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The aim of this study is to examine the intervening effect of investor emotional attachment between corporate reputation and investors’ behavioral decision-making in the context of Pakistan stock exchange (PSX). Specifically, an attempt is made to investigate the indirect effect between corporate identity and investors’ behavioral decision making via corporate image, emotional attachment, and corporate reputation. The data collected from 220 individual small equity investors, who maintained their stock accounts through stockbrokers in PSX. Structural equation modeling was used to test the study hypotheses with help of SPSS. Results confirmed the partial mediation effect of emotional attachment between corporate reputation and investors’ behavioral decisionmaking. In addition, Results supported the indirect effect between corporate identity and investors’ behavioral decision making via corporate image, emotional attachment, and investors’ behavior. The findings provide fundamental facts to the executives of the firms in Pakistan who want to assess the investor’s behavioral decision-making in the equity markets. Further, this study will help to understand the emotional aspects of the individual investors and will enable the policymakers and corporations to understand the decision making behavior of the individual small equity investors and draw their future policies to regulate the equity markets.

The naturally derived flavonoids are well known to have anticarcinogenic effects. Flavonoids could be an alternative strategy for ovarian cancer treatment, due to existing platinum-based drugs are reported to develop resistance with low survival rates. Inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins, namely B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), is the key target to stimulate apoptosis process in cancer cells. This study aimed to determine the binding interaction of five naturally derived flavonoids (biochanin A, myricetin, apigenin, galangin, and fisetin) with potential antiapoptotic target proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl). The molecular docking study was conducted using AutoDock Vina program. The binding affinity and the presence of hydrogen bonds between the flavonoids and target proteins were predicted. Our findings showed that all the flavonoids showed better binding affinity with Bcl-xl than that of Bcl-2 proteins. The highest binding affinity was recorded in fisetin–Bcl-xl protein complex (−8.8 kcal/mol). Meanwhile, the other flavonoids docked with Bcl-xl protein showed binding affinities, ranging from –8.0 to –8.6 kcal/mol. A total of four hydrogen bonds, four hydrophobic contacts, and one electrostatic interaction were detected in the docked fisetin–Bcl-xl complex, explaining its high binding affinity with Bcl-xl. The present results indicate that all flavonoids could potentially serve as Bcl-xl protein inhibitors, which would consequently lead to apoptotic process in ovarian cancers.

The effect of nanofillers on the electrical tree behavior of polymeric materials, such as epoxy resin and polyethylene, has been investigated. Thus, research on electrical tree behaviour is extended but limited only to pure crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cable. Electrical tree properties are yet to be explored under various types of nanofillers in XLPE. In this paper, the electrical tree characteristics of XLPE containing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofiller was reported. The nanofiller concentrations in XLPE were varied to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%. Needle-plane electrodes were employed with 2 mm gap between the electrodes. A digital camera and microscope system were used to observe the structure and growth of electrical tree in XLPE. The tree inception voltage (TIV) of XLPE increased with the addition of ZnO nanofiller. The propagation length of tree growth improved compared with the unfilled XLPE. The TIV for the samples with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% ZnO nanofiller improved by 7.69%, 14.65%, and 7.16%, respectively, relative to the unfilled XLPE.

Rice-derived bioactive compounds are now widely used as active ingredients in health foods, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products and as food additives. Polyphenolic compounds, gamma oryzanol, and vitamin E are among the bioactive constituents in rice that have important antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-pigmentation properties among others. In this present study, broken rice was subjected to solid-state fermentation for 20 days by using two types of fungi, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oligosporus. Cosmeceutical-related functionalities of the fermented broken rice extracts were tested by evaluating antioxidant activities as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of fermented broken rice extracts were also measured. Fermentation caused a substantial increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid content of broken rice. Ferric-reducing antioxidant activity was the highest (18.47 mM FE(II)/g sample) in broken rice fermented with R. oligosporus on day 20. Fermentation of broken rice with the same fungus resulted in higher DPPH radical-scavenging antioxidant activity than A. niger, with the highest activity recorded was 94.17%. Broken rice fermented with R. oligosporus for 20 days had the highest tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities with the value of 46% and 51.9%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the fermentation process increased the biological activities and the numbers of bioactive compounds for potential use in the cosmeceutical industry. This undervalued by-product of the rice milling industry can effectively be used for the production of high value products through fungal solid-state fermentation. Keywords: Broken rice, Cosmeceuticals, Solid-state fermentation, Antioxidant

Metaphor is a linguistic element that can be found in different languages. The scope of the present study is restricted to the metaphorical expressions of only the two concepts of Happiness and Sadness as presented in Persian and Malay languages. The study uses Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) framework. In this study, two sets of data (Persian and Malay linguistic data) were examined. The Persian linguistic data were collected from the Persian novel “Suvashun” written by Simin Daneshvar. The Malay linguistic data were gathered from the Malay novels written by Wan Osman Wan Awang. These emotive metaphorical expressions were compared to assess whether they were identical, similar or different. The analysis of data showed that emotive metaphorical expressions of Happiness and Sadness are characterized by cognitive commonness and cultural variety. The findings show that the two languages have many metaphorical expressions of Happiness/Sadness that are based on common bodily experiences. Furthermore, the analysis of metaphorical expressions of Happiness and Sadness in the two languages showed that the metaphor is quite pervasive in expressions of emotional concepts, and it plays an essential role in our understanding and speaking. The results of this study suggest that the application of Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) offers a reliable and flexible method for identifying metaphorical expressions at the linguistic level, and the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) provides a systematic instrument to identify the concepts of emotive metaphorical expressions behind the linguistic metaphors.

Biomarkers including fasting blood sugar, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure, etc. are essential in the heart disease (HD) diagnosing. Using wearable sensors, these measures are collected and applied as inputs to a deep learning (DL) model for HD diagnosis. However, it is observed that model accuracy weakens when the data gathered are scarce or imbalanced. Therefore, this work proposes two DL-based frameworks, GAN-1D-CNN, and GAN-Bi-LSTM. These frameworks contain: (1) a generative adversarial network (GAN) and (2) a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) or bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). The GAN model is utilized to augment the small and imbalanced dataset, which is the Cleveland dataset. The 1D-CNN and Bi-LSTM models are then trained using the enlarged dataset to diagnose HD. Unlike previous works, the proposed frameworks increase the dataset first to avoid the prediction bias caused by the limited data. The GAN-1D-CNN achieved 99.1% accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, F1-score, and 100% area under the curve (AUC). Similarly, the GAN-Bi-LSTM obtained 99.3% accuracy, 99.2% specificity, 99.3% sensitivity, 99.2% F1-score, and 100% AUC. Furthermore, time complexity of proposed frameworks is investigated with and without principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA method reduced prediction times for 61 samples using GAN-1D-CNN and GAN-Bi-LSTM to 68.8 and 74.8 ms, respectively. These results show that it is reliable to use our frameworks for augmenting limited data and predicting heart disease.

The oil palm pollinating weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was first introduced into Malaysia from Cameroon as the main oil palm pollinator in 1981. Since then, oil palm pollination has improved and the need for assisted pollination has reduced. However, their pollinating behavior may be influenced by starvation, sexes and sources (wild-caught and lab-reared). A study to determine the effect of starvation level, sexes and sources of E. kamerunicus on their diurnal behavior was conducted utilizing two hours of direct observation between 1130 and 1330 h. The frequency and the time spent for several diurnal behaviors on oil palm flowers were recorded and evaluated. Starvation prevented the weevils from conducting the activities because they probably had to focus more on searching for food to gain energy to perform other behavior. Wild-caught and lab-reared E. kamerunicus differed in their size, while sexes of E. kamerunicus significantly affect the diurnal behavior. However, an in-depth study is needed to determine the relationship between the diurnal behavior of E. kamerunicus and oil palm production.

This study investigates the potential of using small amounts of ionic liquids (IL) to enhance ultrasound-assisted extraction of lipids content from green microalgae. Three imidazolium-based ILs (butyl, octyl and dodecyl), each of them with two anions (bromide and acetate) were tested as additives. Viscosity and surface tension of the ILs aqueous mixtures were analyzed to determine the influence of ILs’ anions and alkyl chain length, whereas KI dosimetry experiments were used as an indicator of radicals formation. A key finding suggests that the small addition of ILs improves the ultrasonication either by enhancing the viscosity and reducing the water surface tension, leading to a more powerful acoustic cavitation process or by increasing HO° production likely to oxidize the microalgae cells membranes, and consequently disrupting them on a more efficient manner. KI dosimetry also revealed that long ILs alkyl chain is detrimental. This experimental observation is confirmed thus strengthened as the yield of extracted lipids from green microalgae has shown an incremental trend when the IL concentration also increased. These hypotheses are currently under investigation to spot detailed impact of ILs on cavitation process.

Key message It has recently been recognized that the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and secondary organizing pneumonia (OP) tend to follow a subacute progression of respiratory illness. We present images of radiological progression of COVID‐19 pneumonia and secondary OP.

Rice is one of the crops cultivated in Malaysia, and it is the main diet for most of the population. In this study, dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) were used to develop, optimise and validate a reliable, easy-to-use and quick approach to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The extraction recoveries in DLLME were enhanced by the addition of 5% salt, utilising chloroform as the extraction solvent and acetonitrile as the dispersive solvent. The DLLME parameters – the extraction solvent volume, salt concentration and dispersive solvent volume were optimised with Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimised experimental conditions, excellent linearity was obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 ng g−1, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.25 to 0.3 ng g−1 and a correlation value (R2) of 0.990. The matrix effects were between −11.1% and 19.9%, and recoveries ranged from 87.4% to 117.3%. The optimised and validated method was used effectively to assess aflatoxins contamination in 20 commercial rice samples collected from local supermarkets in Penang, Malaysia. AFB1 was detected at 0.41–0.43 ng g−1 in two rice samples, below the regulatory limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf fibres are one of the natural fibres that have been widely explored since the fibres are low in cost, have excellent mechanical properties and biodegradability features. Recently, there have been numerous efforts to employ kenaf fibres reinforced composites in a wide range of applications. One of the concerns is that these composites may be exposed to several ranges of corrosive conditions during their in-service life and their durability performance is extremely necessary. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the mechanical response subjected to flexural and low velocity impact tests of kenaf/epoxy composites with a variety of corrosive solutions, after being exposed to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions for durations of 12, 24 and 36 days. The experiment result demonstrated that the corrosive solutions have a detrimental effect on the flexural properties and impact response of composites. The degradation effect on composites is also found to be dependent on the exposure period in the corrosive solutions. On the other hand, acidic environments have been shown to have a more aggressive effect on the performance of composites than an alkaline environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high frequency of natural disasters occurring in Indonesia has caused specific psychological impacts to the victims like depression, anxiety, stress, trauma-if these are not reduced—and may cause more severe effects like post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Counselors need to be involved in overcoming these problems, and post-disaster counseling is a new focus in the counseling world. To conduct this counseling, counselors need to have unique competencies. Thus, this paper will explain to the counselor basic concepts, knowledge, competences, skills in doing post-natural disaster counseling services, problems, and challenges involved during the post-natural disaster services.

Introduction: Paediatric palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of both the patients and their families when facing life-threatening illnesses. However, regions with strong religious and cultural practices made caring for ill children even more challenging due to the various, and at times, contrasting expectations from the families and the healthcare providers. Objective: This article aimed to discover the challenges of paediatric palliative care delivery in the context of culture and religion. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through an online search of three databases for free open access articles and book chapters published between 2000 and 2018: Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar. Search key terms included: culture, custom, spiritual, ethnic, or religion [AND] end-of-life, palliative care, cancer, hospice, [AND] children or paediatrics. Results: Thirty-two (32) articles met the eligibility criteria. Out of these, five distinct themes emerged on the basis of implications for paediatrics palliative care. These include the (i) role of religion and culture in decision-making, (ii) the involvement of clerics towards the end-of-life, (iii) specific communication with the children and their caregivers about imminent death, (iv) the acceptance of autopsy and organ donation, and (v) spiritual coping strategies. Discussion: This review paper provided an insight into the impact of religion and topographical culture to the paediatrics end-of-life care. Cultural and religious traditions are dynamic and cannot be generalized to all families, hence a guided framework is recommended for clinicians working in diverse ethnic population in dealing with culturally sensitive, end-of-life care. Keywords: Palliative care, Hospices, Terminal care, Evidence-based practice, Decision making, Tissue and organ procurement, Autopsy

Fossil fuels and other conventional energy sources used to generate electricity are finite. Therefore, alternative energy sources should be pursued to meet present and future energy demands. The photovoltaic (PV) is a promising renewable energy source, especially for the remote areas. The PV is a DC power source that needs to be converted into usable AC power using an inverter. However, its nonlinearity and output fluctuation pose challenges in the design of PV based inverter. In this paper, a PV inverter controller system with the fundamentals of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and its applications and execution are reviewed. The different fuzzy controllers, inverter control algorithms, and switching techniques are studied. The findings indicate that the fuzzy logic controls have been gaining attention in the area of power control engineering, especially in inverter controller design for PV applications and generation. The FLC has a flexible and intelligent design, expedient user interface, easy computation and learning system, and combinations of different control algorithms. The FLC is also verifiable for completeness, redundancy, and consistency. However, finding the boundaries of membership functions and other rules of FLC requires manual tuning, long computation time, and considerable effort. This paper comprehensively reviews the FLC-based inverter control system to minimize PV output fluctuations, which cause inverter issues related to output harmonics, power factor, switching schemes, losses, and system implementation. The inverter system and its control strategy for future PV applications and generation require further research and development. Consequently, this review focuses on many factors and challenges and provides recommendations for designing capable and efficient inverter control systems for converting PV power to usable AC power. All the highlighted insights of this review will hopefully lead to increased efforts toward the development of the advanced inverter control systems for PV applications for AC loads and the utility grid.

Software as a Service (SaaS) is widely used and depended on by a wide range of applications. Considering this, the SaaS should capacitate itself to offer service to a large number of customers having their own specific requirements, without encountering software quality problems. Therefore, several researchers delved into the SaaS customization, and many customization solutions have been proposed. However, heretofore, no analysis or study explicitly classifies these proposals using different criteria, e.g., the kind of change required, the component of the software requiring changes, and the quality attributes of the SaaS considered in each proposed solution. This paper adopts the systematic mapping approach to methodically investigate the solutions recommended for the SaaS customization problems. These solutions are classified into various categories to create a classification scheme based on the customization types (personalization, configuration, composition, modification, integration, and extension), customization layer (user interfaces, workflows, services, and data), and quality attributes. Our study identified 81 primary studies reporting SaaS customization solutions. The results show that the configuration, composition, and extension received the highest consideration in the proposed solutions. In addition, the majority of the proposed solutions for the SaaS customization are connected with the workflow and service layers. Furthermore, the attributes, such as multi-tenancy, security, functionality, scalability, availability, and efficiency, are considered much more often than other attributes. The classification of the proposed solutions for the SaaS customization and results of this paper can play an important role in creating a framework for the SaaS customization assessment.

The increase in the number of open source software (OSS) users have drawn attention to improving usability. Usability is a clear concept that encompassing both task and user characteristics as well as functionality. Usability is an essential factor that affects user acceptance and OSS sustainability, which is considered as the key to the success of the OSS. To some extent, usability is one concern of the larger issue of system acceptability and sustainability. Therefore, usability is an important factor that needs to be considered since the software that is not usable is not going to be sustainable. The objective of this paper is to review researchers' efforts to improve, investigate, and evaluate the usability factor that may affect the OSS acceptability and sustainability and map the research scenery from the articles into a comprehensible structured taxonomy, which would help the researchers to identify different research gaps of this field. A survey of the usability in OSS conducted and 6033 studies identified by a search in four scholarly databases using a query that includes the keywords (usability or learnability or efficiency or satisfaction) and (open source software or OSS). A total of 46 studies are selected. By manually searching in ACM, Springer, and Google Scholar five other studies identified, and thus a total of 51 studies were the final set that includes in this paper. Based on research topics, a taxonomy created and divided into four principal categories which improve OSS usability, analyze OSS usability, evaluate OSS usability, and select and adopt OSS. A comprehensive overview and synthesis of these categories are presented as well. This paper contributes to identifying the possible opportunities and gaps for enabling the participation of interested researchers in this research area. And give possibilities for extending the use of usability research and practices to create more sustainable software. Also, helps in selecting suitable OSS among the alternatives.

Objectives: Conventional bowel preparation for colonoscopy confines patient to clear liquid diet the day before and such non-nutritive dietary regimen often caused discomfort and hunger. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of feeding patient with low-residue, lactose-free semi-elemental enteral formula (PEPTAMEN®) compare to conventional clear liquid diet during bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Methods: This was a randomised, endoscopist-blinded study. Patients were randomised into two groups, those receiving oral PEPTAMEN® and mechanical bowel preparation (A) and those receiving clear liquid while undergoing mechanical bowel preparation (B). Documentation was made with regard to the type of bowel cleansing agents used, completeness of the colonoscopy, cleanliness quality score, and hunger score. Results: A total of 97 patients were included in the study, A = 48 and B = 49. Eight patients, who were not compliant to the bowel-cleansing agent or had an incomplete colonoscopic examination, were excluded from the study. In terms of the overall cleanliness score, no statistical significant difference was seen (p = 0.25) between the two groups, A (fair or poor 37.5%, good or excellent 62.5%) and B (fair or poor 49%, good or excellent 51%) whereas the hunger score showed a significant difference (p = 0.016), A (no hunger 41.7%, slight hunger 12.5%, hungry 12.5%) and B (no hunger 24.5%, slight hunger 38.8%, hungry 36.7%). Conclusions: These data suggest that the addition of oral PEPTAMEN® as part of the bowel preparation regimen did not significantly alter the luminal cleanliness score during colonoscopy while alleviating hunger. Resumo: Objetivo: A preparação intestinal convencional para a colonoscopia confina o paciente à dieta líquida clara no dia anterior; esse regime dietético não nutritivo frequentemente causa desconforto e fome. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a viabilidade de alimentar o paciente com fórmula enteral semielementar sem lactose e pobre em resíduos (PEPTAMEN®) em comparação com a dieta líquida clara convencional no preparo intestinal para colonoscopia. Métodos: Este foi um estudo randomizado no qual o endoscopista foi cego quanto ao tipo de preparo. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: aqueles que receberam PEPTAMEN® oral e preparo intestinal mecânico (A) e aqueles que receberam dieta líquida clara e preparo intestinal mecânico (B). Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto ao tipo de agente de limpeza intestinal utilizado, a completude da colonoscopia, o escore de qualidade de limpeza e o escore de fome. Resultados: Um total de 97 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 48 no grupo A e 49 no grupo B. Oito pacientes foram excluídos por não aderirem ao agente de limpeza intestinal ou apresentarem um exame incompleto de colonoscopia. Quanto ao escore geral de limpeza, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,25) entre os grupos A (resultado regular ou ruim, 37,5%; bom ou excelente, 62,5%) e B (resultado regular ou ruim, 49%; bom ou excelente, 51%). Por outro lado, o escore de fome apresentou diferença significativa (p = 0,016) entre os grupos A (sem fome, 41,7%; fome leve, 12,5%; fome, 12,5%) e B (sem fome, 24,5%; fome leve, 38,8%; fome, 36,7%). Conclusões: Os dados sugerem que a adição de PEPTAMEN® oral como parte do regime de preparo intestinal não altera significativamente o escore de limpeza luminal durante a colonoscopia, mas alivia a fome. Keywords: Colonoscopy, Bowel preparation, Quality, Low residue, Enteral formula, Palavras-chave: Colonoscopia, Preparo intestinal, Qualidade, Pobre em resíduo, Fórmula enteral

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, software, and components. As a result, it is crucial to evaluate their quality. Quality models for AI have in fact been proposed, but there is a lack of Systematic Mapping Studies (SMS) for quality models in AI systems, software, and components. The goal of this paper is to understand, classify, and critically evaluate existing quality models for AI systems, software, and components. This study conducts an SMS to investigate quality models proposed by various authors in the past. The study only found quality models for AI systems and software. So far, the SMS has revealed no work on AI software component quality models. Finally, the limitations of the quality models and the implications for future research and development efforts are discussed.

Oil palm trunk (OPT) veneers have the potential to be used in the production of plywood for marine applications. However, OPT is not resistant to fungal decay and termites, limiting its use in the production of marine plywood. As a result, in this study, phenolic resin treatment was used to improve the biological durability of OPT and produce marine grade equivalent (MGE) plywood. The OPT veneer was treated with medium molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (MmwPF) resin. The results showed that MmwPF resin with a solid content of 30% resulted in higher weight percent gain and polymer retention. Veneers treated with 30% MmwPF resin were then pressed for more than 10 min at temperatures above 140 °C. Dimensional stability, shear strength, bending strength, fungal decay resistance, and termite resistance were all tested on the plywood produced. The results of this study revealed that MGE plywood has satisfactory bonding quality and excellent biological durability. Good bending strength was recorded for the MGE plywood with modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity ranged between 31.03 and 38.85 MPa and 4110 and 5120 MPa, respectively. Rubberwood, as a reference sample in this study, is not durable (Class 5) against white rot fungi and is moderately durable (Class III) against subterranean termite attacks. Interestingly, MGE plywood produced in this study was found very durable (Class 1) against white rot fungi. It is also durable (Class II) and very durable (Class I) against termite attacks, depending on the pressing parameters employed. Based on their outstanding bonding quality, bending strength, and biological durability, the study confirmed the feasibility of OPT plywood for marine applications.

This paper shall investigate the information systems integration needs towards eHealth implementation in Traditional Medicine. This review seeks to answer questions related to the locations of the integration points for integrated systems for the accessibility of electronic health records in both Traditional Medicine and modern medicine to identify of the most suitable health information systems model and the selection of the concrete integration technologies and standards to be implemented. A systematic literature review was conducted to select the relevant studies. A total of 11 articles were finally included for assessment. The findings of this review revealed that data integration is considered the most important precondition for the basis of further integration and is the backbone or starting point of a successful integration project. Other information systems integration needs are information model, interoperability standards, workflow or process integration and access to multiple repositories from different platforms. Establishment of Traditional Medicine databases of medications, procedures, information and diseases is crucial to ensure a generic and extensible information model can be designed so that new data sources can be integrated without major changes to the data schema.

Biopesticides are gaining interests as an alternative to chemical-based pesticides for arthropod pest management. Among the widely-used biopesticides is the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana due to its efficacy and broad range of arthropod hosts. Although the general mechanisms of infection by B. bassiana are known, the underlying complexity of molecular mechanisms at each infection stage is largely not well-understood. Characterising the mechanisms of pathogenicity allows for a more effective pest control by synergising between multiple pesticides or biopesticides without overlapping modes of action and by characterising novel toxic molecules that can expand the biopesticide arsenal. Systems biology refers to a large scale, high-throughput analysis of biological molecules at the systemic level. It incorporates the ‘omics’ methods, allowing identification of genes (genomics), along with their RNA (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics) expression levels. The high-throughput research approach accelerates the process of characterising pathogenicity. The use of omics is a powerful tool to drive the discovery of the complex process of B. bassiana infections. This review categorises infection processes into distinct steps, and presents the overview of the genes, proteins and metabolite expressions relevant for the B. bassiana pathogenicity.