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A voluminous literature addresses the weaknesses of standard stated preference methods used to value non-market environmental goods and services, such as contingent valuation and choice experiment. Deliberative Monetary Valuation (DMV) has emerged as a prominent alternative to the standard versions of these methods. It combines deliberative institutions with preference elicitation. Despite an anchorage in an extensive philosophical literature on deliberative democracy, the theoretical foundations of DMV are underinvestigated. A noteworthy exception is Bartkowski and Lienhoop (2018)’s effort to use Sen’s philosophical views to elaborate such theoretical foundations. The present conceptual contribution pursues this theoretical effort by pointing out two issues left unanswered by the above contribution. The first issue is: how can one ascertain that deliberation has attained its goal in DMV and, more broadly, in decision-making? (We term this the deliberative credentials issue.) The second issue is the role that economists and consultants involved in the proceedings of deliberation are supposed to play. (We term this the role of the analyst issue.) In order to clarify the kind of investigations that DMV or any alternative method should implement to be unequivocal on these issues, we use a formal framework introduced by Cailloux and Meinard (2019), designed to capture the stance that an individual has on a given topic once she has participated in a deliberation: her “deliberated judgment”. This framework allows to identify empirical questions that DMV do not tackle whereas answering these questions would be necessary to clarify the stance that DMV takes on the deliberative credentials issue. When it comes to the role of the analyst issue, our framework advocates an active role of the practitioner in creating what we call models of Deliberated Judgments. This framework thereby helps to characterize the normative stance adopted when implementing a deliberative approach. Une importante littérature critique les faiblesses des méthodes d’évaluation économique fondées sur les préférences déclarées, qui sont utilisées pour évaluer les biens et services environnementaux hors marché, comme l’évaluation contingente et les expériences de choix. L’Évaluation Monétaire Délibérative (ÉMD) est une alternative importante, d’émergence récente, aux versions standards de ces méthodes. Elle consiste à combiner des dispositifs délibératifs avec des techniques d’élicitation de préférences. Malgré son ancrage dans la littérature philosophique profuse qui se consacre à la démocratie délibérative, les fondements théoriques de l’ÉMD restent trop peu étudiés, à l’exception notable des efforts de Bartkowski and Lienhoop (2018), qui s’appuient sur la philosophie de Sen. La présente contribution conceptuelle poursuit cet effort théorique en ciblant deux problématiques laissées en suspens par ces auteurs. La première est la question de savoir comment l’on peut attester du fait que la délibération a bien joué le rôle qui est le sien, dans l’ÉMD et, plus généralement, dans l’aide à la décision (nous parlerons de la problématique de l’effectivité de la délibération) ; la seconde pose la question du rôle que les économistes et consultants impliqués dans le déroulement de la délibération sont supposés jouer (nous parlerons de la problématique du rôle de l’analyste). Afin de clarifier le programme de recherche que l’ÉMD, ou toute autre méthode alternative, devrait poursuivre afin de lever toute ambiguïté sur ces questions, nous nous appuierons sur un cadre formel introduit par Cailloux and Meinard (2019), conçu pour modéliser la posture adoptée par un individu sur un sujet donné à la faveur de sa participation à une délibération : son jugement délibéré. Ce cadre permet d’identifier des questions empiriques auxquelles l’ÉMD ne répond pour l’heure pas, alors même qu’y répondre serait nécessaire pour clarifier le positionnement de l’ÉMD sur la problématique de l’effectivité de la délibération. Quant au rôle de l’analyste, notre cadre suggère de confier à l’analyste le rôle actif de création de ce que nous appelons des modèles de jugement délibéré. Ce cadre aide ainsi à caractériser les positions normatives adoptées lors de l’implémentation d’une approche délibérative.

The Washington Arms Limitation Treaty 1922 was arguably one the most significant disarmament treaties of the first half of the 20th century. It can be shown that the heritage items associated with this treaty are still extant. Ship&rsquo, s bells are one of the few moveable objects that are specific to the operational life of a ship and are therefore highly symbolic in representing a vessel. This paper surveys which bells of the ships scrapped under conditions of the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty are known to exist. A typology of ship&rsquo, s bells has been developed to understand the nature of bell provisioning to vessels newly commissioned into the U.S. Navy. Each of the countries associated with the Washington Treaty have divergent disposal practices with respect to navy property, and this is reflected in both the prevalence and nature of custodianship of ship&rsquo, s bells from this period. Such procedures range from the U.S. requirement commanding all surplus Navy property to be deemed government property upon ship deactivation, to the British practice of vending ship&rsquo, s bells to private parties at public sales. However, ship&rsquo, s bells, like many obsolete functional items, can be regarded as iconic in terms of heritage and therefore warrant attention for future preservation and presentation in the public domain.

Crisis intervention teams in Berlin, Germany use a form of dialogic practice - a therapeutic approach based on the relational meaning of language - to develop an alternative means of negotiating risk and evaluating "outcome" in psychiatric experience. These clinicians bring familial networks into the process of crisis management, revealing meaningful "outcomes" regarding crisis care to be tethered to local concepts of chronicity and responsibility. To conceive of outcome in this context requires attention beyond the individual, and instead the consideration of a distributed outcome, in which living with risk, and its consequences, is bound to the collective experience of the network.

Sorption thermal battery has revealed vast potential of heat utilization to address the issue of long-term energy storage. A hybrid compression-assisted sorption thermal battery is presented for solar energy utilization, which aims to solve the mismatch of heat storage and supply in cold region. Thermodynamic performance of the hybrid sorption thermal battery in cold region is analyzed by using MnCl2–SrCl2 and MnCl2–CaCl2 working pairs and then compared with that of basic sorption type with internal heat recovery. It is demonstrated that when ambient temperature in winter ranges from −30 °C to -5 °C, energy and exergy efficiencies of hybrid thermal battery using different working pairs increase from 0.74 to 0.865 and 0.25 to 0.43, respectively. Energy efficiency of hybrid thermal battery is almost twice higher than that of basic type with internal heat recovery. For different operating parameters, mass ratio and global conversion rate have a larger influence on thermal performance than isentropic efficiency of compressor. Although energy storage density per salt of basic sorption thermal battery is a bit higher than that of hybrid type, the density per reactor of hybrid compression-assisted thermal battery could be improved by 50%, which indicates a good system compactness in real application.

Before Europeans arrived to Eastern North America, prehistoric, indigenous peoples experienced a number of changes that culminated in the development of sedentary, maize agricultural lifeways of varying complexity. Inherent to these lifeways were several triggers of social stress including population nucleation and increase, intergroup conflict (warfare), and increased territoriality. Here, we examine whether this period of social stress co-varied with deadlier weaponry, specifically, the design of the most commonly found prehistoric archery component in late pre-contact North America: triangular stone arrow tips (TSAT). The examination of modern metal or carbon projectiles, arrows, and arrowheads has demonstrated that smaller arrow tips penetrate deeper into a target than do larger ones. We first experimentally confirm that this relationship applies to arrow tips made from stone hafted onto shafts made from wood. We then statistically assess a large sample (n = 742) of late pre-contact TSAT and show that these specimens are extraordinarily small. Thus, by miniaturizing their arrow tips, prehistoric people in Eastern North America optimized their projectile weaponry for maximum penetration and killing power in warfare and hunting. Finally, we verify that these functional advantages were selected across environmental and cultural boundaries. Thus, while we cannot and should not rule out stochastic, production economizing, or non-adaptive cultural processes as an explanation for TSAT, overall our results are consistent with the hypothesis that broad, socially stressful demographic changes in late pre-contact Eastern North America resulted in the miniaturization–and augmented lethality–of stone tools across the region.

Das Aufkommen einer Buchkultur und die Gründung großer Bibliotheken waren seit dem 3. Jh. v.Chr entscheidend für die Etablierung einer literarischen Tradition. Ihr begegnet die römische Kultur seit dem 2. Jh. v.Chr. in Gestalt von Büchern und Bibliotheken. Dies hat nicht nur in Rom Vorstellungen von der Arbeitsweise eines Autors und den Lektüreerfahrungen von Lesern entscheident geprägt, sondern bleibt wichtig für das Verständnis dafür, was Literatur ist. The emergence of a literate culture and the foundation of libraries since the 3rd century BCE played a prominent part in establishing a literary tradition. This tradition entered Roman culture in the form of books and libraries. This had repercussions for Roman ideas about authors and readers; they remain important for our own expectations about literature.

Bereits vor einem halben Jahrhundert hat Michel Foucault in seiner Ordnung der Dinge auf die Willkür und Macht von Ordnungssystemen hingewiesen. Dieser Beitrag versucht, Vorschläge für ein neues dialogisches Format zur Konzeption einer globalen Bibliothek zu machen, die von und mit dem, was in einem Ordnungssystem als „randständig“ in einem anderen jedoch „zentral“ erscheinen mag, gedacht wird. Diese globale Bibliothek als „geteiltes“ und nicht mehr „hierarchisiertes“ Welterbe setzt eine neue Sprache, neue Vokabularien voraus, die nicht nur diachron sondern auch diatopisch angelegt sind, und also immer bereits aus einer transkulturellen Perspektive betrachtet werden, die es erlaubt, die transformative Kraft von kulturellem Transfer konstruktiv und kreativ zu nutzen. Already half a century ago, Michel Foucault in his Order of Things pointed to the arbitrary might of systems of classification and order. This essay proposes a new dialogical format for the conception of a global library that is thought in conjunction with what may appear to be "marginal" in one system of order but "central" in another. This global library as a "shared" and no longer "hierarchised" world heritage presupposes a new language, new vocabularies that are not only diachronic but also diatopic in nature, and thus always already viewed from a transcultural perspective which allows the transformative power of cultural transfer to be used constructively and creatively.

In his “Science as Vocation,” Weber equates rational academic conduct with Jewish ethics. For Weber, the Jewish tradition, which separates moral conduct from messianism, is emblematic of scientists’ strenuous distinction of empiricism from metaphysics. The emergence of a Zionist university in Jerusalem, an institute that was positioned as a part of a Jewish nation-building project, complicated this parallel. This article examines Gershom Scholem's activist approach to Jewish studies as a fundamental revision of the Weberian model of scholarship with the significant role that this model destines to the Jewish tradition. Scholem's vision of scholarship at the Zionist university constitutes Jewish eschatology as a pillar of a scholastic national tradition. Scholem's portrayal of Jewish messianism as an insular tradition overturns Weber's portrayal of Jewish ethics as a lesson for Western academia. Reading Scholem with Weber shows that the enterprise of founding a university in Jerusalem ran counter to European liberal conceptions of Judaism. Moreover, reading them together shows Scholem's notion of academic labor to reinstitute a separatist theological ethos as a formative model for scholarship.

Throughout the nineteenth century, most historians preferred not to ask philosophical questions. In their writings, however, they indirectly engaged with problems about the character of the world-historical process, thus confronting what might be called penultimate questions. This article analyzes both the notions and the practices of historical work in Leopold Ranke's writings to consider how his spontaneous philosophy of history came to shape an entire discipline. It argues that Ranke crafted what I call historical figures from archival materials and that these served as equivalents to concepts in G. W. F. Hegel's philosophical world history. The writing of history has not yet escaped the logic of these narrative figures of historical argumentation., Modern Intellectual History, 19 (4), ISSN:1479-2451, ISSN:1479-2443

This article examines two early modern feminist works, Woman Not Inferior to Man (1739) and Woman's Superior Excellence Over Man (1740), written by “Sophia, A Person of Quality.” Scholars once dismissed these texts as plagiarisms or semi-translations of François Poulain de la Barre's De l’égalité des deux sexes (1673). More recently, however, Guyonne Leduc has drawn attention to the original aspects of these treatises by highlighting Sophia's significant variations on Poulain's vocabulary (Leduc 2010; 2012; 2015). In this article, I take Leduc's analysis a step further by demonstrating that Sophia's variations amount to unique and distinctive arguments for the restoration of women's rights, based on both the natural equality and the moral superiority of women compared to men. I argue that Sophia goes beyond Poulain's Cartesian insights to mount a critique of male tyranny characterized as a lack of generosity toward women. My contention is that Sophia's texts represent a culmination in a line of reasoning that extends from the querelle des femmes of the Renaissance to Poulain's Cartesian feminism of the seventeenth century, through to arguments for women's rights in the eighteenth century. Her works thus warrant greater recognition as significant turning points in the history of feminist thought.

Au sein du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, les assistants naturalistes formaient une classe particulière au XIXe siècle. Ces employés produisaient une grande partie des collections de l’institution, contribuaient activement aux travaux des professeurs, et participaient même parfois à leur renommée. Néanmoins, ces assistants étaient plongés dans l’ombre des scientifiques, à tel point que nombre d’entre eux ont complètement disparu de la mémoire du Muséum. Dans certains cas, notamment pour les moulages d’après le vivant, leur travail est même attribué à de grandes personnalités, souvent à des professeurs. Les assistants naturalistes semblent historiographiquement peu étudiés; pourtant l’examen de ces employés à travers leurs productions matérielles permettrait de mieux comprendre l’histoire du Muséum et le développement de ses chaires. The Scientific Patrimony of the Invisibles: a Reconsideration of the Little Hands in the Service of Comparative Anatomy at the Muséum de Paris Within the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle of Paris, the assistant naturalists of the 19th century formed a particular class. These employees produced a large part of the institution’s collections, actively contributed to the work of the professors, and sometimes even participated in their renown. Nevertheless, these assistants were engulfed in the shadows of the scientists, to such an extent that many of them have completely disappeared from the memory of the Museum. In some cases, especially for life casts, their work is even attributed to the great personalities, often to professors. Assistant naturalists appear to be under–studied; yet the examination of these employees through their material productions would allow a better understanding of the Museum’s history and the development of its departments.

In the course of the human past the elimination of the testicles of boys and men – what we call castration – has taken place for a variety of reasons. Many times it was meant to deliberately hurt people. It is and was also performed, though, as a therapeutic measure by well-meaning physicians. Studying the motivations of medical practitioners involved in castration practices provides insight into the deontology and cultural context of these healers. This article explores the healing activities of the physicians of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds in this special field of surgery. In the extant literary sources we find medical indications for castration which are quite obvious to a modern eye, but also more mysterious and unexpected occasions which need to be explained from the historical context.

The morphology of the proximal carpals (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum) are linked to the range of motion (ROM) at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. While the relationship between ROM and habitual locomotor mode is well established, it has yet to be investigated whether relative patterns of internal bone architecture reflect the kinematics and kinetics at the proximal row. As internal bone is known to model its structure to habitually incurred forces, internal architecture has the potential to provide insight into how a joint(s) have been loaded during the lifetime of an individual. Using a broad sample of extant great apes and humans (n=177 total), this study investigates whether relative differences in the bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) and degree of anisotropy (DA) across the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum correlate with the presumed force transfer and biomechanics of the hominoid wrist. Results reveal broad patterns in BV/TV and DA differentiated hominoids by their predominant locomotor mode. The human pattern suggests the lunate may be the most highly strained bone within the proximal row. Both knuckle-walking taxa (Gorilla, Pan) exhibited similar architectural patterns suggesting they are adapted to resist similar forces in this region of the wrist. The relatively high DA across all Pongo carpals suggests it may have more stereotypical wrist loading than commonly assumed. Finally, the distinctly low DA in the triquetrum across all taxa suggests force transfer via the synapomorphic Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex may leave a distinctive signature in the internal bone architecture that requires further investigation.

Les Guarayos d’Amazonie bolivienne entretiennent un rapport paradoxal avec les missionnaires franciscains qui les ont christianises au xixe siecle. Ils sont tres attaches a ces pretres auxquels ils attribuent un role politique fondateur mais ils soulignent aussi la dimension violente ou destructrice, sur le plan culturel et social, de l’action de nombre de leurs representants, dont les mœurs (debauche, polygamie, sorcellerie) se seraient souvent fortement ecartees des normes catholiques. Cette relation paradoxale peut s’expliquer par la place a la fois centrale et exterieure que le cure a longtemps occupe dans la morphologie sociale guaraya.

Cet article analyse les activites de Michel Maxime Egger au sein du Laboratoire de la transition interieure qu’il a cree en 2016. Michel Maxime Egger est un acteur qui se definit comme « meditant-militant » et tente de « lier » differents mondes et publics potentiels – religieux, spirituels, academiques, ecologiques, altermondialistes, etc. Sous la forme d’une etude de cas, nous montrons comment il impulse un reseau de « transition interieure » se situant a la frontiere de trois milieux : spiritualite holistique, milieu des Eglises et militance ecologique. Nous constatons que la posture du « meditant-militant » permet effectivement a Egger de se positionner dans plusieurs milieux, insufflant a la fois un engagement eco-civique positif et un mouvement de « spiritualite positive », principalement pour des publics d’acteurs dans le milieu de la transition interieure ou de chretiens sociaux distancies. Son succes est certain, mais relatif. Il souligne les limites d’un redeploiement du religieux par l’engagement ecologique en Suisse.

Dans les neuf departements qui composent l’academie de Paris sous la Troisieme Republique, les mobilites d’eleves revelent la place des etablissements scolaires, en particulier des lycees, dans la hierarchie conditionnee par le deploiement de l’offre de formation et les demandes des familles. Les mobilites scolaires donnent un apercu sur les modalites de la concurrence ou de la complementarite entre etablissements primaires, secondaires et prives, mais aussi entre lycees et colleges de garcons et de jeunes filles qui, malgre leur position privilegiee dans la hierarchie scolaire, sont eux-memes en concurrence les uns avec les autres.

Complexity and uncertainty often animate the desire for regulatory approaches seeking to fix, limit and constrain. But what if, instead of doubling down on ‘solid’ regulation, we also make room for ‘liquid’ regulatory approaches? We interrogate this question through deep empirical analysis of the developing regulatory framework around a form of Melanesian cultural property known as water music. We argue that, although both solid and liquid regulatory forms exist in all normative orders, we have recently seen an increasing emphasis on solid forms of regulation (legislation, registers, etc.) with respect to cultural property. As an effort to consider alternative approaches, we identify a range of liquid regulatory strategies drawing from our case-study. We show how attention to temporality, relationality and situatedness can impact upon the degree of liquidity of individual regulatory approaches, and how they can cumulatively impact the solidity or liquidity of the overall regulatory system. Finally, we identify the different ways in which gendered power and forms of accountability emerge in contexts of solid or liquid regulatory strategies.

The International Working Men’s Association was the prototype of all organizations of the Labor movement. It helped workers to grasp that the emancipation of labour could not be won in a single cou...

From the outset, ‘Feminist Antifascism: Counterpublics of the Common’ suggests a radical rethinking of the present political moment. The aim of the book is twofold: ‘… to reclaim the notion of the ...

Recent historiography pertaining to the International Red Cross has generally emphasised the transnational scale as best suited for analysing this global movement. Using the French Red Cross as a case study, this article suggests that focusing on the national scale, or even on the national-imperial scale, does not exclude transnational approaches but enriches them. In doing so, it highlights the dialectic between scales of humanitarian activity and complicates our understanding of the Red Cross movement in the early twentieth century. The article examines how the French Red Cross strived for its independence within the broader Red Cross world in a postwar humanitarian context increasingly dominated by transnational organisations. It also argues that in the 1920s the French Red Cross, a traditional auxiliary of the French army, became an arm of the French Foreign Office, advancing French diplomacy and sovereignty.

This article explores why and how the British and Australian authorities monitored their British Cypriot communities and how this impacted upon their respective immigration policies in connection w...

The study of the language of religious minorities in Iran is particularly important for understanding the historical development and typology of Iranian languages. Historical and linguistic evidence substantiates the idea that Zoroastrians and Jews in cities in central and western Iran preserved their former vernacular language, whereas the majority of the population replaced it with Persian in the New Iranian period. This paper focuses on the language of Jews in Hamadan and has two main objectives: first, it examines numerous distinctive features of Judeo-Hamadani; second, it reviews and updates recent research to clarify the language origins, using data from new materials recorded during fieldwork in Hamadan from October 2018 to August 2019, and in Yazd in 2017.

Farvi, also known as Farrokhi, is an Iranian language spoken in the village of Farvi in Khur district of Kavir desert in central Iran. It shares features with other languages in Kavir region such as Khuri, Irāji and Garmayi. This paper describes synchronic and historical phonology and the grammar of Farvi based on data collected in Farvi village during April 2019. The study of historical phonology and morphological evidence show that though basically Northwestern, Farvi shares some features with Southwestern Iranian languages so that, like Kurdish and Balochi, it is separated from the other Northwestern Iranian languages. In later changes, Farvi shows some areal features that put it alongside Southeastern languages such as Northern Bashgardi and Balochi.

The metrical requirements of Persian poetry are highly restrictive. Traditionally, the rigidity of the metrical system was compensated for by a high degree of flexibility in the poetic language in terms of lexicon, phonology, and morpho-syntax. Using statistical data from different periods of Persian poetry, this paper argues that the degree of flexibility of the language used in metrical Persian poetry has been in constant decrease, moving towards what may potentially be a language crisis for metrical Persian poetry. This study traces the linguistic and meta-linguistic origins of the initial flexibility of the poetic language and its subsequent change, suggesting that some of the recent trends in Persian poetry may be viewed in part as reactions to this potential crisis.

This paper examines the historical developments and the debates revolving around the formation of an Ottoman–Iranian alliance in the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the 1908 Revolution. It argues that although neither the idea of an alliance between the two states nor the attempt to establish it was new, the way it was discussed, justified, and promoted in this period was different. The previous attempts by the Ottomans were led by the state as part of a broader pan-Islamist project (ittihad-ı İslam) that adopted a heavily religious tone. On the other hand, the main proponents of the alliance during the constitutional period were mostly transnational/international figures and religious scholars, who framed the issue within the context of Ottoman–Iranian relations, focusing on immediate pragmatic, strategic, and ideological concerns, such as protecting the sovereignty and security of the two countries against European imperialism through constitutionalism. Rather than focusing on reconciling the disputes between the Sunnis and Shi’is, and presenting this alliance as the first step towards the formation of a broader Islamic union as Abdülhamid II did in the nineteenth century, these people emphasized brotherhood and solidarity between the two constitutional governments, and tried to establish a strategic partnership based on shared borders, experiences, ideals, and enemies.

Closed-loop geothermal energy recovery technology has advantages of being independent of reservoir fluid and permeability, experiencing less parasitic load from pumps, and being technologically ready and widely used for heat exchange in shallow geothermal systems. Commercial application of closed-loop geothermal technology to deep high-enthalpy systems is now feasible given advances in drilling technology. However, the technology it uses has been questioned due to differences in heat transport capacities of convective flow within the wellbores and conductive flux in the surrounding rock. Here we demonstrate that closed-loop geothermal systems can provide reasonable temperature and heat duty for over 30 years using multiple laterals when installed in a suitable geological setting. Through use of two analytical methods, our results indicate that the closed-loop geothermal system is sensitive to reservoir thermal conductivity that controls the level of outlet temperature and interference between wells over time. The residence time of the fluid in the horizontal section, calculated as a ratio of the lateral length to flow rate, dictates heat transport efficiency. A long vertical production section could cause large drops in fluid temperature in a single lateral production system, but such heat loss can be reduced significantly in a closed-loop system with multiple laterals.

Understanding the flow and heat transfer in fractured geothermal reservoir is critical for the development of enhanced geothermal system (EGS) in the future. Under the framework of discrete fracture network, a thermal-hydraulic coupled model is proposed to evaluate the heat extraction performance of multilateral wells in fractured reservoirs. Five cases with varying numbers of branch wells considering well orientation are compared. In addition, we analyze the heat extraction performance response of multilateral wells in fractured reservoirs to the operating parameters. Results demonstrate the minimal effect of the increasing number of branch wells on the production temperature, while impacts on the well pressure are much greater. The injection pressure is observed to decrease significantly as the number of branch wells increases, resulting in a reduced reservoir flow resistance and increased net thermal energy by reducing pump energy consumption. For the same case, increasing the number of intersections between wells and fractures reduces the production temperature and injection pressure. Parameter sensitivity analysis reveals heat production to increases with the mass flow rate, well length and well spacing, and decreases with increasing fracture permeability. This study is expected to provide a view for the application of multilateral wells in fractured geothermal reservoirs.

In the 21st century, climate change is a severe threat to the survival of the planet and humanity; to counter this threat, the significant role of renewable energy cannot be denied for sustainable development worldwide. The motive of this study is to examine the threshold level and asymmetric relationship between renewable energy and economic development in different regimes of the different income levels of 122 countries from 1995-2018 by using the novel technique Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model (PSTR). The results of the PSTR model suggest that the relationship between Renewable Energy and the Economic Growth of these selected countries is nonlinear. Furthermore, in most countries, there is a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy and economic growth in the high regime, except the higher-income nations has a significant and positive relationship in both low and high regimes. Overall full sample shows a significant and positive relationship between renewable energy and economic growth. Recommendations based on this study for these countries include: 1) energy-efficient resources should be adopted to increase renewable energy consumption. 2) The conventional energy consumption share should be reduced to improve the environmental quality for a sustainable future.

The choice of condenser cooling option for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is likely to affect their techno-economic feasibility. In view of this, an attempt has been made to assess relative techno-economics and net life cycle CO2-eq emissions mitigation (LCCM) potential for 50 MW nominal capacity wet-cooled and dry-cooled parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) and dry-cooled solar power tower (SPT) based CSP plants with 6.0 h of thermal energy storage for two potential locations in India. It was observed that though dry cooling is likely to save significant amount of water (∼92%) in PTSC based plants, the same shall result in higher capital cost, higher performance penalty and higher parasitic power requirements leading to around 20% higher levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) as compared to wet-cooled PTSC based plants. It was also observed that the dry-cooled SPT based plants shall be able to deliver up to 4.5% higher annual electricity output and LCOE is also likely to be lowered by 13% than wet-cooled PTSC based plants. Considering emissions embodied and emissions associated with water transport/extraction from the source and water treatment, the estimation of LCCM from the PTSC and SPT based CSP plants have also been undertaken.

Ensuring power system reliability under high penetrations of variable renewable energy is a critical task for system operators. In this study, we use a loss of load probability model to estimate the capacity credit of solar photovoltaics and energy storage under increasing penetrations of both technologies, in isolation and in tandem, to offer new understanding on their potential synergistic effects. Increasing penetrations of solar PV alter the net load profile on the grid, shifting the peak net load to hours with little or no solar generation and leading to diminishing capacity credits for each additional increment of solar. However, the presence of solar PV decreases the duration of daily peak demands, thereby allowing energy-limited storage capacity to dispatch electricity during peak demand hours. Thus, solar PV and storage exhibit a symbiotic relationship when used in tandem. We find that solar PV and storage used together make a more significant contribution to system reliability: as much as 40% more of the combined capacity can be counted on during peak demand hours compared to scenarios where the two technologies are deployed separately. Our test case demonstrates the important distinction between winter and summer peaking systems, leading to significantly different seasonal capacity values for solar PV. These findings are timely as utilities replace their aging peaking plants and are taking energy storage into consideration as part of a low carbon pathway.

To enhance the performance of the thermodynamic systems, reduce the pollutants emission to the environment, and decline the fuel utilization, waste heat recovery methods are in high interest. In this paper, a new configuration of an integrated solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine combined with a biogas reforming cycle is presented for the cogeneration of power and hydrogen. The thermal energy discharged from the SOFC-GT system is used to supply the energy required for the reforming reaction in the biogas reforming cycle for hydrogen production. Comprehensive thermodynamic and thermoeconomic modeling has been performed using EES software. Also, a parametric study has been performed to demonstrate the effect of different parameters on the main performance metrics of the devised system. The results revealed that the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the proposed combined system have increased compared to the SOFC-GT system by 23.31 % and 28.19 % , respectively. The net output power and hydrogen production rate are obtained by 2726 kW and 0.07453 kg / s , respectively. From the exergy viewpoint, the afterburner causes a considerable amount of exergy destruction for the system by approximately 26 % of the total exergy destruction rate. Besides, the sensitivity analysis revealed that by increasing the inlet temperature of the fuel cell, the cell voltage reaches a maximum value at a temperature of 679 K and then decreases. Moreover, the total exergy destruction rate and SUCP of the cogeneration system is calculated by 1532 kW and 9400 $ / GJ , respectively.

The Savonius rotor is one of the simple and cost-effective vertical axis drag type devices for hydropower generation. The main drawback of the Savonius hydrokinetic turbine is its low performance due to negative torque developed by returning blade profile. In this paper, the performance of modified V-shaped rotor blades with different V-angles ranging from 90° to 40°, by maintaining fixed edge length, arc radius and aspect ratio of 0.7 is investigated. The numerical analysis is carried out to estimate the optimum V-angle by maintaining 70 mm depth of water with an inlet velocity of 0.3090 m/s. The numerical study revealed that, for 80° V-angle rotor blade profile, the maximum coefficient of power was found to be 0.2279 at a tip speed ratio of 0.9. This optimum V-angle model was used for experimental analysis to study the effect of aspect ratio ranging from 0.7 to 1.75 using top, middle and bottom plates by maintaining 140 mm depth of water and inlet velocity of 0.513 m/s. The rotor blade with two endplates and one middle plate with an aspect ratio of 1.75 has shown a significant increase of performance by 86.13% at a tip speed ratio of 0.86 as compared to turbine blade with two endplates.

In the last few decades, the energy demand is increasing globally which, given the present dependency of the energy generation on fossil fuels, results in a continuous increase in CO2 emissions. In an isolated electric grid system like in the SIDS, the majority of the electricity is produced by fossil fuels, therefore most of the SIDS nations are now focusing on Variable Renewable Energy sources (VREs). VREs such as wind and solar are hardly predictable and bring instabilities in the electric power system if not buffered by a storage system. Here we investigate the possibility of using Seawater Pump Storage Hydropower Systems (S-PSHS) as a renewable energy storage solution in an isolated electric grid. For this, the island of Curacao (one of the SIDS nations) is used as proof of the concept. For detecting potential locations for the S-PSHS sites on the island, GIS application was developed. The application of this conceptual proposed solution in similar systems is straightforward and it can be easily upscaled in other geographies. The concept of using seawater for the pumped hydro project is not common in practice and it is anticipated to have technical, environmental and financial challenges which are discussed in this paper.

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECO2R) is an environment-friendly way to convert CO2 into profitable products. Amine solution recently has been employed as an electrolyte in ECO2R but suffers from low efficiency. Herein, aqueous solutions containing different amine-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as electrolytes for CO2 reduction. The effect of different DESs on the CO2 reduction was investigated at Ag, Cu, and Zn metal electrodes. Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to understand the CO2 reduction. DES in aqueous solution facilitates the CO2 reduction to CO with higher faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO) than amine solutions and a mixture of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD). Both HBD and HBA have an influence on CO2 reduction. [Monoethanolamine hydrochloride] [methyldiethanolamine] ([MEAHCl][MDEA]) gives high FECO, 71% FECO at −1.1 V vs RHE at Ag electrode, 33% higher than [MEAHCl][MEA]. Experimental results and EIS analysis reveal that the facilitation of CO2 reduction to CO probably stems from a synergistic effect of nano-size agglomerate dispersion on Ag-surface, bicarbonate formation, exchange current density, and Cl− ions present in DESs. These findings present a feasible method to employ the aqueous MDEA-based DES solution as an electrolyte for CO2 reduction.

Fresh green asparagus is prone to lignify after harvest due to its high respiration rate and secretion of secondary metabolites regulated by enzymes generated during storage. In this work, a dense hemicellulose-based coating containing hemicellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared and used as a coating to reduce the respiration rate of green asparagus, with which the shelf life of green asparagus was prolonged from 5 days to 7 days. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) was used as a hydrophobizer and a crosslinking agent to reduce humidity sensitivity by introducing hydrophobic fatty acid chains to nanoparticles for increased structural stability and respiratory barrier property hemicellulose-based film in high humidity conditions. Our study proved that AKD modified coating with nature-derived nanomaterials could effectively increase respiratory barrier property, slow down the secretion of lignification-involved enzymes, and regulating the conversion of phenolic compounds to the lignin monomers.

9 figures, 5 tables.-- Supplementary information available, Active and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), capable of replacing noble metal catalysts, are required to develop efficient and competitive devices within the frame of the water electrolysis technology for hydrogen production. In this work, we have investigated tantalum based catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers (CNF) for the first time. The effect of CNF characteristics and the catalyst annealing temperature on the electrochemical response for the OER have been analyzed in alkaline environment using a rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE). The best OER activity and oxygen efficiency were found with a highly graphitic CNF, despite its lower surface area, synthesized at 700 °C, and upon a catalyst annealing temperature of 800 °C. The ordering degree of carbon nanofibers favors the production of oxygen in combination with a low oxygen content in tantalum oxides. The most active catalyst exhibited also an excellent durability., The authors want to thank the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MICINN) and FEDER for the received funding in the project of reference ENE2017-83976-C2-1-R, and to the Gobierno de Aragón (DGA) for the funding to Grupo de Investigación Conversión de Combustibles (T06_17R). J.C. Ruiz-Cornejo acknowledges DGA for his PhD grant. D. Sebastián acknowledges the MICINN for the Ramón y Cajal research contract (RyC-2016-20944).

As a green, low-carbon and renewable energy, the geothermal energy has attracted great attentions. Abundant geothermal resources are hosted in several depleted oilfields. Geothermal development in abandoned oilfields has its advantages that operators are familiar with the geographic environment, geological conditions, and drilling and development techniques in the oilfield. In this study, a thermo-hydro- mechanical multi-field coupling mathematical model was established with data from Liubei Buried Hill reservoir in North China Oilfield. Then, the geothermal development in abandoned high-temperature oilfields was simulated, and the sensitivity of the geothermal development effect to well patterns, fracturing conditions, and working media was analyzed. The results show that the well pattern of one-injector and four-producer leads to the largest heat-exchange area. The hydraulic fracture model causes earlier thermal breakthrough but produces more heat than the non-fractured model. CO2 has the better working fluid performance and leads to the better geothermal development effect than water. This study provides a theoretical basis for the high-efficiency development of geothermal energy in abandoned oilfields, and a guidance for research on geothermal development model and fracturing design.

Lorenzo Mascheroni 's 1797 work La geometria del compasso, which develops a geometry based solely on compass constructions, is considered by the author as stepping back behind the “demarcation line” of Euclidean geometry. In this work Mascheroni emphasizes the practical aspects of this geometry over a theoretical approach. A century later, in 1899, David Hilbert and his student Michael Feldblum proposed a totally different approach – algebraic and axiomatic – concerning geometric constructions based on various instruments. Taking into account that, at the end of the 18th century, straightedge geometry was also developed, one may ask what happened to the image of instrument-based geometry during the 19th century? By focusing on Mascheroni's book and its reception, this article aims to examine the various views and conceptions of mathematicians with respect to this geometry.

In the present study, the performance of breakwater-integrated OWC (oscillating water column) wave energy converter devices is analyzed under the action of unidirectional regular and irregular incident waves. Two different types of OWC devices: (i) LIMPET device (sloping-face OWC device) and (ii) quarter-circle-shaped front wall OWC device are considered for the present study. Detailed derivations of the parameters associated with the performance of the OWC devices under the action of irregular waves are provided. To analyze the efficiency of the OWC devices in real sea conditions, the Bretschneider Spectrum is taken as the incident wave spectrum along with nine sea states represent the local wave climate at the OWC plant site Pico, Portugal. The annual-averaged plant efficiencies of the two aforementioned OWC devices are analyzed as a function of chamber length, submergence depth, turbine rotor diameter, and rotational speed of the Wells turbine. It is observed that the annual-averaged plant efficiency can be enhanced significantly with appropriate combinations of chamber length, submergence depth, and turbine characteristics.

In this article, I provide a micro(oral)history of Cynthia Reid, one of only five women who founded the Minorities Research group-the first known lesbian organization in Britain, in 1963. Such activism paved the way for further lesbian liberatory action and the group did a great deal to combat the isolation experienced by many queer women across the country. They provided social opportunities as well as advice, and made more public calls for greater social acceptance. The group has been central to the interests of 20th-century queer historians, especially as the Minorities Research Group also produced the first lesbian magazine in Britain Arena Three. As a microhistory Cynthia's story informs many threads within queer history, including conceptualizations of masculinities, community, and change; while also challenging dominant notions that families and medical professionals were consistently unsupportive of queer people in the 1940s-1970s. In doing so, this article amplifies Cynthia's story in a way that means not only does it contribute nuance as a micro(oral)history to the broader field of queer scholarship but it also acts as a resource to stimulate further research.

Estimating the heat transfer in deep underground geothermal systems is a challenging task. The concept of explicitly describing the heat transfer between phases has been shown superior to the conventional approach but the heat transfer coefficient of fractures is still ambiguous. In this work, a definition of the lower and upper bound of the heat transfer coefficient between rock and flowing fluid in a single rock fracture is derived and validated with almost 250 experiments from other studies. The resulting values range between 8 and 260 W/m2 °C, with upper bounds roughly a factor 10 larger. Further, as shown in this work, the assumption of local thermal equilibrium can result in lower production temperatures than the assumption of heat transfer between phases depending on reservoir conditions. A dimensionless number is derived to distinct those cases and to determine the lower limit of the outflow temperature in any scenario. The results of this work enable a quantification of the value range of the heat transfer coefficient from laboratory experiments and allow a tabulation of the heat transfer coefficient for all kind of scenarios. The presented results can be used in discrete fracture models for an improved prognosis of production temperatures.

The quality of decisions in the renewable energy sector is as good as the quality of available data. This makes data quality a cornerstone in renewable energy system planning, designing, operation, and assessment. Unfortunately, such data is not always available and usually is cost-prohibitive. One solution for this issue is using the data of few representative days (RDs) instead of the full year for reduced costs of the data itself and the system simulations. A new framework is proposed in this study to distinguish these RDs based on meteorological features. The new framework represents an end-to-end pipeline, starting with measurements, data curing, feature extraction, clustering, and representative year construction. The analysis showed that increasing the number of RDs indeed improves the representativeness of the reconstructed year with disagreement indices as low as 1.041. Including system-irrelevant meteorological parameters was found to increase the disagreement index between original data and reconstructed year from 0.206 to 0.989. The proposed autoencoder feature extraction approach outperformed the conventional statistical one, especially for shallow autoencoders, where the disagreement index was reduced from 1.564 to 1.001. Finally, a brief case study of a standard solar water heating system was performed using TRNSYS v18 software to verify the proposed approach, where the absolute percentage deviation in the annual solar fraction was found to be only 0.278%. This study takes the first steps towards offering decision-makers, designers, and modelers a framework that provides high-quality and high-resolution data compatible with the elevating measurements and simulation cost.

Beet pulp is an extremely very wet organic waste derived from sugar production. It can be utilized for energy purposes, e.g. biogas production or as very valuable fodder for animals, mainly horses. The high moisture content (80%) in beet pulp makes it an adequate feedstock for the hydrothermal carbonization process. Therefore, this study is focussed on the hydrothermal carbonization of beet pulp. The following parameters were studied: temperatures of 180, 200, and 220 °C through 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of residence time. The optimal conditions of the process were determined (220 °C and 1 h), based on the physical and chemical properties of solid product hydrochar. The ultimate and proximate analyses, high heating value, energy and mass yields, and energy densification ratio were investigated. The obtained hydrochars were of a coal-like solid biofuel, with high heating values much higher than raw feedstock (c.a. 150% higher). The combustion performance and kinetics of hydrochar based on TGA were determined, indicating better combustion. Moreover, the fibre analysis of hydrochar, supported by infrared spectra and scanning microscope analysis confirmed the changes in its structure. Concluding, organic waste, beet pulp, is of great potential as an energy source using the hydrothermal pretreatment process.

This article describes ethnography as a research method and outlines how it excels in capturing the salient experiences of individuals among diverse communities in their own words. We argue that the integration of ethnographic findings into epigenomics will significantly improve disparities-focused study designs within environmental epigenomics by identifying and contextualizing the most salient dimensions of the ‘environment’ that are affecting local communities. Reciprocally, epigenetic findings can enhance anthropological understanding of human biological variation and embodiment. We introduce the term bio-ethnography to refer to research designs that integrate both of these methodologies into a single research project. Emphasis is given in this article, through the use of case studies, to socially disadvantaged communities that are often under-represented in scientific literature. The paper concludes with preliminary recommendations for how ethnographic methods can be integrated into epigenomics research designs in order to elucidate the manner in which disadvantage translates into disparities in the burden of illness.