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Copyright of Imafronte. Revista de Historia del Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Imafronte. Revista de Historia del Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Imafronte. Revista de Historia del Arte is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Musica Theorica is the property of Musica Theorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arenal.Revista de Historia de las Mujeres is the property of Arenal. Revista de Historia de las Mujeres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Corpus: Archivos Virtuales de la Alteridad Americana is the property of CORPUS. ARCHIVOS VIRTUALES DE LA ALTERIDAD AMERICANA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A wide range of issues regarding the mechanism of state registration of subjects of the Russian Empire in the 18th century is covered. It is noted that Peter the Great's large-scale reforms in all spheres of public life logically showed the imperfection of the then household accounting of the population of the Tsardom of Muscovy. The reasons for the transition to a per capita census of the country's inhabitants are considered, and the evolution of census accountancy and its complication and improvement throughout the 18th century are traced. The procedure of carrying out "people's censuses" has been studied. It is shown that the first censuses carried out in the first half of the 18th century were of a transitional nature since they contained features of household descriptions of the population of the Muscovy state. The people's censuses of the second half of the 18th century were organized on a qualitatively new basis: the survey mechanism was simplified, and unified documentation appeared, uniform for the entire country. It is concluded that demographic information contained in census materials is of critical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades of the 18th century, the trade in otter fur from the north-western coast of America in the Chinese port of Canton generated intense competition among the European powers. The Russians were later joined by the English, the French and the North Americans. The Spanish Monarchy was aware of the advantages it could have and also participated in this exchange with various commercial experiments. This paper analyses the commercial project that Alejandro Malaspina proposed to sell otter fur in China by examining the central role that information played in the speculation of these product and by studying the constant circulation of news that conditioned Malaspina's project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Classical Turkish literature, there are many literary genres. One of these is the poetic dictionaries, which provide equivalents of words in the source language(s) in the target language(s). Written primarily to expedite and facilitate language learning, these works have garnered considerable attention in our literature. While there are versions written for various languages, those in Arabic-Turkish, Persian-Turkish, or Arabic-Persian-Turkish forms are more common. Due to their popularity, numerous poetic dictionaries have been penned, and through previous research efforts, their existence has been identified and documented. As research and examination continue, new works in this genre are being added regularly. As a result of such endeavors, one of the works added to the chain of poetic dictionaries is the "Tuhfe-i Fethiyye" compiled in Persian-Turkish by a poet using the pen name Fethi, in 1156/1743-44. Comprising a 80-verse introduction written in the form of a "mesnevi" and a dictionary section consisting of 32 "kıtas" with varying verse counts between 5 and 18, totaling 403 verses, Tuhfe-i Fethiyye contains around 900 Persian words or phrases along with their Turkish equivalents. In this study, focusing on the form and content characteristics of Tuhfe-i Fethiyye, which was written in the 18th century and currently known through the sole surviving manuscript registered under the number "EY_1233" in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum Library selected "kıtas" from the work have been provided in translated written text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the record of a survey carried out on the Cathole Cliff wreck site in 1990. The potential of the site as an 18th-century trade vessel Dragon is discussed. Artefacts including nine cannon and two bar shot along with an additional cannon and wood samples taken during a later survey support this hypothesis. Shipping records show Dragon to have traded regularly between London and Jamaica. Contemporary newspaper reports and burial records show that the children of the Chambers family were on board, possibly travelling to England due to the Seven Years' War putting Jamaica at threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines thirty-six new letters and one essay on the French Revolution written by Adam Ferguson, and uses them to reconstruct a discussion carried on among Ferguson, Hugh Blair and Sir John Macpherson during the revolutionary 1790s. The new evidence from Ferguson casts doubt on his identification as a 'civic humanist', and shows that he never welcomed the French Revolution, even in its early stages. Remarkably, Ferguson also briefly supported a European union based on arms and commerce. The examination of John Macpherson—a little known but interesting figure—shows that he had a sophisticated view of commercial society and a unique theory about the dangers of systemic financial risk. Finally, the conversation contained here primarily pertains to commercial society, public credit and perpetual peace, and adds a new Scottish angle to our understanding of these major idioms in eighteenth-century political thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of De Computis is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Contabilidad y Administracion de Empresas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following on from the underwater archaeological investigations carried out between 2000 and 2015 in Ambodifotatra Bay on Sainte-Marie Island (Madagascar), a new mission aimed at uncovering the terrestrial remains of a pirate occupation also had the opportunity in May 2022 to re-examine all the artifacts from a wreck, a ship sunk by pirates whose identification has yet to be determined. Initially identified as the supposed Fiery Dragon, sunk in 1721, the wreck was photogrammetrically surveyed and two soundings were taken. The latter have yielded a large quantity of material, notably more than 2,800 fragments of Chinese porcelain, Southeast Asian ceramics, metal objects, glassware and archaeozoological remains. Packaged, sometimes desalinated, this collection was deposited in the Musée de la Reine Betia on îlot Madame. Nevertheless, no reliable inventory or study report has been submitted to the Malagasy authorities. This article, based on the report written in 2023 by the mission team, aims to reveal to the scientific community the interest of re-examining this exceptional furniture coming from a pirate context of the 18th century.

This article examines the connection between early scientific ideas and It-Narratives in Britain over the long eighteenth century. A set of It-Narratives - fictional texts narrated by, or centred on, non-human entities like things or animals - will be read against the attempt to detect the voice of natural things by a number of early-modern experimental and natural philosophers. It will be argued that, although causal links are hard to prove, there is a degree of epistemic vicinity between these early scientific ideas and It-Narratives. In particular, it will be shown how in both disciplines fiction helped contemplate the possibility that non-human knowledge is more reliable than human-derived one.

Bu çalışma, İstanbul’daki İsveç elçileri Celsing kardeşlerin raporları ışığında 1768-1779 yılları arasındaki Osmanlı-İsveç diplomatik ilişkilerini incelemekte ve değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak İsveç elçilerine ciddi bir diplomatik misyon yükleyen 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı, onların gözünden ele alınmıştır. Savaşın sona ermesinden sonraki süreç, Urlic Celsing’in elçilik görevinde bulunduğu 1774-1779 yılları arasındaki diplomatik faaliyetlerini kapsamaktadır. Celsing kardeşlerin raporlarını desteklemek üzere Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinden de istifade edilmiştir. Bu dönemde Stockholm’den aldığı talimatlara uygun bir şekilde hareket etmeye çalışan Celsing kardeşler, Bâb-ı Âli ile diplomatik ilişkilerin dostluk temelinde korunmasına çalışmışlardır. Bununla birlikte, Baltık’ta ve Akdeniz’de İsveç’i tehdit edici faaliyetlerde bulunan Rusya’yı kışkırtmama politikası izlemişlerdir. Böylece İsveç, Bâb-ı Âli ve Rus sarayına karşı ikili bir politika takip etmiştir. Bu politika dahilinde İsveçli kardeşlerin Osmanlı-İsveç diplomatik ilişkilerindeki rolleri ve etkileri ele alınmıştır.

The literature in business history has shown that the liquidity of company shares had implications on distribution structures of capital and decision-making power. This paper examines the share transactions of the Pombaline colonial companies in comparison to the United East India Company. It finds a more democratic distribution of capital per shareholder than in England but also a higher concentration of voting and decision-making power. It concludes that there was an increasing trend toward a more plutocratic system in both an absolutist monarchy and a parliamentary regime, showing that different legal systems had similar impacts on the distribution of power.

During the 18th century, collections of coins and medals were familiar sights. The collectors ranged from scholars to amateurs, men and women and the collectables tempted collectors for various reasons: they signified wealth and knowledge, they rendered historical events or current politics in material form, or they were miniature artworks and financial investments. Also, the visual and material culture that involved collecting coins and medals consisted of cabinets and numismatic publications. But how were numismatic collections amassed, and how were they used? What did it mean to own a coin and medal collection? This article discusses the practices of collecting numismatics in 18th-century Sweden through various case studies concerning private and public collections, such as the Uppsala University coin cabinet or the possessions of politician Carl Didric Ehrenpreus, numismatist Elias Brenner, medal artist Arvid Karlsteen, and merchant-wife Anna Johanna Grill. These cases illuminate the diverse motivations behind collecting, from intellectual curiosity to social status. These case studies include immaterial facets such as witty discussions and international networks and material aspects such as coins, medals, cabinets, letters, and publications. Based on contemporary written sources, this article sheds light on how numismatic objects were bought, sold and circulated, highlighting the market dynamics of collecting. Furthermore, the examples examine how numismatic publications were used next to the objects, contributing to hermeneutic study and the collecting process. The written records provide insight into the scholarly discourse surrounding these collections, offering a glimpse into the intellectual context of the time. Finally, the article will add to the understanding of values and ideas attached to the practices of collecting coins and medals in early modern Europe. It elucidates the role of numismatics as a collecting practice, as well as how it shaped cultural perceptions, underscoring the intricate interplay between material and visual culture, society, and the production of knowledge during this period.

This paper applies Patton and Al-Zayadi’s scientonomic framework for understanding disciplines to a case study of the development of the chemical discipline ("chymistry") from the 17th century through the early 18th century in Western Europe. Using evidence from the tradition of textbook publication that emerged in the seventeenth-century chymistry, we reconstruct the top-level of the question hierarchy of chymistry. Analyzing how these questions and their associated theories were received, we first show how, starting in the 1660s, alchemy transitioned from a synonym of chymistry to chymistry’s subdiscipline with a more limited scope. We identify that the rejection of alchemy's core questions occurred in the 1720s based on the reception of these questions in scientific publications and by academic institutions. Hence, we conclude that the subdiscipline of alchemy became rejected in the 1720s. In order to conduct our case-study, we closely follow Newman and Principe's research on early modern alchemy and chymistry in our reconstruction of the episode. However, using the scientonomic framework in analyzing this case study reveals the specific dynamics of this instance of sub-discipline rejection. Our deepened understanding of this hallmark historical episode of disciplinary rejection indicates the value of Patton and Al-Zayadi’s theoretical framework for observational scientonomic research.

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on an analysis of documents from the second half of the 18th century, the article positions Franz Benda as an eminent musician at the Prussian Hofkapelle, who won the favour of Frederick II, initially as an excellent violin virtuoso, and subsequently as the king's adviser on music at large. Benda also influenced the recruiting of new court musicians, as well as e.g. the appointment of J. F. Reichardt as Kapellmeister in 1775. Frederick's appreciation of his service is evidenced not only by Benda's generous salary and his assignment as a mentor of young court musicians, but also by the privileged treatment, at least during a certain period, of his family members active in the court orchestra. The appendix offers a detailed list of salary payments to the individual Benda family members serving in the court orchestra, based on the orchestra's payroll records (Hofkapelletat). Detailed examination of the records also casts doubt on dating Benda's appointment as the concertmaster to 1771, which has so far been generally presented as an established fact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an original unknown work by the architect Leonardo de Figueroa initiated in the last days of his life. It consisted of the enlargement of a chapel belonging to the Brotherhood of The Arrest of Jesus in the Sevillian church of Santa Lucia. The work began in the second half of the 1720s and continued until the 1730s. The absence of documents on this commission went unnoticed by historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a reflection of the Turquerie fashion that spread in Europe in the 18th century, items reminiscent of Turks in art and daily life and Turkish clothing became popular among Europeans. Masquerades are also one of the areas where the Turquerie fashion spreads in this context. This study discusses the interest in wearing Turkish costumes in masquerades in the same century from the perspective of Turquerie, which became a fashion in everyday life and art in the 18th century. In this period, masquerades in England became entertainments open to all segments of the public, which could only be attended by purchasing tickets, and this issue was frequently mentioned in the press of the period. In the study, the interest in Turkish clothing in masquerades was analyzed with the data obtained from the visual and literary sources of the period, and a clothing album used as a costume catalog for masquerade entertainments was examined. The similarities between the social status of the Turkish figures in this album and the status of those who consume this fashion were determined and evaluated through the concept of Turquerie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Count László Bercsényi is best remembered for his military career and his role in uniting the Hungarian emigration in France after the Rákóczi War of Independence. At the peak of his career, he was the only Hungarian to be awarded the title of Marshal of France, which placed him in the highest strategic command company of the French Royal Army. This study describes the Hungarian-born Count's multi-faceted military and political career, and the important role played by the social networks and court circles that supported him, including the exiled Polish King and daughter of Sanislo Leszczyński and the Masonic lodges, in winning this prestigious title. The study also highlights the importance of the French literacy of the Hungarian émigré overlord and his media contacts of the time. It also shows that part of his biography, which was included in the pamphlet proclaiming his title of Marshal, was published in a contemporary political treatise, Antoine-François Aubert's Le politique vertueux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to evaluate the results of the database building process executed within the framework of the project HAS-RCH "Lendület" Ten Generations. Instead of the regional approach used in our previous studies, this paper focuses on other dimensions of inequalities. Using data from the 18th-century conscriptions and censuses aggregated at settlement level, we seek to analyze the differences in the socio-economic-demographic behaviour of different ethnic and religious groups before the reform era, and to trace, which linguistic-religious groups were over- and under-represented among the most underdeveloped settlements. We also investigated how the development level of the basic cultural infrastructure or the quality of land related to other socio-economic indicators, and what socio-economic-demographic differences characterized settlements of different legal status/ population/hierarchical level in the 18th century. Finally, we examined if distance from the market left any imprint on socio-economic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies / Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Literature Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 18th century, the trade of medicinal materials in East Asia showed a trend of rapid development, and by the second half of the 18th century, it became the largest commodity category in East Asia's international trade. The growth of medicinal material trade during this period was not a simple trade issue, but was closely related to a series of changes in economic fields, such as the market network, trade balance and production. The changes in the international trade environment from the 17th to the 19th centuries greatly increased the demand for medicinal materials. It also affected the production of medicinal materials. The medicinal material industries in East Asian countries were characterised by specialisation and marketisation, and provided the market with abundant and high-quality medicinal materials. In turn, the development of the medicinal material industry promoted international trade, making medicinal materials the largest traded commodity in East Asia. In the 18th century, the development of medicinal material trade promoted the recalibration of international trade, and changed the commodity structure of East Asian trade. It is a result of the transformation of international trade and economic relations, and an important participant in the development of East Asian economy. Trade of medicinal materials in the 18th century expanded the market network and formed a positive interaction between trade and production, and reshaped the international trade structure of East Asia.

Dominik Mokoš (1718–22.XII.1776) was a Franciscan monk and religious writer who also acted as preacher, vicar, teacher and chronicler in the second half of the 18th century in various regions of Slovakia (such as Nižná Šebastová, Stropkov, Kremnica, Pruské, Okoličné, Beckov) or as a missionary in various areas of Šariš, Spiš, Orava and Poland. He was one of the most prolific authors of homiletic literature in the second half of the 18th century in Slovakia. In his Marian, Christmas and lenten preaching, we can identify intertextual references to the Bible, patristic, medieval and humanist religious literature. This study focuses on how these sources were used by Mokoš to draft his sermons and how he applied their moral tidings to the particular situations that the believers in the 18th century were facing.

BackgroundMissions were established in California in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to convert Native Americans to Christianity and enculturate them into a class of laborers for Californios (Spanish/Mexican settler). The concentration of large numbers of Native Americans at the Missions, along with the introduction of European diseases, led to serious disease problems. Medicinal supplies brought to California by the missionaries were limited in quantity. This situation resulted in an opportunity for the sharing of knowledge of medicinal plants between the Native Americans and the Mission priests. The purpose of this study is to examine the degree to which such sharing of knowledge took place and to understand factors that may have influenced the sharing of medicinal knowledge. The study also examines the sharing of medicinal knowledge between the Native Americans and the Californios following the demise of the California Missions.MethodsTwo methods were employed in the study: (1) a comparison of lists of medicinal plants used by various groups (e.g., Native American, Mission priests, Californios) prior to, during, and after the Mission period and (2) a close reading of diaries, reports, and books written by first-hand observers and modern authorities to find accounts of and identify factors influencing the exchange of medicinal information.ResultsA comparison of the lists of medicinal plants use by various groups indicated that only a small percentage of medicinal plants were shared by two or more groups. For example, none of the 265 taxa of species used by the Native Americans in pre-Mission times were imported into Spain for medicinal use and only 16 taxa were reported to have been used at the Missions. A larger sharing of information of medicinal plants took place in the post-Mission period when Native Americans were dispersed from the Missions and worked as laborers on the ranches of the Californios.ConclusionsSharing of information concerning medicinal plants did occur during the Mission period, but the number of documented species was limited. A number of possible factors discouraged this exchange. These include (1) imbalance of power between the priests and the Native Americans, (2) suppression of indigenous knowledge and medical practices by the Mission priests, (3) language barriers, (4) reduction of availability of medicinal herbs around the Mission due to introduced agricultural practices, (5) desire to protect knowledge of medicinal herbs by Native American shaman, (6) administrative structure at the Missions which left little time for direct interaction between the priests and individual Native Americans, (7) loss of knowledge of herbal medicine by the Native Americans over time at the Missions, and (8) limited transportation opportunities for reciprocal the shipment of medicinal plants between California and Spain. Three possible factors were identified that contributed to a greater sharing of information between the Native Americans and the Californios in the post-Mission period. These were (1) more one-to-one interactions between the Californios and the Native Americans, (2) many of the Californios were mestizos whose mothers or grandmothers were Native Americans, and (3) lack of pressure on the part of the Californios to suppress Native American beliefs and medicinal practices.

This article uses textual records to examine and partly reconstruct the vanished layers of residential architecture in 18th-century Finland, then the eastern part of the Kingdom of Sweden. In 1827, the biggest fire in the history of Northern Europe almost completely destroyed the town of Turku, which had by then become part of the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland. In addition, a major part of the oeuvre of the influential town architect, the German-born Christian Friedrich Schröder (1722–89), was lost. His influence shaped the development of residential design in the towns and countryside of southwest Finland. This article addresses his relatively vast and previously unknown urban buildings through inventories, especially those on fire insurance policies. This evidence helps to build an overall picture of his designs, which are hitherto known almost only from the most affluent and mainly masonry-built manors, public buildings, and official residences. Moreover, the German-born Schröder’s designs exemplify how 18th-century trends of residential architecture in Europe were implemented in the local context of Finland, even in modest buildings for the middle and lower classes.

This article focuses on a Parisian charity that raised funds to release debt prisoners in the capital, liberating around 100 to 250 inmates each year from the 1730s to the 1780s. The ways in which charitable funds were used help us to understand the intentions of this charity to impact both the prisons and the capital. Its activities enable an investigation into the spiritual and temporal uses of charitable money and its relationship with the urban economy. Through its work, this charity succeeded in endowing charity money with special virtues, ensuring complete release of prisoners from the constraints of incarceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to examine the preservation of Ancien Régime police archives after the Revolution, notwithstanding their sensitive nature. Since the storming of the Bastille gave sudden accessibility to the archives produced by the Lieutenance générale de police de Paris, until then stored in the royal fortress to guarantee their secrecy and safety, this collection confronted the Revolutionaries with an unprecedented political problem: what was to be done with old police archives in the context of the political and social changes occurring in summer 1789? Reflections on the very nature of these archives led to different attitudes in the face of this new accessibility. Between efforts of preservation and organised leaks, here the post-revolutionary fate of the Ancien Régime's police archives is highlighted through a retrospective overview of their production by the quantification of that which remains. It finally stresses the different ways and means of losing archives, between disappearances, oblivion, and definitive destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses responses to questions 30 and 32 of the Ensenada Cadastre as they corresponded to the city of Malaga. In so doing, the article examines the city's healthcare systems during the 18th century, as well as data concerning hospital establishments and health professionals. This is achieved by way of a detailed, in-depth breakdown of the information contained in the general archives of Simancas and the municipal archives of Malaga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at accounting for the historical process in the conformation of the San José of Vilelas reduction on the border adjacent to the Tucuman Governorate during the eighteenth century. It will be observed that in the negotiation process between colonial agents and the Vilelas, certain diplomatic aspects were deployed, identified by other authors as constitutive of peace agreements. It will be shown that around the establishment of the San José mission, the main points of the agreement were agreed upon and some obligations of the parties were defined. To carry out the analysis, firstly, we will study the representations of the Vilelas made from the perspective of colonial power. We will discuss the paradigm of the dichotomous colonial model that defined them as "indios a pie" and "dociles" in contrast to warrior huntergatherer groups. We will also examine how interethnic relations were forged between these groups and various colonial agents, taking into account the interactions that the Vilelas had with other indigenous groups, especially during the period concerning the foundation and organization of Jesuit reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]