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We present recent contemporaneous X-ray and optical observations of the Be/X-ray binary system A\,0535+26 with the \textit{Fermi}/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and several ground-based observatories. These new observations are put into the context of the rich historical data (since $\sim$1978) and discussed in terms of the neutron star Be-disk interaction. The Be circumstellar disk was exceptionally large just before the 2009 December giant outburst, which may explain the origin of the unusual recent X-ray activity of this source. We found a peculiar evolution of the pulse profile during this giant outburst, with the two main components evolving in opposite ways with energy. A hard 30-70 mHz X-ray QPO was detected with GBM during this 2009 December giant outburst. It becomes stronger with increasing energy and disappears at energies below 25\,keV. In the long-term a strong optical/X-ray correlation was found for this system, however in the medium-term the H$_\alpha$ EW and the V-band brightness showed an anti-correlation after $\sim$2002 Agust. Each giant X-ray outburst occurred during a decline phase of the optical brightness, while the H$_\alpha$ showed a strong emission. In late 2010 and before the 2011 February outburst, rapid V/R variations are observed in the strength of the two peaks of the H$_\alpha$ line. These had a period of $\sim$\,25 days and we suggest the presence of a global one-armed oscillation to explain this scenario. A general pattern might be inferred, where the disk becomes weaker and shows V/R variability beginning $\sim$\,6 months following a giant outburst., Comment: 18, 11 figures, 1 table

Thermonuclear bursts from slowly accreting neutron stars (NSs) have proven difficult to detect, yet they are potential probes of the thermal properties of the neutron star interior. During the first year of a systematic all-sky search for X-ray bursts using the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope we have detected 15 thermonuclear bursts from the NS low-mass X-ray binary 4U 0614+09, when it was accreting at nearly 1% of the Eddington limit. We measured an average burst recurrence time of 12+/-3 d (68% confidence interval) between March 2010 and March 2011, classified all bursts as normal duration bursts and placed a lower limit on the recurrence time of long/intermediate bursts of 62 d (95% confidence level). We discuss how observations of thermonuclear bursts in the hard X-ray band compare to pointed soft X-ray observations, and quantify such bandpass effects on measurements of burst radiated energy and duration. We put our results for 4U 0614+09 in the context of other bursters and briefly discuss the constraints on ignition models. Interestingly, we find that the burst energies in 4U 0614+09 are on average between those of normal duration bursts and those measured in long/intermediate bursts. Such a continuous distribution in burst energy provides a new observational link between normal and long/intermediate bursts. We suggest that the apparent bimodal distribution that defined normal and long/intermediate duration bursts during the last decade could be due to an observational bias towards detecting only the longest and most energetic bursts from slowly accreting NSs., Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (scheduled for the November 10, 2012, v759 - 2 issue). 12 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables

The NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being used for long-term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low-energy gamma-ray sky. Using the Earth occultation technique as demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, GBM can be used to produce multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient outbursts in the 8 keV to 1 MeV energy range with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO detectors. Over 85% of the sky is viewed every orbit, and the precession of the Fermi orbit allows the entire sky to be viewed every similar to 26 days with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies below similar to 25 keV and above similar to 1.5 MeV. We briefly describe the technique and present preliminary results using the NaI detectors after the first two years of observations at energies above 100 keV. Eight sources are detected with a significance greater than 7 sigma: the Crab, Cyg X-1, SWIFT J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient sources XTE J1752-223 and GX 339-4. Two of the sources, the Crab and Cyg X-1, have also been detected above 300 keV.

The Crab Nebula is the only hard X-ray source in the sky that is both bright enough and steady enough to be easily used as a standard candle. As a result, it has been used as a normalization standard by most X-ray/gamma ray telescopes. Although small-scale variations in the nebula are well-known, since the start of science operations of the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) in August 2008, a ~ 7% (70 mcrab) decline has been observed in the overall Crab Nebula flux in the 15 - 50 keV band, measured with the Earth occultation technique. This decline is independently confirmed with three other instruments: the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift/BAT), the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Proportional Counter Array (RXTE/PCA), and the INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory Imager on Board INTEGRAL (IBIS). A similar decline is also observed in the ~3 - 15 keV data from the RXTE/PCA and INTEGRAL Joint European Monitor (JEM-X) and in the 50 - 100 keV band with GBM and INTEGRAL/IBIS. Observations from 100 to 500 keV with GBM suggest that the decline may be larger at higher energies. The pulsed flux measured with RXTE/PCA since 1999 is consistent with the pulsar spin-down, indicating that the observed changes are nebular. Correlated variations in the Crab Nebula flux on a ~3 year timescale are also seen independently with the PCA, BAT, and IBIS from 2005 to 2008, with a flux minimum in April 2007. As of August 2010, the current flux has declined below the 2007 minimum., accepted version 22 pages, 5 figures; published in Astrophysical Journal Letters; 50-100 keV panel added to figure 5, text changes from submitted version

著者人数: 139名, Accepted: 2012-05-22, 資料番号: SA1004166000

El presente proyecto de investigación se centra en el estudio del sonido y sus características a través de la música y la fabricación de instrumentos con materiales que la propia naturaleza nos brinda. Nuestra principal finalidad es investigar este fenómeno como medio para fomentar las ciencias experimentales en la Educación Infantil. En este trabajo pretendemos innovar recolectando materiales de origen natural (semillas, ramas de madera...) con los que poder fabricar a continuación los instrumentos musicales, favoreciendo la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente. Una vez elaborados todos los instrumentos, hemos analizado y observado sus cualidades y características propias, validando así cuáles son más adecuados según qué aspectos se desean trabajar dentro de un aula de Educación Infantil. Finalmente, creemos logrado nuestro objetivo principal, ya que con este TFG hemos introducido las ciencias experimentales en las aulas de Educación Infantil, trabajando el sonido de manera interdisciplinar gracias a la música, y favoreciendo, además, la sensibilización medioambiental. The present research project develops the study of sound and its characteristics through music and the manufacture of instruments with materials that nature itself gives us. Our main purpose is to investigate this phenomenon as a means to promote experimental sciences in Early Childhood Education. In this work we intend to innovate collecting materials of natural origin (seeds, branches of wood,...) with which we can then manufacture musical instruments, favoring the sustainability of the environment. Once all the instruments have been developed, we have analyzed and observed their own qualities and characteristics, thus validating which ones are most suitable according to what aspects to work for in an Early Childhood Education classroom. Finally, we believe that our main objective has been achieved, since with this TFG we have introduced experimental sciences in the Early Childhood Education classrooms, working the sound in an interdisciplinary way thanks to music, and also promoting environmental awareness.

En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) se presenta un proyecto de innovación transversal, con base en la didáctica de las ciencias experimentales. El objetivo principal propuesto ha sido que el alumnado de Educación Primaria aprenda de manera significativa y motivadora bajo la metodología educativa STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics), para así poder despertar su curiosidad científica. Para lograrlo, este proyecto ha utilizado esta metodología innovadora, trabajando de forma transversal dichas áreas. El resultado final se verá plasmado en una obra de teatro que organizará y representará el propio alumnado. Tanto los objetivos como las actividades se evaluarán mediante unas rúbricas elaboradas a tal efecto, cuyos resultados se analizarán para comprobar la eficacia de esta metodología. This End of Degree Project (TFG) presents a transversal innovation project, based on the didactics of experimental sciences. The main objective proposed has been that the students of Primary Education learn in a significant and motivating way under the educational methodology STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics), in order to awaken their scientific curiosity. To achieve this, this project has used this innovative methodology, working across these areas. The final result will be reflected in a play that will be organized and performed by the students themselves. Both the objectives and the activities will be evaluated by means of headings drawn up for this purpose, the results of which will be analysed in order to verify the effectiveness of this methodology.

Este es un Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) realizado por dos estudiantes del grado de Maestro/a en Educación Infantil, que durante el curso de 2021-2022 se han percatado del gran desconocimiento que se tiene acerca de las emergencias sanitarias cotidianas dentro del entorno educativo, más concretamente de los primeros auxilios (P.A.). A lo largo de este proyecto de innovación trataremos, como objetivo principal, de iniciar en los primeros auxilios (P.A.) al alumnado en edades tempranas de 3 y 4 años, así como el de tratar de refrescar al profesorado de Infantil sobre estos conocimientos. Para ello, se han implementado una serie de sesiones y actividades durante nuestro periodo de prácticas en el CEIP Luther King La Laguna. Como resultado se ha logrado que el alumnado adquiera un aprendizaje significativo, algo que podría ser vital a lo largo de sus vidas. This is a Final Degree Project (FDP) carried out by two students of the master’s degree in Early Childhood Education, who during the 2021-2022 academic year have become aware of the great lack of knowledge about daily health emergencies within the environment educational, more specifically first aid (FA). Throughout this innovation project, our main objective is to introduce students to first aid (FA) at an early age (3 and 4 years old), as well as to try to refresh Infant teachers on this knowledge. To do this, a series of sessions and activities have been implemented during our internship period at the CEIP Luther King La Laguna. As a result, students have acquired significant learning, given that accidents and the response to them is vital knowledge that will remain intrinsic throughout their lives.

A continuación se presenta un proyecto de investigación, el cual integra la propuesta de una actividad para ser abordada en un aula de Primaria, pudiendo adaptarse a cualquiera de los cursos académicos, siempre y cuando se tengan en cuenta los criterios de evaluación y contenidos de dichos cursos. Se trata de un proyecto interdisciplinar entre las áreas de Educación Artística centrándonos en las áreas de Educación Plástica y Ciencias de la Naturaleza, cuyo objetivo principal es investigar los órganos del cuerpo humano en relación con su función vital y crear diferentes obras artísticas utilizando materiales reciclados. La elección del cuerpo humano está basada en el trabajo de Luz Lizarazo, y especialmente en la obra titulada La lista de tus órganos, sobre la cual previamente se ha investigado, así como la relación entre el arte y el reciclaje, las diferentes funciones vitales y las dificultades que el alumnado puede presentar al trabajarlas. Finalmente se han creado tres obras propias como recurso educativo, para el diseño de una propuesta de una actividad más creativa para que los contenidos en aula sean abordados y adquiridos por el alumnado de una forma más dinámica generando una mayor motivación. Below is a research project which integrates the proposal of an activity to be led in an elementary school classroom, being able to adapt to any of the academic courses, as long as the evaluation criteria and contents of the courses are taken into account. It is about an interdisciplinary project between the Artistic education area, focusing on the plastic education, and Natural science, whose main objective is to investigate different organs in relation to their vital function and create artistics Works by using recycled materials. The choice of the human body is based on the work of Luz Lizarazo, especially the creations named The list of your organs, on which it has been investigated as well as the relationship between art and recycling, the different vital functions and the difficulties that students may present by working on them. Finally, three own creations have been designed as an educational resource for the design of a creation proposal with a more creative activity so that the contents in the classroom are addressed and acquired by the scholars in a more dynamic way generating a higher motivation.

A menudo se habla de motivar al alumnado y se usan los términos de motivación intrínseca y extrínseca a la ligera. La motivación es un término bastante complejo el cual depende de varios elementos, como fijarnos un objetivo, decidirnos a alcanzarlo y no desfallecer en el proceso. Por tanto si queremos realmente motivar a nuestro alumnado vamos a necesitar comprender este término para poder aplicar medidas al respecto. En este trabajo hemos propuesto el integrar los gustos e intereses del alumnado con los contenidos académicos para conseguir tratar de incrementar su motivación y obtener los beneficios derivados de eso, como por ejemplo la perseverancia necesaria para alcanzar nuestras metas. Los datos obtenidos han corroborado que la hipótesis planteada es correcta, dado que hemos obtenido un aumento en la motivación en el alumnado a medida que integramos sus gustos personales. Motivating students is often talked about and the terms intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are used lightly. Motivation is a fairly complex term which depends on several elements, such as setting ourselves a goal, deciding to achieve it and not giving up in the process. Therefore, if we really want to motivate our students, we are going to need to understand this term in order to apply measures in this regard. In this work we have proposed to integrate the tastes and interests of the students with the academic content in order to try to increase their motivation and obtain the benefits derived from that, such as the perseverance necessary to achieve our goals. The data obtained have confirmed that the proposed proposal is correct, given that we have obtained an increase in the motivation of the students.

Gran parte de nuestra investigación se apoya en el paisaje sonoro, buscando desarrollar la escucha activa en los escolares de Educación Primaria, trabajando la interdisciplinariedad entre materias que se presuponen opuestas como son Ciencias de La Naturaleza y Educación Artística. De esta manera implementaremos un concepto poco conocido, pero de gran relevancia dentro del ámbito musical, que permite una conexión de gran calidad e interés educativo entre dichas materias y su enseñanza en el aula. Este concepto no solo trabaja la escucha activa, sino que desarrolla la imaginación más allá de lo puramente visual y crea una sensibilización con nuestro entorno a través de la identidad sonora, ampliando la capacidad perceptiva de los detalles sonoros de todo lo que nos rodea. A large part of our research is based on the soundscape, seeking to develop active listening in primary school pupils, working on the interdisciplinary nature of subjects that are supposed to be opposed, such as Natural Sciences and Art Education. In this way we will implement a little known concept, but of great relevance within the musical field, which allows a high quality and interesting educational connection between these subjects and their teaching in the classroom. This concept not only works on active listening, but also develops the imagination beyond the purely visual and creates an awareness of our environment through sound identity, expanding the perceptive capacity of the sound details of everything that surrounds us.