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ABSTRACT: A meta-regression was conducted to determine the production effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and investigate their associations with dose, dietary nutrient composition, and supplementation length in dairy cows. Forty treatment and control mean comparisons extracted from 21 studies conducted or published between 2014 to 2024 were used in the meta-regression. Response variables were DMI, milk yield (MY), ECM yield, ECM feed efficiency, BW, BW change, and concentrations of milk fat, true protein, lactose, and MUN. Treatment and control mean differences (MD) as well as standardized MD were calculated and used for data presentation and statistical analysis, respectively. Dose (± SD; 77.0 ± 33.17 mg 3-NOP/kg DMI), forage-to-concentrate ratio (FC; 58.9 ± 8.83%, expressed as average ± SD% of forage in the diet), dietary concentrations of CP, ether extract, NDF, and starch (16.3 ± 1.84%, 4.3 ± 1.03%, 33.7 ± 4.40%, and 20.9 ± 3.97%, as average ± SD% of DM, respectively), supplementation length (days), and DIM and BW of the cows at the beginning of the study were used as continuous explanatory variables. Mixed-effects models were fitted using the robust variance estimation method. Full models containing uncorrelated explanatory variables (Pearson correlation

ABSTRACT: Dietary fat can be used in dairy cow nutrition to reduce enteric methane (CH4), but studies with multiple dietary fat concentrations are scarce. Among fat sources, rapeseed is easily accessible in Europe and North America, and palm kernel fat has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of ruminal methanogenesis. Forty-eight cows (half primiparous and half multiparous) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design, with 6 periods of 21 d each. Six treatments were used: a control, 3 fat concentrations (low, medium, and high) of rapeseed (RS), and 2 fat concentrations (low and medium) of palm kernel fatty acids (PK). The total crude fat concentrations ranged from 3% to 7% of DM. The cows were fed the treatments as a partial mixed ration, and they received additional concentrate from the GreenFeed units (1 unit for 12 cows) used to measure CH4 production. Increased dietary crude fat concentration of both RS and PK reduced DMI. The reduction in DMI was stronger in cows fed medium concentration of PK than for any RS concentration, which was comparable to previous studies for both RS and PK. Digestibility of OM was highest at low fat concentration of both fat sources, and lowest at high RS concentration. Digestibility of NDF was reduced by 2 percentage units when cows were fed medium PK concentration instead of the control treatment. Rapeseed supplementation with dietary crude fat up to 5.7% of DM increased milk and ECM yields, but the equivalent PK concentration reduced ECM. Increased fat supplementation decreased CH4 yield (g CH4/kg of DMI) linearly when RS was used, and quadratically when PK was used. The medium PK concentration reduced CH4 yield more than medium RS concentration, but there was no difference for CH4 intensity (g CH4/kg of ECM). Rapeseed fat supplementation with dietary crude fat above 5.7% of DM could reduce further CH4 yield, but fat supplementation was not accompanied by an increase in productivity. The fat source must be accounted for when considering enteric methane reduction, as the PK provided stronger effect than RS, but the associated reduction in milk production did not support the use of PK for methane reduction.

Abstract Eicosanoids are key players in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Targeting their production by inhibiting Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) offers a promising approach for cancer therapy. In this study, we synthesize a second generation of thiazolyl ketone inhibitors of cPLA2α starting with compound GK470 (AVX235) and test their in vitro and cellular activities. We identify a more potent and selective lead molecule, GK420 (AVX420), which we test in parallel with AVX235 and a structurally unrelated compound, AVX002 for inhibition of cell viability across a panel of cancer cell lines. From this, we show that activity of polycomb group repressive complex 2 is a key molecular determinant of sensitivity to cPLA2α inhibition, while resistance depends on antioxidant response pathways. Consistent with these results, we show that elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species and activating transcription factor 4 target gene expression precede cell death in AVX420-sensitive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Our findings imply cPLA2α may support cancer by mitigating oxidative stress and inhibiting tumor suppressor expression and suggest that AVX420 has potential for treating acute leukemias and other cancers that are susceptible to oxidative cell death.

Abstract Humans have, throughout history, faced periods of starvation necessitating increased physical effort to gather food. To explore adaptations in muscle function, 13 participants (7 males and 6 females) fasted for seven days. They lost 4.6 ± 0.3 kg lean and 1.4 ± 0.1 kg fat mass. Maximal isometric and isokinetic strength remained unchanged, while peak oxygen uptake decreased by 13%. Muscle glycogen was halved, while expression of electron transport chain proteins was unchanged. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) expression increased 13-fold, accompanied by inhibitory pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation, reduced carbohydrate oxidation and decreased exercise endurance capacity. Fasting had no impact on 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, challenging its proposed role in muscle protein degradation. The participants maintained muscle strength and oxidative enzymes in skeletal muscle during fasting but carbohydrate oxidation and high-intensity endurance capacity were reduced.

Abstract Background Although anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity is widely studied, only a limited number of echocardiographic studies have assessed cardiac function in breast cancer survivors (BCSs) beyond ten years from anthracycline treatment, and the knowledge of long-term cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in this population is scarce. This study aimed to compare CRF assessed as peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2), cardiac morphology and function, and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors between long-term BCSs treated with anthracyclines and controls with no history of cancer. Methods The CAUSE (Cardiovascular Survivors Exercise) trial included 140 BCSs recruited through the Cancer Registry of Norway, who were diagnosed with breast cancer stage II to III between 2008 and 2012 and had received treatment with epirubicin, and 69 similarly aged activity level-matched controls. All the participants underwent blood sampling, blood pressure measurements, echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing from October 2020 to August 2022. Results BCSs were aged 59 ± 6 years and had received a cumulative dose of 357 (243 to 366) mg/m2 of epirubicin on average 11 ± 1 years before inclusion. There was no difference between BCSs and controls with respect to peak V̇O2 (27.6 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min vs. 27.1 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min, P = 0.25), 2D left ventricular ejection fraction (57 ± 3% vs. 57 ± 3%, P = 0.43), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (-20.5 ± 1.0% vs. -20.6 ± 1.0%, P = 0.46) or the proportion with N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide ≥ 125 (22% vs. 20%, P = 0.93). The proportions with hypertension, dyslipidemia or diabetes did not differ between the groups. Conclusion We found that CRF, cardiac function, and CV risk profile in BCSs examined a decade after treatment with anthracyclines were similar to that in women with no history of cancer. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04307407) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04307407 .

Celine Haaland-Johansen,1 Ingebjørg Haugen,2 Anne Marie Mork Rokstad1,3 1Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; 2Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway; 3Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University College, Molde, NorwayCorrespondence: Anne Marie Mork Rokstad, Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Postboks 2136, Tønsberg, 3103, Norway, Email anne.m.m.rokstad@himolde.noPurpose: Being a young carer of a parent with dementia can be challenging, with many carers undertaking various practical and caring tasks. The weekend course Time to be young? gathers young carers, aiming to support them to cope with their challenges in everyday life. The aim of this study was to explore their role as a caregiver and the experienced impact of the course on their strategies of coping in their everyday life.Participants and Methods: The study had a qualitative descriptive design inspired by Lindseth and Norberg’s phenomenological hermeneutical method, using individual semi-structured interviews for data collection. The participants were recruited from former participants of the course Time to be young?, and the final sample included eight participants.Results: Through the analysis, four main themes were identified: 1) Help to accept the situation, 2) A sense of community, 3) The need for information and 4) The need to live one’s own life. The study found that attendance at Time to be young? for young adults having a parent with dementia affected their coping strategies in their situation as a young care.Conclusion: The study demonstrated the importance of courses like Time to be young?, and need for a meeting place, tailored information about dementia, and an opportunity to share and reflect upon their experiences as a young carer.Keywords: dementia, young carers, young adults, course, information

Abstract Background During the recent years, emergency services in several countries have integrated video streaming into medical emergency calls, and research on the topic has gained increased focus. Video streaming during medical emergency calls may change dispatcher’s perspective of the call and can be a helpful tool for supervising bystanders’ first aid. Little research exists, however, about the caller’s perspective of video streaming during a medical emergency call. With this study, we explore the caller’s experiences with video streaming. Methods The study is a qualitative interview study. During a period of five weeks, we recruited respondents from the region of Oslo who had called the medical emergency number 113 and where video streaming had been used by the dispatcher during the call. We conducted 14 semi-structured individual interviews, in-person or digitally on Zoom/Teams, from October to December 2023. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and we analyzed them drawing on Malterud’s systematic text condensation. Results Our material was sorted into three category headings: Increased sense of safety, the unexpected option of video streaming, and emotional discomfort. Most respondents felt comforted knowing that the dispatcher could see and assess the situation visually. Several were also positively surprised that video streaming was an option during the call. Some respondents however felt increased stress during the call due to video streaming. Other respondents reflected on the societal taboo of filming ill or injured persons. Conclusion Most respondents experienced video streaming as a positive addition to the medical emergency call and felt comforted knowing that the dispatcher could see the situation. Knowledge of the integration between video streaming and basic communication in a call is nonetheless of great importance, as to not increase stress experienced by the caller. The dispatcher should be sensitive for how the caller will handle video streaming for each call.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions and opinions on what constitutes determinants for quality of life (QoL) in individuals with syndromic Heritable Aortic Disease (sHTAD), utilizing a qualitative study approach. Further to discuss clinical implications and direction for research. Method A qualitative focus group interview study was conducted of 47 adults (Marfan syndrome (MFS) = 14, Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) = 11, vascular Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS) = 11, relatives = 11). The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Significant themes were identified, extracted, and organised undergoing content analyses. Results The two main themes and 10 subthemes identified; I. Psychosocial well-being; (i) Social engagement and activity, (ii) Self-sufficient in daily living, (iii) Participation in education and work life, (iv) Coping with fear related to the disease, (v) Being able to control and accept fatigue and pain, (vi) Maintaining active engagement with family and friends (vii) Finding health-promoting physical activities. II. Monitoring and meetings with the health service: (viii) Feeling safe and receiving coordinated care, (ix) Being recognized, seen, and accepted, (x) Receiving factual and sober information and advice. The sub-themes seemed mutually interrelated in terms of barriers, strategies, and facilitators for improving quality of life. There was high degree of consensus regarding the factors emphasized as important for QoL among the various diagnostic groups and the relatives. Conclusion Based on our findings, to improve QoL in patients with sHTAD we should more effectively integrate the patient`s perspectives and voice on the elements crucial to QoL. In addition, it is vital for developing and customizing validated questionnaires to accurately reflect the factors deemed significant by this specific patient cohort. The research is limited on patients’ perspectives on QoL, and more research is warranted. This might also be crucial for identifying relevant validated QoL instruments that reflect the patients` perceptions of what is vital for QoL.

Det er grunn til å anta at språkmøter til alle tider har involvert en bevisst­het om avvikende trekk i kontaktprega språkvarieteter. Videre kan slike trekk på ulike måter bli emblematiske for nettopp ei gruppe av språkbrukere – ofte innlærere av et majoritetsspråk – og gjennomgå indeksi­kaliser­ingsprosesser som gjør dem anvendelige i forskjellige slags imitasjon og karikering. Både skjønnlitterære og andre kilder viser at dette også har forekommet i møtet mellom samiske språk og norsk, og stereotypiske «sametrekk» har etter hvert – i skriftliggjort form – blitt en bestanddel av ulike litterære framstillinger av samer (jf. Trohaug, 2005). I denne artikkelen beskrives imidlertid en annen tekstsjanger der en slik skriftmediert stilistisk praksis er helt essensiell. Det handler om relativt korte innlegg i dagspressa, i samtida omtalt som både «finnkallbrev» og «finnkåseri», som i perioden ca. 1920–1970 ga norske avis­lesere et temmelig fordreid og karikert inntrykk av «samen». Artikkelen tar for seg etableringa av et tekstkorpus og presenterer deretter noen foreløpige analyser av bakgrunnen for og innholdsmessige og språklige trekk ved materialet. Avslutningsvis tematiseres muligheter for videre utforsking av disse medietekstene med vekt på hvordan de kan kaste lys over spredningen av forestillinger om «samiskhet» utover på 1900-tallet.

The context of this study is an interdisciplinary project-based course at a large public university in Scandinavia. The course is taught annually to 3,300 graduate students from all fields of study, and learning to collaborate is a specified learning objective. Similar courses are widespread in higher education institutions worldwide, and empirical evidence of their impacts on students' skill development is needed. This study examined students' collaboration skill outcomes; whether outcomes vary by gender, academic achievement, field of study, course format (accelerated and semester based); and variations in outcomes across student groups and course classes. We used a pretest-posttest design in which 89% of students answered a self-report questionnaire about collaboration skills. The results indicate that the participating students' interdisciplinary, interpersonal, and conflict management skills improved significantly from the beginning to the end of the course (p < 0.001, d > 0.4). We also found that the accelerated course format positively influenced the students' conflict management skill outcomes and that the variability in the students' overall collaboration outcomes was related to their student group (not their course classes). Another important takeaway from our study is that the students' gender, academic achievement, and field of study showed little impact on their collaboration skills. The non-significance of the measured individual characteristics and the significance of the student group for students' collaboration outcomes are important reminders for teachers in higher education to guide and support both their students' learning and group processes in project-based courses.

The positive links between children's theory of mind (ToM), emotion understanding, and positive peer relationships are well established. However, the existing literature lacks comprehensive studies investigating the longitudinal interplay between these components in preschool-aged children. This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the concurrent and longitudinal associations between young children's social cognition and their positive peer relationships at three different time points over the course of 7 months. A sample of 211 preschool children (age in months: M[subscript T1] = 43.2, SD[subscript T1] = 6.6) underwent standardized assessments evaluating their ToM and emotion understanding, while playgroup educators reported on children's positive peer relationships. Using multivariate latent growth modeling, we expected to find that higher levels of ToM and emotion understanding would be associated with a greater rate of change in positive peer relationships and that higher levels of positive peer relationships would be associated with a higher rate of change in ToM and emotion understanding. Contrary to our expectations, the results did not support the anticipated longitudinal associations. Nevertheless, a noteworthy correlation emerged between children's emotion understanding and positive peer relationships at T1, in line with previous research and social-constructivist theories.