisation potential of the aromatic molecules, which is typical for charge-transfer complexes. A minimum value for the equilibrium constant of complex formation is given. The equilibrium is almost fully shifted to the complex side. An estimated G value for the charge-transfer complex indicates that the complex is actually part of a main reaction in the radiation-induced mechanism. The decay of the charge-transfer complex is mostly pseudo-first order with a half life of a few microseconds.

Das Geschlechterverhältnis an einem bestimmten Ort kann gemäss neueren Theorien der Geschlechterforschung (Gender Studies) als Resultat eines Aushandlungs- und Kompromissbildungsprozesses zwischen gesellschaftlichen Akleurinnen und Akteuren gedeutet werden. In diesem Arrangement werden die Werte und Leitbilder der Menschen über eine angemessene, «richtige» Rollenteilung zwischen Frau und Mann (Geschlechterkultur) mit den wirtschaftlichen, politischen und anderen institutionellen Strukturen des Geschlechterverhältnisses (Geschlechterordnung) miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt und in ein mehr oder weniger hohes Mass an Übereinstimmung gebracht. Eine regional differenzierte Auswertung sekundärstatistischer Daten (eidgenössische Volks- und Betriebszählungen sowie Volksabstimmungen) belegt, dass in der Schweiz sowohl in Bezug auf die regional vorherrschende Geschlechterkultur als auch in Bezug auf die Geschlechterordnung teilweise beträchtliche regionale Differenzen vorhanden sind. Dabei besteht ein deutlich erkennbarer Zusammenhang zwischen regionaler Geschlechterkultur und regionaler Geschlechterordnung. Dort, wo die Ergebnisse der Volksabstimmungen insgesamt eine gleichstellungsfreundlichere Einstellung der Stimmbevölkerung zum Ausdruck bringen, ist auch die Geschlechterungleichheit insgesamt relativ geringer als in Regionen mit einer weniger gleichstellungsfreundlich eingestellten Stimmbevölkerung. Die Ergebnisse dieser vom Schweizerischen Nationalfonds finanzierten Studie stützen die Erkenntnis, dass das Verhältnis der Geschlechter ein soziales und kulturell variables und kein «natürliches» oder selbstverständliches Phänomen darstellt.

In pulse radiolysis of chloroform or dichloromethane in liquid methylcyclohexane (MCH) at -130°C a transient absorption in the visible is assigned to the corresponding anion of the halocarbon: λ max = 470 nm for CHCl - 3 and 440 nm for CH 2 Cl - 2 . This is confirmed by scavenger experiments with N 2 O, cyclohexane, triethylamine (TEA) and toluene. From a kinetic linearity test with the semiempirical t -0.6 rate law, it is obvious, that one observes the geminate ion recombination kinetics, and that the free ion yield at -130°C is very much smaller than at room temperature.

In pulse radiolysis of CCl4 the fragment ions CCl+3 and Cl- are forming ion pairs on recombination. As an alternative to the original interpretation as solvent separated ion pair (CCl+3 |Cl-)solv a contact ion pair (CCl+3 ·Cl-) of C2v-symmetry has recently been proposed. By an ab initio CI study with extended basis set, the theoretical transition energies for such a contact ion pair are calculated. There are no transitions available to explain the observed 500 nm band (2.5 eV), and the presumptive charge-transfer transition 1A1 (ππ∗) ← 1A1 (groundstate) with 1.30 eV is too far off. This negative result indirectly supports the original assignment of the 500 nm band to the unpaired CCl+3 cation. However the contact ion pair of C2v-symmetry remains a possible alternative to the solvent separated ion pair.

A biographical conception of neurosis requires a dynamical perspective of personality which may be defined as the relative stability of a person in time. The life-cycle is not merely a sequence of data but a complex pattern which can be reconstructed by all semiotic systems. But the ordinary all-purpose language is to be preferred because of its flexibility to fit even very complicated state of affairs. The narration of a life-cycle does not end in a unique version but a multiplicity of legitimate narratives. The unity of all these versions is conceived as paradigma, that means a set of similar examples. The extensional set of the paradigma shows a kind of order which may be characterized intensionally by a rule or a sense. The seeming irrationality of a neurotic symptom is caused by its belonging to a different paradigma for which there is a sense. Psychotherapy is an attempt to give the seeming irrational symptoms a specific sense and to change it in a second step.

The effects of Autogenic Training on mood and feeling (assessed by an adjective list) were investigated with personality (assessed by the Eysenck Personality Inventory) and suggestibility (assessed by a questionnaire) and the state of training (assessed by regular training) as independent parameters. There are positive and immediate effects of the training on mood and feeling as well, especially for the scales: activity, extra-/introversion, irritation, anxiety and depression.

Die Beschaftigung mit der Lebensgeschichte des Menschen kann als einer der wichtigsten Wege betrachtet werden, ihn als Ganzheit zu verstehen. Einer These von Habermas( 1981) kann hier zugestimmt werden, wonach eine personliche Identitat nur moglich ist, wenn die Abfolge der eigenen Handlung eine narrativ darstellbare Lebensgeschichte formt. Dilthey (1927) nennt diesen integrierenden Faktor auch „Lebensplan“, Adler (1929) „Lebensstil“ und Buhler (1984) „paradigmatische oder beispielhafte Lebensgeschichte“. Eine biographische Anamnese ist immer auch ein intersubjektives Produkt von Zuhorendem und Berichtendem: ohne „Geschichtsfalschung“ wird beim einen dies, beim anderen jenes erzahlt, z. B. beim Arzt, vor Gericht oder bei einer Bewerbung.

Proof is given that the "atomistic" concepts of sickness lead to insolvable contradictions of methodic and logic origin. In this study these contradictions are exemplified and critically analysed, and historical aspects are included. We then propose the dimensions "Interior--Exterior" and "Psychogenous--Somatogeneous" as an heuristic model, dimensions on which any sickness is to be located according to its basic causes. The General System Theory had developed a new formal concept of sickness based on a relatively complete and integral vision of the human being. Nevertheless, the constructs of the General System Theory remain incomplete as they include only objects and their relations, never individual subjects. Wyss however has established explicitely an anthropology of the subject which he connects with his communication orientated concept of sickness. This concept does not judge sickness to be contradictory to health, but both, sickness and health together, form a functional whole on a higher level of abstraction. On this level the organism and its functions, the "interior", represent an inherent component of the "exterior". "Interior" and "exterior"--differentiated in various items--attempt to establish an equilibrium that is always in danger of being desquilibrized.

By means of using biomechanical methods we investigated the relations between muscle activity and ground forces that are produced during walking. Our special attention was directed forwards the touching phase of the foot which was registered via integrated electromyogram (surface electrodes) and force plateform (Kistler). The initial spike of vertical force and its dependence of m. tibialis anterior activity was examined. In addition we observed connections between m. tibialis anterior activity and surface condition of the ground. Further, our results documented a damped movement of the touching fore foot and a steady take over of weight during pressing which was caused by increased tibialis activity. The pressure phase (first part of the vertical force component) was separated in two curves and defined by means of two angles. More data was given for interpretation the activities of m. gastrocnemius, m. peroneus longus and vertical and transversal force components. In further experiments we intend to analyse pathologic conditions.

The investigation starts with the mind/body-problem and with epistemological peculiarities of psychophysical processes. Every monism has to be conceived at least as a dualism of properties. As a special kind of dualism the functionalism is an example against the type/type-identity thesis but not against the token-/token-identity thesis. But the last one is no serious alternative for genuine psychological methods. But also the functionalism does not offer a complete psychological theory: there is an ambivalence concerning the secondary qualities and also concerning intentionality. Bodily expressions were analyzed according the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce.

In the first part the decrease of the psychopathological research was described and the impact on the practical psychopathology was deplored, which in its existential tendencies could be very productive for a patient-orientated psychiatrist. The writings of D. Wyss stand in contrast to that disappearance of psychopathology. The author stressed the historical development of the patient an the importance of conflict which yields the dynamics of that development. The conception of psychosis has as its basic concept that of perspective which is a fundamental union of the "interior" and "exterior" of the human person. The essay ends with a discussion of the importance of the author for a humane psychotherapy which exists in a symmetric relation to the patient.

The models of Freud on unconsciousness lead to logical contradictions or to a fragmentation of the person if the causal energetic view of mental organization is abandoned in favour of a metaphorical interpretation of Freud's concept. On the other hand, the person is eliminated in such an causel energetic model. Existential psychotherapies refer to Heidegger who claims that consciousness is not completely self-transparent and may conceal itself by forgetting and remembering in correspondence with the interests of the person. Self- concealment of consciousness as a source of unconsciousness is a process of disintegration of sense. Therefore, the therapy should lead the patient to discover his potentialities, to enable him to recognize untruth and self-deception as contradictions to these potentialities. Untruth and self-deception are-as Nietzsche has already shown-dimensions of the unconsciousness.

Before treatment 80 unselected patients suffering from delirium tremens were examined with regard to 13 psychopathological criteria. For the data a matrix of correlation was computed and it was factor analyzed according to the principal-component method. In consideration of the course of the value-curve two factors were interpreted. The result, however, is an undetailed classification. In addition to that, the data were cluster-analyzed according Ward. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis admit the assumption of two great, though heterogenous groups of symptoms (hallucination/vigilance). Factor I comprises the symptoms, disorder of orientation and consciousness, sweating, agitation and tremor on its positive pole, the duration of the delirant state on its negative pole. Factor II combines paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms, fearful affects and suggestibility on its positive pole, while on its negative, there are happy affect and grand-mal seizures. The bipolarity of this factor and additional diagnoses show that paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms without disorder of consciousness and grand-mal seizures mutually exclude each other. From this a differential therapy treating patients suffering from paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms with neuroleptics (e.g. Haloperidol) can be deduced, while the danger of grand-mal seizures has to be considered when disorders of consciousness appear.

The 4-hydroxyproline and proline content of periodontal tissue was measured in 24 adult volunteers with initially low and partially even deficient plasma vitamin C values, before and after peroral supplementation with 70 mg ascorbic acid daily for six weeks. The latter caused a statistically significant rise and normalization respectively of plasma ascorbic acid and simultaneously a statistically significant increase of the hydroxyproline and proline in periodontal tissue (p less than 0.01) but not before the plasma vitamin C level was above 0.9 mg/dl. The optimal plasma vitamin C level which was associated with the highest hydroxyproline and proline content in periodontal tissue ranged between 1.00-1.30 mg/dl corresponding to the total daily dietary ascorbic acid intake of about 100 mg.

The effectiveness of psychotherapy is discussed especially concerning the problem of specific versus unspecific factors and their possible interdependence. After a critical review of the results of the evaluation research some important paradigmatic papers on the differential operation of psychotherapeutic methods were evaluated. As there are no doubts that psychotherapy is effective in general even if it was performed by untrained therapist the impact of the specific and the unspecific factors has been investigated. As a result there was no convincing proof for the efficiency of specific factors in psychotherapy. As a consequence the unspecific factors have to be considered as highly effective in psychotherapy. Some models of the relationship factors were demonstrated and discussed.

The cognitive abilities of 189 schizophrenics were investigated by standard tests of intelligence, verbal and non-verbal, selected according to current models of information processing in schizophrenia, to show a specific cognitive deficit. The diagnostic procedure followed the St. Louis research diagnostic criteria. The following cognitive profile has been found: Good verbal abilities and good abilities in verbal abstractions, middle-sized deficit in non-verbal intelligence and non-verbal abstractions but also in cognitive accuracy and in the range of attention. The deficit in concentrations was very high. This characteristic cognitive profile is very useful for the rehabilitation of the patients and probably also for the diagnosis.

Six patients with a Turner mosaicism are reported. All six women were investigated for sterility or infertility. Four of six patients had a total of nine pregnancies: six abortions, one stillbirth, two normal children. The literature contains reports of 17 pregnancies in 10 women with 45.X karyotype and 106 pregnancies in 48 women with mosaicism. Miscarriages, stillbirths and malformations were common. These women need special counselling and in case of a pregnancy amniocentesis is indicated. We discuss the pathogenesis of reduced fertility with Turner patients and explain the problems related to the cystogenetic diagnosis of the Turner-Mosaic Syndrome.

Mixed saliva stimulated by mastication was sampled under standardized conditions in 50 recruits before and after a 10-day period of intensified oral hygiene. The degree of gingivitis was assessed (1) with the Sulcus Bleeding Index and (2) with the spectrophotometric determination of blood iron in the saliva samples. Oral hygiene reduced (1) the SBI from 1.1+/-0.6 to 0.6+/-0.4 and (2) salivary iron from 0.6+/-0.5 to 0.3+/-0.4 mug, both differences being highly significant (PF is less than 0.001). SBI and iron data were significantly but not strongly correlated (r=51).