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126. Use of Steel Slags in Earthworks—Hydraulic Properties of Steel Slags and Granulometrically Modified Steel Slags Under Saturated and Unsaturated Conditions

Author

Barka, Elissavet, Birle, Emanuel, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Tutumluer, Erol, editor, Nazarian, Soheil, editor, Al-Qadi, Imad, editor, and Qamhia, Issam I.A., editor

Published
2022
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131. Evaluation of the Wind Power Potential in the Northeast of Chad

Author

Mahamat Kher Nediguina, Abakar Mahamat Tahir, Mahamat Barka, Marcel Hamda soulouknga, and Jean Luc Nsouandele

Subjects
wind energy, wind speed, weibull distribution, wind potential, extrapolation, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830
Abstract

Chad has done the study and development of renewable resources a priority in its energy mix. Wind energy is one of the renewable sources that can help Chad to develop rural areas and preserve the environment. This study presents from data obtained from NASA, the wind characteristics in Amdjarass, and Fada over thirty (30) years. The wind distribution density and energy potential at different heights were evaluated using the Weibull statistical analysis method. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the wind energy potential of two important sites in Chad. The study shows that over the 30 years, the mean annual wind speeds vary randomly between 4.7 m/s and 5.4 m/s over an average period of 2 years. Eight months of good average wind speeds were recorded, ranging from 5.01 m/s to 6.31 m/s at Amdjarass and 4.92 m/s to 5.70 m/s at Fada. The 04 months of low velocities observed are in the range of 3.211 m/s - 4.064 m/s at Amdjarass and 3.504 m/s - 4.516 m/s at Fada. The power density varies between 21.53 W/m2 and 111.89 W/m2 in Amdjarass, while in Fada, it varies from 19.85 W/m2 to 86.92 W/m2.

Published
2022
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139. Prevalence of trachoma in the Republic of Chad: results of 41 population-based surveys

Author

Dézoumbé, Djoré, Djada, Djibrine-Atim, Harba, Tyau-Tyau, Biao, Jean-Eudes, Kali, Barka, Bernasconi, Jérôme, Hiron, Doniphan, Bengraïne, Karim, D’Souza, Susan, Willis, Rebecca, Bakhtiari, Ana, Resnikoff, Serge, Courtright, Paul, and Solomon, Anthony W

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chad, Child, Child, Preschool, Cluster Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Trachoma, Trichiasis, Young Adult, global trachoma mapping project, prevalence, trachoma, trichiasis, gender, Clinical Sciences, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and optometry, Public health
Abstract

PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of trachoma in suspected-endemic areas of Chad, and thereby determine whether trachoma is a public health problem requiring intervention.MethodsWe divided the suspected-endemic population living in secure districts into 46 evaluation units (EUs), and used the standardized methodologies of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. A two-stage cluster-sampling procedure was adopted. In each EU, the goal was to examine at least 1019 children aged 1-9 years by recruiting 649 households; all consenting residents aged ≥ 1 year living in those households were examined. Each participant was examined for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI), and trichiasis.ResultsTwo EUs had data that could not be validated, and were excluded from the analysis. GPS data for three other pairs of EUs suggested that EU divisions were inaccurate; data for each pair were combined within the pair. In the 41 resulting EUs, 29,924 households in 967 clusters were visited, and 104,584 people were examined. The age-adjusted EU-level prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds ranged from 0.0% to 23.3%, and the age- and gender-adjusted EU-level prevalence of trichiasis in ≥ 15-year-olds ranged from 0.02% to 1.3%. TF was above the WHO elimination threshold in 16 EUs (39%) and trichiasis was above the WHO elimination threshold in 29 EUs (71%). Women had a higher prevalence of trichiasis than did men in 31 EUs (76%). A higher ratio of trichiasis prevalence in women to trichiasis prevalence in men was associated (p = 0.03) with a higher prevalence of trichiasis at EU level.ConclusionPublic health-level interventions against trachoma are needed in Chad. Over 10,000 people need management of their trichiasis; women account for about two-thirds of this total. The association between a higher ratio of trichiasis prevalence in women to that in men with higher overall trichiasis prevalence needs further investigation.

Published
2018

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