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The Euclid photometric survey of galaxy clusters stands as a powerful cosmological tool, with the capacity to significantly propel our understanding of the Universe. Despite being sub-dominant to dark matter and dark energy, the baryonic component in our Universe holds substantial influence over the structure and mass of galaxy clusters. This paper presents a novel model to precisely quantify the impact of baryons on galaxy cluster virial halo masses, using the baryon fraction within a cluster as proxy for their effect. Constructed on the premise of quasi-adiabaticity, the model includes two parameters calibrated using non-radiative cosmological hydrodynamical simulations and a single large-scale simulation from the Magneticum set, which includes the physical processes driving galaxy formation. As a main result of our analysis, we demonstrate that this model delivers a remarkable one percent relative accuracy in determining the virial dark matter-only equivalent mass of galaxy clusters, starting from the corresponding total cluster mass and baryon fraction measured in hydrodynamical simulations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this result is robust against changes in cosmological parameters and against varying the numerical implementation of the sub-resolution physical processes included in the simulations. Our work substantiates previous claims about the impact of baryons on cluster cosmology studies. In particular, we show how neglecting these effects would lead to biased cosmological constraints for a Euclid-like cluster abundance analysis. Importantly, we demonstrate that uncertainties associated with our model, arising from baryonic corrections to cluster masses, are sub-dominant when compared to the precision with which mass-observable relations will be calibrated using Euclid, as well as our current understanding of the baryon fraction within galaxy clusters., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix, abstract abridged for arXiv submission; v2 matches published version

Deviations from Gaussianity in the distribution of the fields probed by large-scale structure surveys generate additional terms in the data covariance matrix, increasing the uncertainties in the measurement of the cosmological parameters. Super-sample covariance (SSC) is among the largest of these non-Gaussian contributions, with the potential to significantly degrade constraints on some of the parameters of the cosmological model under study - especially for weak lensing cosmic shear. We compute and validate the impact of SSC on the forecast uncertainties on the cosmological parameters for the Euclid photometric survey, obtained with a Fisher matrix analysis, both considering the Gaussian covariance alone and adding the SSC term - computed through the public code $\tt{PySSC}$. The photometric probes are considered in isolation and combined in the '3$\times$2pt' analysis. We find the SSC impact to be non-negligible - halving the Figure of Merit of the dark energy parameters $(w_0, w_a)$ in the 3$\times$2pt case and substantially increasing the uncertainties on $\Omega_{{\rm m}, 0}, w_0$, and $\sigma_8$ for cosmic shear; photometric galaxy clustering, on the other hand, is less affected due to the lower probe response. The relative impact of SSC does not show significant changes under variations of the redshift binning scheme, while it is smaller for weak lensing when marginalising over the multiplicative shear bias nuisance parameters, which also leads to poorer constraints on the cosmological parameters. Finally, we explore how the use of prior information on the shear and galaxy bias changes the SSC impact. Improving shear bias priors does not have a significant impact, while galaxy bias must be calibrated to sub-percent level to increase the Figure of Merit by the large amount needed to achieve the value when SSC is not included., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures

While space-borne optical and near-infrared facilities have succeeded in delivering a precise and spatially resolved picture of our Universe, their small survey area is known to under-represent the true diversity of galaxy populations. Ground-based surveys have reached comparable depths but at lower spatial resolution, resulting in source confusion that hampers accurate photometry extractions. What once was limited to the infrared regime has now begun to challenge ground-based ultra-deep surveys, affecting detection and photometry alike. Failing to address these challenges will mean forfeiting a representative view into the distant Universe. We introduce The Farmer: an automated, reproducible profile-fitting photometry package that pairs a library of smooth parametric models from The Tractor (Lang et al. 2016) with a decision tree that determines the best-fit model in concert with neighboring sources. Photometry is measured by fitting the models on other bands leaving brightness free to vary. The resulting photometric measurements are naturally total, and no aperture corrections are required. Supporting diagnostics (e.g. $\chi^2$) enable measurement validation. As fitting models is relatively time intensive, The Farmer is built with high-performance computing routines. We benchmark The Farmer on a set of realistic COSMOS-like images and find accurate photometry, number counts, and galaxy shapes. The Farmer is already being utilized to produce catalogs for several large-area deep extragalactic surveys where it has been shown to tackle some of the most challenging optical and near-infrared data available, with the promise of extending to other ultra-deep surveys expected in the near future. The Farmer is available to download from GitHub and Zenodo., Comment: 30 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS. The Farmer software is publicly accessible on Github at https://github.com/astroweaver/the_farmer

With the advent of JWST, we can probe the rest-frame optical emission of galaxies at $z>3$ with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, making it possible to accurately characterise red, optically-faint galaxies and thus move towards a more complete census of the galaxy population at high redshifts. To this end, we present a sample of 148 massive, dusty galaxies from the JWST/CEERS survey, colour-selected using solely JWST bands. With deep JWST/NIRCam data from 1.15$\mu$m to 4.44$\mu$m and ancillary HST/ACS and WFC3 data, we determine the physical properties of our sample using spectral energy distribution fitting with BAGPIPES. We demonstrate that our selection method efficiently identifies massive ($\mathrm{\langle \log M_\star/M_\odot \rangle \sim 10}$) and dusty ($\mathrm{\langle A_V\rangle \sim 2.7\ mag}$) sources, with a majority at $z>3$ and predominantly lying on the galaxy main-sequence. The main results of this work are the stellar mass functions (SMF) of red, optically-faint galaxies from redshifts between $3

We deduce continuity and (global) wave-front properties of classes of Fourier multipliers, pseudo-differential, and Fourier integral operators when acting on Orlicz spaces, or more generally, on Orlicz-Sobolev type spaces. In particular, we extend H{\"o}rmander's improvement of Mihlin's Fourier multiplier theorem to the framework of Orlicz spaces. We also show how Young functions $\Phi$ of the Orlicz spaces are linked to properties of certain Lebesgue exponents $p_\Phi$ and $q_\Phi$ emerged from $\Phi$., Comment: 22 pages. Several parts of the first version (contained 14 pages) are performed. Especially some correction and completion of earlier insufficient arguments are performed

The cosmological surveys that are planned for the current decade will provide us with unparalleled observations of the distribution of galaxies on cosmic scales, by means of which we can probe the underlying large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe. This will allow us to test the concordance cosmological model and its extensions. However, precision pushes us to high levels of accuracy in the theoretical modelling of the LSS observables, so that no biases are introduced into the estimation of the cosmological parameters. In particular, effects such as redshift-space distortions (RSD) can become relevant in the computation of harmonic-space power spectra even for the clustering of the photometrically selected galaxies, as has previously been shown in literature. In this work, we investigate the contribution of linear RSD, as formulated in the Limber approximation by a previous work, in forecast cosmological analyses with the photometric galaxy sample of the Euclid survey. We aim to assess their impact and to quantify the bias on the measurement of cosmological parameters that would be caused if this effect were neglected. We performed this task by producing mock power spectra for photometric galaxy clustering and weak lensing, as is expected to be obtained from the Euclid survey. We then used a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to obtain the posterior distributions of cosmological parameters from these simulated observations. When the linear RSD is neglected, significant biases are caused when galaxy correlations are used alone and when they are combined with cosmic shear in the so-called 3$\times$2pt approach. These biases can be equivalent to as much as $5\,\sigma$ when an underlying $\Lambda$CDM cosmology is assumed. When the cosmological model is extended to include the equation-of-state parameters of dark energy, the extension parameters can be shifted by more than $1\,\sigma$., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures. Version matching publication at journal

We report on the spectroscopic confirmation of a massive quiescent galaxy at $z_\mathrm{spec}=4.53$ in the COSMOS field. The object was first identified as a galaxy with suppressed star formation at $z_\mathrm{phot}\sim4.65$ from the COSMOS2020 catalog. The follow-up spectroscopy with Keck/MOSFIRE in the $K$-band reveals faint [OII] emission and the Balmer break, indicative of evolved stellar populations. We perform the spectral energy distribution fitting using photometry and spectrum to infer physical properties. The obtained stellar mass is high ($M_*\sim 10^{10.8}\,M_\odot$) and the current star formation rate is more than 1 dex below that of main-sequence galaxies at $z=4.5$. Its star formation history suggests that this galaxy experienced rapid quenching from $z\sim 5$. The galaxy is among the youngest quiescent galaxies confirmed so far at $z_\mathrm{spec}>3$ with $z_\mathrm{form}\sim5.2$ ($200\,\mathrm{Myr}$ ago), which is the epoch when 50\% of total stellar mass was formed. A unique aspect of the galaxy is that it is in an extremely dense region; there are four massive star-forming galaxies at $4.4

In this letter, we report the discovery of the highest redshift, heavily obscured, radio-loud AGN candidate selected using JWST NIRCam/MIRI, mid-IR, sub-mm, and radio imaging in the COSMOS-Web field. Using multi-frequency radio observations and mid-IR photometry, we identify a powerful, radio-loud (RL), growing supermassive black hole (SMBH) with significant spectral steepening of the radio SED ($f_{1.28 \mathrm{GHz}} \sim 2$ mJy, $q_{24\mu m} = -1.1$, $\alpha_{1.28-3\mathrm{GHz}}=-1.2$, $\Delta \alpha = -0.4$). In conjunction with ALMA, deep ground-based observations, ancillary space-based data, and the unprecedented resolution and sensitivity of JWST, we find no evidence of AGN contribution to the UV/optical/NIR data and thus infer heavy amounts of obscuration (N$_{\mathrm{H}} > 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$). Using the wealth of deep UV to sub-mm photometric data, we report a singular solution photo-z of $z_\mathrm{phot}$ = 7.7$^{+0.4}_{-0.3}$ and estimate an extremely massive host-galaxy ($\log M_{\star} = 11.4 -12\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$) hosting a powerful, growing SMBH (L$_{\mathrm{Bol}} = 4-12 \times 10^{46}$ erg s$^{-1}$). This source represents the furthest known obscured RL AGN candidate, and its level of obscuration aligns with the most representative but observationally scarce population of AGN at these epochs., Comment: Accepted to ApJL

We report the discovery of 15 exceptionally luminous $10\lesssim z\lesssim14$ candidate galaxies discovered in the first 0.28 deg$^2$ of JWST/NIRCam imaging from the COSMOS-Web Survey. These sources span rest-frame UV magnitudes of $-20.5>M_{\rm UV}>-22$, and thus constitute the most intrinsically luminous $z\gtrsim10$ candidates identified by JWST to-date. Selected via NIRCam imaging with Hubble ACS/F814W, deep ground-based observations corroborate their detection and help significantly constrain their photometric redshifts. We analyze their spectral energy distributions using multiple open-source codes and evaluate the probability of low-redshift solutions; we conclude that 12/15 (80%) are likely genuine $z\gtrsim10$ sources and 3/15 (20%) likely low-redshift contaminants. Three of our $z\sim12$ candidates push the limits of early stellar mass assembly: they have estimated stellar masses $\sim5\times10^{9}\,M_\odot$, implying an effective stellar baryon fraction of $\epsilon_{\star}\sim0.2-0.5$, where $\epsilon_{\star}\equiv M_{\star}/(f_{b}M_{halo})$. The assembly of such stellar reservoirs is made possible due to rapid, burst-driven star formation on timescales $<$100\,Myr where the star-formation rate may far outpace the growth of the underlying dark matter halos. This is supported by the similar volume densities inferred for $M_\star\sim10^{10}\,M_\odot$ galaxies relative to $M_\star\sim10^{9}\,M_\odot$ -- both about $10^{-6}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ -- implying they live in halos of comparable mass. At such high redshifts, the duty cycle for starbursts would be of order unity, which could cause the observed change in the shape of the UVLF from a double powerlaw to Schechter at $z\approx8$. Spectroscopic redshift confirmation and ensuing constraints of their masses will be critical to understanding how, and if, such early massive galaxies push the limits of galaxy formation in $\Lambda$CDM., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures; ApJ submitted

We present the results of a systematic study of the rest-frame optical morphology of quiescent galaxies at $z \geq 3$ using the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) onboard $JWST$. Based on a sample selected by $UVJ$ color or $NUVUVJ$ color, we focus on 26 quiescent galaxies with $9.8<\log{(M_\star/M_\odot)}<11.4$ at $2.810.3$ implies that our size - stellar mass relations are below those at lower redshifts, with the amplitude of $\sim0.6\, {\rm kpc}$ at $M_\star = 5\times 10^{10}\, M_\odot$. This value agrees with the extrapolation from the size evolution of quiescent galaxies at $z<3$ in the literature, implying that the size of quiescent galaxies increases monotonically from $z\sim3-5$. Our sample is mainly composed of galaxies with bulge-like structures according to their median S\'ersic index and axis ratio of $n\sim3-4$ and $q\sim0.6-0.8$, respectively. On the other hand, there is a trend of increasing fraction of galaxies with low S\'ersic index, suggesting $3

We deduce factorization properties for a quasi-Banach module over a quasi-Banach algebra. Especially we extend a result by Hewitt and prove that if any such algebra which possess a bounded left approximate identity, then any element in the module can be factorized. As applications, we deduce factorization properties for Wiener amalgam spaces, for an extended family of modulation spaces and for Schatten symbol classes in pseudo-differential calculus under multiplications like convolutions, twisted convolutions and symbolic products. For example we show for Wiener amalgam spaces that WL^{1,r}*WL^{p,q}=WL^{p,q} when r in (0,1], and p and q are finite and larger than r. In particular we improve Rudin's identity L^1*L^1=L^1., Comment: 46 pages. This is the third version. We discovered that one of earlier main result, factorization of general quasi-Banach algebras and modules was a special case of another published result. The paper is now focused on applications. Because of fundamental changes, the different arXiv versions have different titles

The onset of galaxy formation is thought to be initiated by the infall of neutral, pristine gas onto the first protogalactic halos. However, direct constraints on the abundance of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies have been difficult to obtain at early cosmic times. Here we present spectroscopic observations with JWST of three galaxies at redshifts $z=8.8 - 11.4$, about $400-600$ Myr after the Big Bang, that show strong damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption ($N_{\rm HI} > 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$) from HI in their local surroundings, an order of magnitude in excess of the Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption caused by the neutral intergalactic medium at these redshifts. Consequently, these early galaxies cannot be contributing significantly to reionization, at least at their current evolutionary stages. Simulations of galaxy formation show that such massive gas reservoirs surrounding young galaxies so early in the history of the universe is a signature of galaxy formation in progress., Comment: Submitted

Star formation rate functions (SFRFs) give an instantaneous view of the distribution of star formation rates (SFRs) in galaxies at different epochs. They are a complementary and more stringent test for models than the galaxy stellar mass function, which gives an integrated view of the past star formation activity. However, the exploration of SFRFs has been limited thus far due to difficulties in assessing the SFR from observed quantities and probing the SFRF over a wide range of SFRs. We overcome these limitations thanks to an original method that predicts the infrared luminosity from the rest-frame UV/optical color of a galaxy and then its SFR over a wide range of stellar masses and redshifts. We applied this technique to the deep imaging survey HSC-CLAUDS combined with near-infrared and UV photometry. We provide the first SFR functions with reliable measurements in the high- and low-SFR regimes up to $z=2$ and compare our results with previous observations and four state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations., Comment: 29 pages, 19 figures

We present a search for extremely red, dust-obscured, $z>7$ galaxies with $\textit{JWST}$/NIRCam+MIRI imaging over the first 20 arcmin$^2$ of publicly-available Cycle 1 data from the COSMOS-Web, CEERS, and PRIMER surveys. Based on their red color in F277W$-$F444W ($\sim 2.5$ mag) and detection in MIRI/F770W ($\sim 25$ mag), we identify two galaxies$\unicode{x2014}$COS-z8M1 and CEERS-z7M1$\unicode{x2014}$which have best-fit photometric redshifts of $z=8.5^{+0.3}_{-0.4}$ and $z=7.6^{+0.1}_{-0.1}$, respectively. We perform SED fitting with a variety of codes (including BAGPIPES, PROSPECTOR, BEAGLE, and CIGALE), and find a $>95\%$ probability that these indeed lie at $z>7$. Both sources are compact ($R_{\rm eff} \lesssim 200$ pc), highly obscured ($A_V \sim 1.5$$\unicode{x2013}$$2.5$), and, at our best-fit redshift estimates, likely have strong [OIII]+H$\beta$ emission contributing to their $4.4\,\mu$m photometry. We estimate stellar masses of $\sim 10^{10}~M_\odot$ for both sources; by virtue of detection in MIRI at $7.7\,\mu$m, these measurements are robust to the inclusion of bright emission lines, for example, from an AGN. We identify a marginal (2.9$\sigma$) ALMA detection at 2 mm within $0.5''$ of COS-z8M1, which if real, would suggest a remarkably high IR luminosity of $\sim 10^{12} L_\odot$. These two galaxies, if confirmed at $z\sim 8$, would be extreme in their stellar and dust masses, and may be representative of a substantial population of modestly dust-obscured galaxies at cosmic dawn., Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, submitted to ApJL, comments welcome

We deduce continuity properties for pseudo-differential operators with symbols in Orlicz modulation spaces when acting on other Orlicz modulation spaces. In particular we extend well-known results in the literature. We also show that the entropy functional is continuous on a suitable Orlicz modulation space between $M^p$ and $M^2$ when $p<2$, though the functional is discontinuous on $M^2=L^2$., Comment: A proof of a statement in the first version is added. Because of this, the number of pages has increased by 6 to totally 34 pages. It has also changed the structure compared to the first version. Because of this, the title and abstract are changed

A growing number of far-infrared bright sources completely invisible in deep extragalactic optical surveys hint at an elusive population of z>4 dusty, star-forming galaxies. Cycle 1 JWST surveys are now detecting their rest-frame optical light, which provides key insight into their stellar properties and statistical constraints on the population as a whole. This work presents the JWST/NIRCam counterpart from the COSMOS-Web survey to a far-infrared SCUBA-2 and ALMA source, AzTECC71, which was previously undetected at wavelengths shorter than 850 microns. AzTECC71, amongst the reddest galaxies in COSMOS-Web with F277W - F444W~0.9, is undetected in NIRCam/F150W and F115W and fainter in F444W than other sub-millimeter galaxies identified in COSMOS-Web by 2-4 magnitudes. This is consistent with the system having both a lower stellar mass and higher redshift than the median dusty, star-forming galaxy. With deep ground- and space-based upper limits combined with detections in F277W, F444W and the far-IR including ALMA Band 6, we find a high probability (99%) that AzTECC71 is at z>4 with z_phot=5.7(+0.8,-0.7). This galaxy is massive (logM*/Msun~10.7) and IR-luminous (logLIR/Lsun~12.7), comparable to other optically-undetected but far-IR bright dusty, star-forming galaxies at z>4. This population of luminous, infrared galaxies at z>4 is largely unconstrained but comprises an important bridge between the most extreme dust-obscured galaxies and more typical high-redshift star-forming galaxies. If further far-IR-selected galaxies that drop out of the F150W filter in COSMOS-Web have redshifts z>4 like AzTECC71, then the volume density of such sources may be ~3-10x greater than previously estimated., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, submitted to ApJ

We present the Texas Euclid Survey for Lyman-Alpha (TESLA), a spectroscopic survey in the 10 square degree of the Euclid North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field. Using TESLA, we study how the physical properties of Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) correlate with Lyman-alpha emission to understand the escape of Lyman alpha from galaxies at redshifts 2 -- 3.5. We present an analysis of 43 LAEs performed in the NEP field using early data from the TESLA survey. We use Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging in the grizy-bands, Spitzer/IRAC channels 1 and 2 from the Hawaii 20 square degree (H20) survey and spectra acquired by the Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. We perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting to compute the galaxy properties of 43 LAEs, and study correlations between stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and dust, to the Lyman-alpha rest-frame equivalent widths (EW). We uncover marginal (1 sigma significance) correlations between stellar mass and Lyman-alpha EW, and star formation rate (SFR) and Lyman-alpha EW, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of -0.$34_{-.14}^{+.17}$ and -0.$37_{-.14}^{+.16}$ respectively. We show that the Lyman-alpha distribution of the 43 LAEs is consistent with being drawn from an exponential distribution with an e-folding scale of 150 Angstrom. Once complete the TESLA survey will enable the study of ~ thousands of LAEs to explore correlations between galaxy properties and Lyman-alpha EW. The large sample size will allow the construction of a predictive model for the Lyman-alpha EW as a function of SED-derived galaxy properties, which could be used to improve Lyman-alpha based constraints on reionization.

Spatially-resolved studies of the kinematics of galaxies provide crucial insights into their assembly and evolution, enabling to infer the properties of the dark matter halos, derive the impact of feedback on the ISM, characterize the outflow motions. To date, most of the kinematic studies at z=0.5-3.5 were obtained using emission lines tracing the warm, ionized gas. However, whether these provide an exhaustive or only a partial view of the dynamics of galaxies and of the properties of the ISM is still debated. Complementary insights on the cold gas kinematics are therefore needed. We present ALPAKA, a project aimed at gathering high-resolution observations of CO and [CI] emission lines of star-forming galaxies at z=0.5-3.5 from the ALMA public archive. With 147 hours of total integration time, ALPAKA assembles ~0.25'' observations for 28 star-forming galaxies, the largest sample with spatially-resolved cold gas kinematics as traced by either CO or [CI] at z>0.5. By combining multi-wavelength ancillary data, we derive the stellar masses ($M_{\star}$) and star-formation rates (SFR) for our targets, finding values of $M_{\star}\gtrsim 10^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$ and SFR of 10-3000 M$_{\odot}$/yr. A large fraction of ALPAKA galaxies (19/28) lie in overdense regions (clusters, groups, and protoclusters). We exploit the ALMA data to infer their dynamical state and we find that 19/28 ALPAKA galaxies are rotating disks, 2 are interacting systems, while for the remaining 7 sources the classification is uncertain. The disks have velocity dispersion values that are typically larger in the innermost regions than in the outskirts, with a median value for the entire disk sample of 35$^{+11}_{-9}$ km/s. Despite the bias of our sample towards galaxies hosting very energetic mechanisms, the ALPAKA disks have high ratios of ordered-to-random motion ($V/\sigma$) with a median value of 9$^{+7}_{-2}$., Comment: 36 pages, 23 figures, 5 tables; accepted for publication in A&A. The data and the outputs of the kinematic analysis will be made available at https://alpaka-survey.github.io/index.html

We present a statistical study of 180 dust continuum sources identified in 33 massive cluster fields by the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS) over a total of 133 arcmin$^{2}$ area, homogeneously observed at 1.2 mm. ALCS enables us to detect extremely faint mm sources by lensing magnification, including near-infrared (NIR) dark objects showing no counterparts in existing {\it Hubble Space Telescope} and {\it Spitzer} images. The dust continuum sources belong to a blind sample ($N=141$) with S/N $\gtrsim$ 5.0 (a purity of $>$ 0.99) or a secondary sample ($N=39$) with S/N= $4.0-5.0$ screened by priors. With the blind sample, we securely derive 1.2-mm number counts down to $\sim7$ $\mu$Jy, and find that the total integrated 1.2mm flux is 20.7$^{+8.5}_{-6.5}$ Jy deg$^{-2}$, resolving $\simeq$ 80 % of the cosmic infrared background light. The resolved fraction varies by a factor of $0.6-1.1$ due to the completeness correction depending on the spatial size of the mm emission. We also derive infrared (IR) luminosity functions (LFs) at $z=0.6-7.5$ with the $1/V_{\rm max}$ method, finding the redshift evolution of IR LFs characterized by positive luminosity and negative density evolution. The total (=UV+IR) cosmic star-formation rate density (SFRD) at $z>4$ is estimated to be $161^{+25}_{-21}$ % of the established measurements, which were almost exclusively based on optical$-$NIR surveys. Although our general understanding of the cosmic SFRD is unlikely to change beyond a factor of 2, these results add to the weight of evidence for an additional ($\approx 60$ %) SFRD component contributed by the faint-mm population, including NIR dark objects., Comment: ApJS in press, 34 pages, 8 Tables, and 18 Figures (+38 pages, 5 Tables, and 6 Figures in Appendix)

We present the results of a systematic search for candidate quiescent galaxies in the distant Universe in eleven $JWST$ fields with publicly available observations collected during the first three months of operations and covering an effective sky area of $\sim145$ arcmin$^2$. We homogeneously reduce the new $JWST$ data and combine them with existing observations from the $Hubble\,Space\,Telescope$. We select a robust sample of $\sim80$ candidate quiescent and quenching galaxies at $3 < z < 5$ using two methods: (1) based on their rest-frame $UVJ$ colors, and (2) a novel quantitative approach based on Gaussian Mixture Modeling of the $NUV-U$, $U-V$, and $V-J$ rest-frame color space, which is more sensitive to recently quenched objects. We measure comoving number densities of massive ($M_\star\geq 10^{10.6} M_\odot$) quiescent galaxies consistent with previous estimates relying on ground-based observations, after homogenizing the results in the literature with our mass and redshift intervals. However, we find significant field-to-field variations of the number densities up to a factor of $2-3$, highlighting the effect of cosmic variance and suggesting the presence of overdensities of red quiescent galaxies at $z>3$, as it could be expected for highly clustered massive systems. Importantly, $JWST$ enables the robust identification of quenching/quiescent galaxy candidates at lower masses and higher redshifts than before, challenging standard formation scenarios. All data products, including the literature compilation, are made publicly available., Comment: 15 pages, 6 Figures + Appendix. Accepted for publication in ApJ on Feb, 9. Data release: - Reduced HST+JWST mosaics + photometric catalogs and Eazy-py modeling: https://erda.ku.dk/archives/7166d013c1ca1371aac3c57b9e73190d/published-archive.html - Supplementary material and tables: https://zenodo.org/record/7614908#.Y-4ZruzMLmE - MAST: https://doi.org/10.17909/g3nt-a370 - See also Gould et al. 2023

We select and characterise a sample of massive (log(M$_{*}/$M$_{\odot})>10.6$) quiescent galaxies (QGs) at $33$. We compute median rest-frame SEDs for our sample and find the median quiescent galaxy at $3