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The complexities of chats pose significant challenges for machine translation models. Recognizing the need for a precise evaluation metric to address the issues of chat translation, this study introduces Multidimensional Quality Metrics for Chat Translation (MQM-Chat). Through the experiments of five models using MQM-Chat, we observed that all models generated certain fundamental errors, while each of them has different shortcomings, such as omission, overly correcting ambiguous source content, and buzzword issues, resulting in the loss of stylized information. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of MQM-Chat in evaluating chat translation, emphasizing the importance of stylized content and dialogue consistency for future studies.

Inspired by recent developments in electron chirality, we reconsider some microscopic physical quantities that have been overlooked or have received little attention in condensed matter physics, based on the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac bilinears in relativistic quantum theory. We identify the expression of physical quantities defined by the four-component Dirac field in terms of the two-component Schr\"odinger field, which is usually used in condensed matter physics, and clarify its conjugate electromagnetic field. This consideration bridges the fields of condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics, and paves the way to electromagnetic control of matter. Our findings provide a means of {\it ab initio} quantification of material characters such as chirality and axiality that are unique to low-symmetry materials, and stimulate the systematic search for useful, new functionalities., Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures

Machine translation models are still inappropriate for translating chats, despite the popularity of translation software and plug-in applications. The complexity of dialogues poses significant challenges and can hinder crosslingual communication. Instead of pursuing a flawless translation system, a more practical approach would be to issue warning messages about potential mistranslations to reduce confusion. However, it is still unclear how individuals perceive these warning messages and whether they benefit the crowd. This paper tackles to investigate this question and demonstrates the warning messages' contribution to making chat translation systems effective.

We propose and solve a minimal model of dynamic passage through a quantum second order phase transition in the presence of weak symmetry breaking interactions and no dissipation. The evolution eventually leads to a highly asymmetric state, no matter how weak the symmetry breaking term is. This suggests a potential mechanism for strong asymmetry in the production of particles with almost identical characteristics. The model's integrability also allows us to obtain exact Kibble-Zurek exponents for the scaling of the number of nonadiabatic excitations., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a significant health issue with various underlying causes. Research in this field is limited by social stigma and the lack of effective replication models. To address these challenges, we developed a sophisticated rectal simulator that integrates power, control, and data acquisition systems with soft pouch actuators. The system comprises four key subsystems: mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, and control and data acquisition. The mechanical subsystem utilizes common materials such as aluminum frames, wooden boards, and compact structural components to facilitate the installation and adjustment of electrical and control components. The electrical subsystem supplies power to regulators and sensors. The pneumatic system provides compressed air to actuators, enabling the simulation of FI. The control and data acquisition subsystem collects pressure data and regulates actuator movement. This comprehensive approach allows the robot to accurately replicate human defecation, managing various feces types including liquid, solid, and extremely solid. This innovation enhances our understanding of defecation and holds potential for advancing quality-of-life devices related to this condition.

Soft robots have found extensive applications in the medical field, particularly in rehabilitation exercises, assisted grasping, and artificial organs. Despite significant advancements in simulating various components of the digestive system, the rectum has been largely neglected due to societal stigma. This study seeks to address this gap by developing soft circular muscle actuators (CMAs) and rectum models to replicate the defecation process. Using soft materials, both the rectum and the actuators were fabricated to enable seamless integration and attachment. We designed, fabricated, and tested three types of CMAs and compared them to the simulated results. A pneumatic system was employed to control the actuators, and simulated stool was synthesized using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Experimental results indicated that the third type of actuator exhibited superior performance in terms of area contraction and pressure generation. The successful simulation of the defecation process highlights the potential of these soft actuators in biomedical applications, providing a foundation for further research and development in the field of soft robotics.

Bayesian learning provides a unified skeleton to solve the electrophysiological source imaging task. From this perspective, existing source imaging algorithms utilize the Gaussian assumption for the observation noise to build the likelihood function for Bayesian inference. However, the electromagnetic measurements of brain activity are usually affected by miscellaneous artifacts, leading to a potentially non-Gaussian distribution for the observation noise. Hence the conventional Gaussian likelihood model is a suboptimal choice for the real-world source imaging task. In this study, we aim to solve this problem by proposing a new likelihood model which is robust with respect to non-Gaussian noises. Motivated by the robust maximum correntropy criterion, we propose a new improper distribution model concerning the noise assumption. This new noise distribution is leveraged to structure a robust likelihood function and integrated with hierarchical prior distributions to estimate source activities by variational inference. In particular, the score matching is adopted to determine the hyperparameters for the improper likelihood model. A comprehensive performance evaluation is performed to compare the proposed noise assumption to the conventional Gaussian model. Simulation results show that, the proposed method can realize more precise source reconstruction by designing known ground-truth. The real-world dataset also demonstrates the superiority of our new method with the visual perception task. This study provides a new backbone for Bayesian source imaging, which would facilitate its application using real-world noisy brain signal.

In the accompanying paper of arXiv:2408.13472, we have established the method of characterizing the maximal order of approximate unitary designs generated by symmetric local random circuits, and have explicitly specified the order in the cases of $\mathbb{Z}_2$, U(1), and SU(2) symmetries. Here, we provide full details on the derivation of the main theorems for general symmetry and for concrete symmetries. Furthermore, we consider a general framework where we have access to a finite set of connected compact unitary subgroups, which includes symmetric local unitary gate sets., Comment: 45 pages, 2 figures

We have established the method of characterizing the unitary design generated by a symmetric local random circuit. Concretely, we have shown that the necessary and sufficient condition for the circuit forming an approximate t-design is given by simple integer optimization for general symmetry and locality. By using the result, we explicitly give the maximal order of unitary design under the $\mathbb{Z}_2$, U(1), and SU(2) symmetries for general locality. This work reveals the relation between the fundamental notions of symmetry and locality in terms of randomness., Comment: 7 pages, 1 fugure

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across various machine learning (ML) tasks. Given the high costs of creating annotated datasets for supervised learning, LLMs offer a valuable alternative by enabling effective few-shot in-context learning. However, these models can produce hallucinations, particularly in domains with incomplete knowledge. Additionally, current methods for knowledge distillation using LLMs often struggle to enhance the effectiveness of both teacher and student models. To address these challenges, we introduce DualChecker, an innovative framework designed to mitigate hallucinations and improve the performance of both teacher and student models during knowledge distillation. DualChecker employs ContextAligner to ensure that the context provided by teacher models aligns with human labeling standards. It also features a dynamic checker system that enhances model interaction: one component re-prompts teacher models with more detailed content when they show low confidence, and another identifies borderline cases from student models to refine the teaching templates. This interactive process promotes continuous improvement and effective knowledge transfer between the models. We evaluate DualChecker using a green innovation textual dataset that includes binary, multiclass, and token classification tasks. The experimental results show that DualChecker significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, achieving up to a 17% improvement in F1 score for teacher models and 10% for student models. Notably, student models fine-tuned with LLM predictions perform comparably to those fine-tuned with actual data, even in a challenging domain. We make all datasets, models, and code from this research publicly available.

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models has proven to be a surprisingly effective method of learning a new task from only a few demonstrative examples. In this paper, we study the efficacy of ICL from the viewpoint of statistical learning theory. We develop approximation and generalization error bounds for a transformer composed of a deep neural network and one linear attention layer, pretrained on nonparametric regression tasks sampled from general function spaces including the Besov space and piecewise $\gamma$-smooth class. We show that sufficiently trained transformers can achieve -- and even improve upon -- the minimax optimal estimation risk in context by encoding the most relevant basis representations during pretraining. Our analysis extends to high-dimensional or sequential data and distinguishes the \emph{pretraining} and \emph{in-context} generalization gaps. Furthermore, we establish information-theoretic lower bounds for meta-learners w.r.t. both the number of tasks and in-context examples. These findings shed light on the roles of task diversity and representation learning for ICL., Comment: NeurIPS 2024; 40 pages, 3 figures

This study explores the stabilization mechanisms of concentrated emulsions with tunable morphology using amphiphilic polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs). We employ coarse-grained molecular simulations to investigate concentrated oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol)-grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles. Two grafting architectures were examined: hydrophilic-hydrophobic (AB-type) diblock PGNPs and reverse BA-type diblock PGNPs. Our findings reveal that AB-type diblock PGNPs tend to aggregate, leading to droplet-droplet coalescence. In contrast, BA-type diblock PGNPs disperse effectively in the water phase, stabilizing robust emulsion through a space-filling mechanism. The study further demonstrates that the stability and morphology of the emulsions can be tuned by varying the number of PGNPs. Our results suggest that BA-type diblock PGNPs are more effective in stabilizing concentrated emulsions, offering insights for the design of novel emulsifiers in industrial applications., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Building on previous works to construct a homogeneous sample of brown dwarfs in binary systems, we investigate microlensing events detected by the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) survey during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Given the difficulty in distinguishing brown-dwarf events from those produced by binary lenses with nearly equal-mass components, we analyze all lensing events detected during the seasons that exhibit anomalies characteristic of binary-lens systems. Using the same criteria consistently applied in previous studies, we identify six additional brown dwarf candidates through the analysis of lensing events KMT-2022-BLG-0412, KMT-2022-BLG-2286, KMT-2023-BLG-0201, KMT-2023-BLG-0601, KMT-2023-BLG-1684, and KMT-2023-BLG-1743. An examination of the mass posteriors shows that the median mass of the lens companions ranges from 0.02 $M_\odot$ to 0.05 $M_\odot$, indicating that these companions fall within the brown-dwarf mass range. The mass of the primary lenses ranges from 0.11 $M_\odot$ to 0.68 $M_\odot$, indicating that they are low-mass stars with substantially lower masses compared to the Sun., Comment: 13 pages, 17 figures, 12 tables

We study the dynamics of a single spin coupled to a bosonic bath at zero temperature driven by a ramp of the bias field. A single spin coupled to a bosonic sub-Ohmic bath exhibits a quantum phase transition at a certain strength of spin-boson coupling. When the bias field is ramped from a large value to zero at this critical coupling strength, the system initialized at the ground state ends up with a finite magnetization due to the critical slowing down near the transition. On the basis of the pulse-impulse approximation, we derive a scaling law between the residual magnetization and the ramp speed. The obtained scaling relation is examined using a numerical simulation based on the tensor network. The data are in favor of the scaling law to hold. We discuss the demonstration of our theoretical results by means of quantum simulation using the quantum annealer., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures

Over the past few years alone, the lensing community has discovered thousands of strong lens candidates, and spectroscopically confirmed hundreds of them. In this time of abundance, it becomes pragmatic to focus our time and resources on the few extraordinary systems, in order to most efficiently study the universe. In this paper, we present such a system: DESI-090.9854-35.9683, a cluster-scale lens at $z_{\rm l} = 0.49$, with seven observed lensed sources around the core, and additional lensed sources further out in the cluster. From the number and the textbook configuration of the lensed images, a tight constraint on the mass potential of the lens is possible. This would allow for detailed analysis on the dark and luminous matter content within galaxy clusters, as well as a probe into dark energy and high-redshift galaxies. We present our spatially resolved kinematic measurements of this system from the Very Large Telescope Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, which confirm five of these source galaxies (in ascending order, at $z_{\rm s} = 0.962, 0.962, 1.166, 1.432,$ and $1.432$). With previous Hubble Space Telescope imaging in the F140W and F200LP bands, we also present a simple two power-law profile flux-based lens model that, for a cluster lens, well models the five lensed arc families with redshifts. We determine the mass to be $M(< \theta_{\rm E}) = 4.78\times10^{13} M_{\odot}$ for the primary mass potential. From the model, we extrapolate the redshift of one of the two source galaxies not yet spectroscopically confirmed to be at $z_{\rm s}=4.52^{+1.03}_{-0.71}$., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures

The statement announced in the title is proven., Comment: Comments welcome!

Quantum walks, mathematical models referred to as the quantum counterparts of random walks, have garnered significant attention in recent years with the advancement of quantum computing. The weak limit theorem for quantum walks, analogous to the central limit theorem for random walks, is one of the most important theorems in this field. In this study, we investigated the weak limit theorem for a two-state discrete-time quantum walk on a two-dimensional square lattice. As a result, we derived a two-dimensional probability distribution whose support is the intersection of two ellipses. The probability distribution we obtained resembles the distribution of one-dimensional quantum walks while possessing a unique form specific to two dimensions., Comment: 14 Pages, 8 figures

We consider the problem of fair allocation of indivisible items with subsidies when agents have weighted entitlements. After highlighting several important differences from the unweighted case, we present several results concerning weighted envy-freeability including general characterizations, algorithms for achieving and testing weighted envy-freeability, lower and upper bounds of the amount of subsidies for envy-freeable allocations, and algorithms for achieving weighted envy-freeability along with other properties., Comment: 26 pages, 1 Table, 1 Figure

The Lifshitz formula is well known as a theoretical approach to investigate the Casimir effect at finite temperature. In this Letter, we generalize the Lifshitz formula to the Casimir effect originating from quantum fields at finite chemical potential. To demonstrate the versatility of this formula, we discuss the typical phenomena of the Casimir effect at finite chemical potential in various systems, such as some boundary conditions, finite temperatures, arbitrary spatial dimensions, and mismatched chemical potentials. This formula can be applied to the Casimir effect in dense quark matter and Dirac/Weyl semimetals, where the chemical potential is regarded as a parameter to control the Casimir effect., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

We prove that the dual fine Selmer group of an abelian variety over the unramified $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$-extension of a function field is finitely generated over $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$. This is a function field version of a conjecture of Coates--Sujatha. We further prove that the fine Selmer group is finite (respectively zero) if the separable $p$-primary torsion of the abelian variety is finite (respectively zero)., Comment: 10 pages

The Cosmic Dawn Survey (DAWN survey) provides multiwavelength (UV/optical to mid-IR) data across the combined 59 deg$^{2}$ of the Euclid Deep and Auxiliary fields (EDFs and EAFs). Here, the first public data release (DR1) from the DAWN survey is presented. DR1 catalogues are made available for a subset of the full DAWN survey that consists of two Euclid Deep fields: Euclid Deep Field North (EDF-N) and Euclid Deep Field Fornax (EDF-F). The DAWN survey DR1 catalogues do not include $Euclid$ data as they are not yet public for these fields. Nonetheless, each field has been covered by the ongoing Hawaii Twenty Square Degree Survey (H20), which includes imaging from CFHT MegaCam in the new $u$ filter and from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) in the $griz$ filters. Each field is further covered by $Spitzer$/IRAC 3.6-4.5$\mu$m imaging spanning 10 deg$^{2}$ and reaching $\sim$25 mag AB (5$\sigma$). All present H20 imaging and all publicly available imaging from the aforementioned facilities are combined with the deep $Spitzer$/IRAC data to create source catalogues spanning a total area of 16.87 deg$^{2}$ in EDF-N and 2.85 deg$^{2}$ in EDF-F for this first release. Photometry is measured using The Farmer, a well-validated model-based photometry code. Photometric redshifts and stellar masses are computed using two independent codes for modeling spectral energy distributions: EAZY and LePhare. Photometric redshifts show good agreement with spectroscopic redshifts ($\sigma_{\rm NMAD} \sim 0.5, \eta < 8\%$ at $i < 25$). Number counts, photometric redshifts, and stellar masses are further validated in comparison to the COSMOS2020 catalogue. The DAWN survey DR1 catalogues are designed to be of immediate use in these two EDFs and will be continuously updated. Future data releases will provide catalogues of all EDFs and EAFs and include $Euclid$ data.

Euclid will provide deep NIR imaging to $\sim$26.5 AB magnitude over $\sim$59 deg$^2$ in its deep and auxiliary fields. The Cosmic DAWN survey complements the deep Euclid data with matched depth multiwavelength imaging and spectroscopy in the UV--IR to provide consistently processed Euclid selected photometric catalogs, accurate photometric redshifts, and measurements of galaxy properties to a redshift of $z\sim 10$. In this paper, we present an overview of the survey, including the footprints of the survey fields, the existing and planned observations, and the primary science goals for the combined data set., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, submitted to A&A; Updated references; Updated author list

For simple graphs $G$ and $H$, the Hom complex $\mathrm{Hom}(G,H)$ is a polyhedral complex whose vertices are the graph homomorphisms $G\to H$. It is known that $\mathrm{Hom}(G,H)$ is homotopy equivalent to a disjoint union of points and circles when both $G$ and $H$ are cycles. We generalize this known result by showing that $\mathrm{Hom}(G,H)$ is homotopy equivalent to a disjoint union of points and circles whenever $G$ is connected and $H$ is a cycle., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

We study spin polarization induced by electric fields in an isotropic chiral metal with boundaries using the Boltzmann formalism. We calculate both spin polarization in bulk in the linear response and antiparallel spin polarization near the boundary in the quadratic response against electric fields. We also work out spin polarization induced by the fluctuating electric fields, i.e., noises. Based on these results, we address chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) without biased inputs, CISS at room temperature, and the enantio-selective interaction between chiral materials and a magnetic substrate., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, +Supplemental Material(2pages)

This paper presents an approach to decomposing animated graphics into sprites, a set of basic elements or layers. Our approach builds on the optimization of sprite parameters to fit the raster video. For efficiency, we assume static textures for sprites to reduce the search space while preventing artifacts using a texture prior model. To further speed up the optimization, we introduce the initialization of the sprite parameters utilizing a pre-trained video object segmentation model and user input of single frame annotations. For our study, we construct the Crello Animation dataset from an online design service and define quantitative metrics to measure the quality of the extracted sprites. Experiments show that our method significantly outperforms baselines for similar decomposition tasks in terms of the quality/efficiency tradeoff., Comment: To be published ECCV 2024, project page: https://cyberagentailab.github.io/sprite-decompose/

We explore visual prompt injection (VPI) that maliciously exploits the ability of large vision-language models (LVLMs) to follow instructions drawn onto the input image. We propose a new VPI method, "goal hijacking via visual prompt injection" (GHVPI), that swaps the execution task of LVLMs from an original task to an alternative task designated by an attacker. The quantitative analysis indicates that GPT-4V is vulnerable to the GHVPI and demonstrates a notable attack success rate of 15.8%, which is an unignorable security risk. Our analysis also shows that successful GHVPI requires high character recognition capability and instruction-following ability in LVLMs., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Accepted to NAACL 2024 SRW

We give several formulas for how Iwasawa $\mu$-invariants of abelian varieties over unramified $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$-extensions of function fields change under isogeny. These are analogues of Schneider's formula in the number field setting. We also prove that the validity of the Birch--Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (including the leading coefficient formula) over function fields is invariant under isogeny, without using the result of Kato--Trihan., Comment: 20 pages

Gauge theories in $d$ dimensions with a nontrivial fundamental group admit a $(d-3)$-form magnetic symmetry and a $(d-5)$-form instantonic symmetry. These are examples of Chern-Weil symmetries, with conserved currents built out of the gauge field strength, which can only be explicitly broken through violations of the Bianchi identity. For U(1) gauge theory, it is clear that magnetic monopoles violate not only the $(d-3)$-form magnetic symmetry but also lower-form symmetries like the instantonic symmetry. It is also known that an improved instanton number symmetry current, which is conserved, can be constructed in the case that the magnetic monopole admits a dyonic excitation. We study the generalization to other gauge groups, showing that magnetic monopoles also violate instantonic symmetries for nonabelian groups like PSU($n$), and that dyon modes can restore such symmetries. Furthermore, we show that in many (but not all) examples where a gauge group $G$ is Higgsed to a gauge group $H$, the structure of monopoles and dyons emerging from the Higgsing process explicitly breaks the instantonic symmetries of $H$ to those of $G$. The meaning of explicit breaking of a $(d-5)$-form symmetry is clearest for $d > 4$, but these results also extend to $d = 4$, where the breaking is interpreted as an obstruction to coupling the theory to a background axion field., Comment: 49 pages, 3 figures

We present the detection and characterization of fluctuations in linearly polarized emission from the atmosphere above the South Pole. These measurements make use of Austral winter survey data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. We use the cross-correlation between detectors to produce an unbiased estimate of the power in Stokes I, Q, and U parameters on large angular scales. Our results are consistent with the polarized signal being produced by the combination of Rayleigh scattering of thermal radiation from the ground and thermal emission from a population of horizontally aligned ice crystals with an anisotropic distribution described by Kolmogorov turbulence. The signal is most significant at large angular scales, high observing frequency, and low elevation angle. Polarized atmospheric emission has the potential to significantly impact observations on the large angular scales being targeted by searches for inflationary B-mode CMB polarization. We present the distribution of measured angular power spectrum amplitudes in Stokes Q and I for 4 years of winter observations, which can be used to simulate the impact of atmospheric polarization and intensity fluctuations at the South Pole on a specified experiment and observation strategy. For the SPT-3G data, downweighting the small fraction of significantly contaminated observations is an effective mitigation strategy. In addition, we present a strategy for further improving sensitivity on large angular scales where maps made in the 220 GHz band are used to measure and subtract the polarized atmosphere signal from the 150 GHz band maps. In observations with the SPT-3G instrument at the South Pole, the polarized atmospheric signal is a well-understood and sub-dominant contribution to the measured noise after implementing the mitigation strategies described here., Comment: 32 pages, 28 figures

In the standard model of core-collapse supernova (CCSN), all neutrinos are assumed to be in pure flavor eigenstates in CCSN cores, but the assumption becomes invalid if neutrino distributions are unstable to flavor conversions. In this paper, we present a study of the occurrences of two representative neutrino-flavor instabilities, fast- and collisional flavor instabilities, in the cooling phase of proto-neutron star (PNS) from 1- to 50 seconds. We follow the long-term evolution of a PNS under spherically symmetric and quasi-static approximations, in which the matter profile is determined by solving the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation with neutrino feedback under the treatment of multi-group flux limited diffusion. For the stability analysis of neutrino flavor conversions, we recompute neutrino distributions using Monte Carlo transport in order to obtain the full angular distribution needed to compute the dispersion relations. We find no signs of flavor conversions in our models; the physical reason is thoroughly investigated. We also argue that the negative conclusion in flavor conversions could be changed qualitatively if multi-dimensional effects are included, as similar to cases in the earlier phase of CCSN., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to ApJ

We examine the local density environments around 67 quasars at $z\sim3$, by combining the imaging data of Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Large Area U-band Survey (CLAUDS) over about 20 deg$^{2}$. Our measurements exploit $U$-dropout galaxies in the vicinities of quasars taken from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We find that the quasars have the indistinguishable surrounding density distribution from the $U$-dropout galaxies, and that three quasars are associated with protocluster candidates within a projected separation of 3 arcmin. According to a halo evolutionary model, our results suggest that quasars at this epoch occupy haloes with a typical mass of $1.3^{+1.4}_{-0.9} \times 10^{13} h^{-1} \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$. We also investigate the dependence of the local galaxy overdensity on ultraviolet (UV) luminosities, black hole (BH) masses, and proximity zone sizes of the quasars, but no statistically-significant correlation was found. Finally, we find that the local density of faint $U$-dropout galaxies are lower than that of bright $U$-dropout galaxies within a projected distance of $0.51\pm0.05$ physical Mpc, where the quasar UV radiation is 30 times intenser than backgroung UV radiation. We argue that photoevaporation may suppress galaxy formation at short distances where the quasar UV intensity is strong, even in massive haloes., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present an analysis of a stellar occultation event caused by a near-Earth asteroid (98943) 2001 CC21, an upcoming flyby target in the Hayabusa2 extended mission, on March 5, 2023. To accurately determine the asteroid's shape from diffraction-affected light curves, we developed a novel data reduction technique named the Diffracted Occultation's United Simulator for Highly Informative Transient Explorations (DOUSHITE). Using DOUSHITE-generated synthetic models, we derived constraints on (98943) 2001 CC21's shadow shape from the single-chord occultation data. Our results suggest a significant elongation of the shadow with an axis ratio of $b/a = 0.37\pm0.09$. This shape can be crucial for planning Hayabusa2's high-speed flyby to optimise the limited imaging opportunities., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, PASJ accepted

We study approval-based committee voting in which a target number of candidates are selected based on voters' approval preferences over candidates. In contrast to most of the work, we consider the setting where voters express uncertain approval preferences and explore four different types of uncertain approval preference models. For each model, we study the problems such as computing a committee with the highest probability of satisfying axioms such as justified representation.

We present a new exact solution for a general non-BPS black ring in the bosonic sector of five-dimensional minimal supergravity. This obtained solution carries four independent conserved charges: the mass, two angular momenta, an electric charge, and an additional dipole charge related to other charges. By employing the Ehlers-Harrison transformation, we derive this solution by transforming a five-dimensional vacuum solution into a charged solution in the theory. Previously, our work produced a vacuum doubly rotating black ring solution possessing a Dirac-Misner string singularity by using the Ehlers transformation. In this study, we use the singular black ring as the seed for the Harrison transformation. The resultant solution is regular, free from curvature singularities, conical singularities, orbifold singularities, Dirac-Misner string singularities, and closed timelike curves both on and outside the horizon. We show that within a specific parameter range, the black ring presents two branches for the same mass, two angular momenta and electric charge but these are distinguished by a dipole charge, which exhibits discontinuous non-uniqueness. Furthermore, this newly obtained black ring seamlessly connects to various physically significant solutions, such as the Pomeransky-Sen'kov black ring, the extremal black ring, the supersymmetric black ring, and the charged singly-spinning black ring., Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2402.07589, arXiv:2406.11804; v2: The analysis has been improved. The expression for the solution has been substantially simplified. 39 pages, 8 figures

We propose a globally optimal Bayesian network structure discovery algorithm based on a progressively leveled scoring approach. Bayesian network structure discovery is a fundamental yet NP-hard problem in the field of probabilistic graphical models, and as the number of variables increases, memory usage grows exponentially. The simple and effective method proposed by Silander and Myllym\"aki has been widely applied in this field, as it incrementally calculates local scores to achieve global optimality. However, existing methods that utilize disk storage, while capable of handling networks with a larger number of variables, introduce issues such as latency, fragmentation, and additional overhead associated with disk I/O operations. To avoid these problems, we explore how to further enhance computational efficiency and reduce peak memory usage using only memory. We introduce an efficient hierarchical computation method that requires only a single traversal of all local structures, retaining only the data and information necessary for the current computation, thereby improving efficiency and significantly reducing memory requirements. Experimental results indicate that our method, when using only memory, not only reduces peak memory usage but also improves computational efficiency compared to existing methods, demonstrating good scalability for handling larger networks and exhibiting stable experimental results. Ultimately, we successfully achieved the processing of a Bayesian network with 28 variables using only memory.

GroundBIRD is a ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment for observing the polarization pattern imprinted on large angular scales ($\ell > 6$ ) from the Teide Observatory in Tenerife, Spain. Our primary scientific objective is a precise measurement of the optical depth $\tau$ ($\sigma(\tau) \sim 0.01$) to the reionization epoch of the Universe to cross-check systematic effects in the measurements made by previous experiments. GroundBIRD observes a wide sky area in the Northern Hemisphere ($\sim 40\%$ of the full sky) while continuously rotating the telescope at a high speed of up to 20 rotations per minute (rpm) to overcome the fluctuations of atmospheric radiation. We have adopted the NbTiN/Al hybrid microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) as focal plane detectors. We observe two frequency bands centered at 145 GHz and 220 GHz. The 145 GHz band picks up the peak frequency of the CMB spectrum. The 220 GHz band helps accurate removal of the contamination of thermal emission from the Galactic interstellar dust. The MKID arrays (138 MKIDs for 145GHz and 23 MKIDs for 220GHz) were designed and optimized so as to minimize the contamination of the two-level-system noise and maximize the sensitivity. The MKID arrays were successfully installed in May 2023 after the performance verification tests were performed at a laboratory. GroundBIRD has been upgraded to use the full MKID arrays, and scientific observations are now underway. The telescope is automated, so that all observations are performed remotely. Initial validations, including polarization response tests and observations of Jupiter and the moon, have been completed successfully. We are now running scientific observations., Comment: Event: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2024, Yokohama, Japan; paper number 13102-7, Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy XII

Kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5, which exhibits intertwined unconventional charge density wave (CDW) and superconductivity, has garnered significant attention recently. Despite extensive static studies, the nature of these exotic electronic orders remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the non-equilibrium electronic structure of CsV3Sb5 via time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our results reveal that upon laser excitation, the van Hove singularities immediately shift towards the Fermi level and subsequently oscillate in sync with a 1.3 THz coherent phonon mode. By analyzing the coherent intensity oscillations in the energy-momentum (E-k) map, we find that this coherent phonon is strongly coupled with electronic bands from both Sb and V orbitals. While typically observable only in the CDW state, remarkably, we find that the 1.3-THz coherent phonon mode can be persistently excited at temperatures above T_CDW, suggesting the potential existence of fluctuated CDW in CsV3Sb5. These findings enhance our understanding of the unconventional CDW control of kagome superconductivity., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Many natural language processing (NLP) tasks in English or general domains are widely available and are often used to evaluate pre-trained language models. In contrast, there are fewer tasks available for languages other than English and for the financial domain. In particular, tasks in Japanese and the financial domain are limited. We construct two large datasets using materials published by a Japanese central government agency. The datasets provide three Japanese financial NLP tasks, which include a 3-class and 12-class classification for categorizing sentences, as well as a 5-class classification task for sentiment analysis. Our datasets are designed to be comprehensive and up-to-date, leveraging an automatic update framework that ensures the latest task datasets are publicly available anytime., Comment: 10 pages

In this paper, we give characterizations of Towsner's relative leftmost path principles in terms of omega-model reflections of transfinite inductions. In particular, we show that the omega-model reflection of $\Pi^1_{n+1}$ transfinite induction is equivalent to the $\Sigma^0_n$ relative leftmost path principle over $\mathsf{RCA}_0$ for $n > 1$. As a consequence, we have that $\Sigma^0_{n+1}\mathsf{LPP}$ is strictly stronger than $\Sigma^0_{n}\mathsf{LPP}$., Comment: 13 pages

Hydrocarbon dust is one of the dominant components of interstellar dust, which mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic hydrocarbons. While hydrocarbon dust is thought to be processed in interstellar radiation fields or shocks, detailed processing mechanisms are not completely understood yet. We investigate the processing of hydrocarbon dust by analyzing the relation between the luminosities emitted by hydrocarbon dust and the total infrared luminosities $(L_{\mathrm{IR}})$ for 138 star-forming galaxies at redshift $z\ <\ 0.3$. Using near-infrared 2.5-5 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ spectra obtained with AKARI, we derived the luminosities of the aromatic hydrocarbon feature at 3.3 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ ($L_\mathrm{aromatic}$) and the aliphatic hydrocarbon feature at 3.4-3.6 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ ($L_\mathrm{aliphatic}$). We also derived $L_\mathrm{IR}$ and the radiation field strength by modeling the spectral energy distributions of the 138 galaxies with AKARI, WISE and IRAS photometry data. We find that galaxies with higher $L_\mathrm{IR}$ tend to exhibit lower $L_\mathrm{aliphatic}/L_\mathrm{aromatic}$ ratios. Furthermore, we find that there is an anti-correlation between $L_\mathrm{aliphatic}/L_\mathrm{aromatic}$ ratios and the radiation field strength, and also that the galaxies with low $L_\mathrm{aliphatic}/L_\mathrm{aromatic}$ ratios are dominated by merger galaxies. These results support that hydrocarbon dust is processed through photodissociation in strong radiation fields and/or shocks during merging processes of galaxies; the $L_\mathrm{aliphatic}/L_\mathrm{aromatic}$ ratio is likely to decrease in such harsh interstellar conditions since the aliphatic bonds are known to be chemically weaker than the aromatic bonds., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

In this paper, we investigate Fano manifolds whose Chern characters satisfy some positivity conditions. We prove that such manifolds admit long chains of higher order minimal families of rational curves and are covered by higher rational varieties.

Error correction (EC) based on large language models is an emerging technology to enhance the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Generally, training data for EC are collected by automatically pairing a large set of ASR hypotheses (as sources) and their gold references (as targets). However, the quality of such pairs is not guaranteed, and we observed various types of noise which can make the EC models brittle, e.g. inducing overcorrection in out-of-domain (OOD) settings. In this work, we propose two fundamental criteria that EC training data should satisfy: namely, EC targets should (1) improve linguistic acceptability over sources and (2) be inferable from the available context (e.g. source phonemes). Through these criteria, we identify low-quality EC pairs and train the models not to make any correction in such cases, the process we refer to as conservative data filtering. In our experiments, we focus on Japanese ASR using a strong Conformer-CTC as the baseline and finetune Japanese LLMs for EC. Through our evaluation on a suite of 21 internal benchmarks, we demonstrate that our approach can significantly reduce overcorrection and improve both the accuracy and quality of ASR results in the challenging OOD settings., Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 2024 Industry Track

We study the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods among a set of agents. Our focus is on the existence of allocations that give each agent their maximin fair share--the value they are guaranteed if they divide the goods into as many bundles as there are agents, and receive their lowest valued bundle. An MMS allocation is one where every agent receives at least their maximin fair share. We examine the existence of such allocations when agents have cost utilities. In this setting, each item has an associated cost, and an agent's valuation for an item is the cost of the item if it is useful to them, and zero otherwise. Our main results indicate that cost utilities are a promising restriction for achieving MMS. We show that for the case of three agents with cost utilities, an MMS allocation always exists. We also show that when preferences are restricted slightly further--to what we call laminar set approvals--we can guarantee MMS allocations for any number of agents. Finally, we explore if it is possible to guarantee each agent their maximin fair share while using a strategyproof mechanism., Comment: Appeared in SAGT 2023

In the pursuit of understanding the population of stellar remnants within the Milky Way, we analyze the sample of $\sim 950$ microlensing events observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope between 2014 and 2019. In this study we focus on a sub-sample of nine microlensing events, selected based on their long timescales, small microlensing parallaxes and joint observations by the Gaia mission, to increase the probability that the chosen lenses are massive and the mass is measurable. Among the selected events we identify lensing black holes and neutron star candidates, with potential confirmation through forthcoming release of the Gaia time-series astrometry in 2026. Utilizing Bayesian analysis and Galactic models, along with the Gaia Data Release 3 proper motion data, four good candidates for dark remnants were identified: OGLE-2016-BLG-0293, OGLE-2018-BLG-0483, OGLE-2018-BLG-0662, and OGLE-2015-BLG-0149, with lens masses of $2.98^{+1.75}_{-1.28}~M_{\odot}$, $4.65^{+3.12}_{-2.08}~M_{\odot}$, $3.15^{+0.66}_{-0.64}~M_{\odot}$ and $1.4^{+0.75}_{-0.55}~M_{\odot}$, respectively. Notably, the first two candidates are expected to exhibit astrometric microlensing signals detectable by Gaia, offering the prospect of validating the lens masses. The methodologies developed in this work will be applied to the full Spitzer microlensing sample, populating and analyzing the time-scale ($t_{\rm E}$) vs. parallax ($\pi_{\rm E}$) diagram to derive constraints on the population of lenses in general and massive remnants in particular., Comment: submitted to ApJ

We study numerical integration by combining the trapezoidal rule with a M\"obius transformation that maps the unit circle onto the real line. We prove that the resulting transformed trapezoidal rule attains the optimal rate of convergence if the integrand function lives in a weighted Sobolev space with a weight that is only assumed to be a positive Schwartz function decaying monotonically to zero close to infinity. Our algorithm only requires the ability to evaluate the weight at the selected nodes, and it does not require sampling from a probability measure defined by the weight nor information on its derivatives. In particular, we show that the M\"obius transformation, as a change of variables between the real line and the unit circle, sends a function in the weighted Sobolev space to a periodic Sobolev space with the same smoothness. Since there are various results available for integrating and approximating periodic functions, we also describe several extensions of the M\"obius-transformed trapezoidal rule, including function approximation via trigonometric interpolation, integration with randomized algorithms, and multivariate integration., Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures

We establish a compatibility between fairness and efficiency, captured via Nash Social Welfare (NSW), under the broad class of subadditive valuations. We prove that, for subadditive valuations, there always exists a partial allocation that is envy-free up to the removal of any good (EFx) and has NSW at least half of the optimal; here, optimality is considered across all allocations, fair or otherwise. We also prove, for subadditive valuations, the universal existence of complete allocations that are envy-free up to one good (EF1) and also achieve a factor $1/2$ approximation to the optimal NSW. Our EF1 result resolves an open question posed by Garg et al. (STOC 2023). In addition, we develop a polynomial-time algorithm which, given an arbitrary allocation \~A as input, returns an EF1 allocation with NSW at least $1/3$ times that of \~A. Therefore, our results imply that the EF1 criterion can be attained simultaneously with a constant-factor approximation to optimal NSW in polynomial time (with demand queries), for subadditive valuations. The previously best-known approximation factor for optimal NSW, under EF1 and among $n$ agents, was $O(n)$ - we improve this bound to $O(1)$. It is known that EF1 and exact Pareto efficiency (PO) are incompatible with subadditive valuations. Complementary to this negative result, the current work shows that we regain compatibility by just considering a factor $1/2$ approximation: EF1 can be achieved in conjunction with $\frac{1}{2}$-PO under subadditive valuations. As such, our results serve as a general tool that can be used as a black box to convert any efficient outcome into a fair one, with only a marginal decrease in efficiency.

The consistency between electron-scattering and proton-scattering is examined through the fourth moment of the charge distribution.

We present a study of the molecular gas in five closely-spaced ($R_{\perp}<20$ kpc) dual quasars ($L_{\rm bol}\gtrsim10^{44}~\mathrm{erg~s}^{-1}$) at redshifts $0.4

We demonstrate buffer gas cooling of carbon atoms to cryogenic temperatures. By employing pulsed two-photon excitation followed by vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence detection, we measured the arrival time distribution of the ablated carbon atoms to the detection volume at various helium buffer gas densities. The experimental data, corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations, reveal a rapid decrease in the local temperature of the carbon atom gas to approximately 10~K within tens of microseconds. The findings establish a major step towards novel research utilizing cold and ultracold carbon atoms., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

In recent years, studies have been actively conducted on combining large language models (LLM) and robotics; however, most have not considered end-to-end feedback in the robot-motion generation phase. The prediction of deep neural networks must contain errors, it is required to update the trained model to correspond to the real environment to generate robot motion adaptively. This study proposes an integration method that connects the robot-motion learning model and LLM using shared latent variables. When generating robot motion, the proposed method updates shared parameters based on prediction errors from both sensorimotor attention points and task language instructions given to the robot. This allows the model to search for latent parameters appropriate for the robot task efficiently. Through simulator experiments on multiple robot tasks, we demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method from two perspectives: position generalization and language instruction generalization abilities., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, accepted at IROS 2024