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Lung cancer disease diagnosis and treatment is costly. As the numbers of inflicted rise so does the economic burden assumed for this cancer type. When the treatment expenditures are considered for all types of cancer, the lung cancer is thought to occupy a 20% share. The disease examined in two basic groups as small-cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most frequently encountered type of its kind nationally and in the World. This study considers the cost, effectiveness and cost effectiveness of platinum based chemotherapy medications with active ingredients pemetrexed and gemcitabine used for NSCLC. A review of studies relevant to the advanced stage NSCLC where majority of patients are positioned is foreseen to be useful to the decision makers since policy makers, regulating authorities and physicians require more information due to increased overall finance and costs, as well as treatment cost effectiveness. Furthermore, due to the entry attempt of pemetrexed active ingredient to the list of reimbursed medications for the fırst stage lung cancer treatment, it is assumed that a review of studies containing pemetrexed and gemcitabine will draw the attention of decision makers at the Social Security Instutition. © 2015, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Apoptosis is a key factor in the death of organ-specific cells. Developing a clear understanding of the effect that bacterial translocation has on initiating apoptotic pathways that induce multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is essential for developing effective treatment modalities. Translocation does not occur naturally and apoptotic pathways remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of bacterial translocation on apoptotic pathways in the spleen, small intestine, colon, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of rats. We randomly divided 12 healthy Wistar-Albino rats into two groups and induced bacterial translocation in the experiment group by clamping the superior mesenteric arteries (SMA) for comparison of test results to the control group. Samples from both groups were collected under sterile conditions and an inoculation procedure was performed. Caspase 3, 8, 9 and p53 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and cell expressions were counted. Klebsiella and E. coli colonies were observed in the bacteria cultures associated with the experiment group. Bacterial translocation-activated caspase 8 and 3 were found in all tissues of the experiment group; however, activated p53 was identified only in the colon and liver and activated caspase 9 was seen in small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. We concluded that translocated bacteria stimulated extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathway in gastrointestinal systems. © 2017, Scientific Publishers of India. All rights reserved.

A1 Hope and despair in the current treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer, IB Tan, I1 NPC international incidence and risk factors, Ellen T Chang, I2 Familial nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the use of biomarkers, Chien-Jen Chen, Wan-Lun Hsu, Yin-Chu Chien, I3 Genetic susceptibility risk factors for sporadic and familial NPC: recent findings, Allan Hildesheim, I5 Genetic and environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer in Southeast Asia, James D McKay, Valerie Gaborieau, Mohamed Arifin Bin Kaderi, Dewajani Purnomosari, Catherine Voegele, Florence LeCalvez-Kelm, Graham Byrnes, Paul Brennan, Beena Devi, I6 Characterization of the NPC methylome identifies aberrant epigenetic disruption of key signaling pathways and EBV-induced gene methylation, Li L, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Sun K, Du Z, Sun H, Chan AT, Tsao SW, Zeng YX, Tao Q, I7 Tumor exosomes and translational research in NPC, Pierre Busson, Claire Lhuillier, Olivier Morales, Dhafer Mrizak, Aurore Gelin, Nikiforos Kapetanakis, Nadira Delhem, I8 Host manipulations of the Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 protein, Sheila Mansouri, Jennifer Cao, Anup Vaidya, and Lori Frappier, I9 Somatic genetic changes in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Lo Kwok Wai, I10 Preliminary screening results for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with ELISA-based EBV antibodies in Southern China, Sui-Hong Chen, Jin-lin Du, Ming-Fang Ji, Qi-Hong Huang, Qing Liu, Su-Mei Cao, I11 EBV array platform to screen for EBV antibodies associated with NPC and other EBV-associated disorders, Denise L. Doolan, Anna Coghill, Jason Mulvenna, Carla Proietti, Lea Lekieffre, Jeffrey Bethony, and Allan Hildesheim, I12 The nasopharyngeal carcinoma awareness program in Indonesia, Renske Fles, Sagung Rai Indrasari, Camelia Herdini, Santi Martini, Atoillah Isfandiari, Achmad Rhomdoni, Marlinda Adham, Ika Mayangsari, Erik van Werkhoven, Maarten Wildeman, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Bambang Hermani, Widodo Ario Kentjono, Sofia Mubarika Haryana, Marjanka Schmidt, IB Tan, I13 Current advances and future direction in nasopharyngeal cancer management, Brian O’Sullivan, I14 Management of juvenile nasopharyngeal cancer, Enis Ozyar, I15 Global pattern of nasopharyngeal cancer: correlation of outcome with access to radiotherapy, Anne WM Lee, I16 The predictive/prognostic biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Mu-Sheng Zeng, I17 Effect of HLA and KIR polymorphism on NPC risk, Xiaojiang Gao, Minzhong Tang, Pat Martin, Yi Zeng, Mary Carrington, I18 Exploring the Association between Potentially Neutralizing Antibodies against EBV Infection and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Anna E Coghill, Wei Bu, Hanh Nguyen, Wan-Lun Hsu, Kelly J Yu, Pei-Jen Lou, Cheng-Ping Wang, Chien-Jen Chen, Allan Hildesheim, Jeffrey I Cohen, I19 Advances in MR imaging in NPC, Ann D King, O1 Epstein-Barr virus seromarkers and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the gene-environment interaction study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan, Yin-Chu Chien, Wan-Lun Hsu, Kelly J Yu, Tseng-Cheng Chen, Ching-Yuan Lin, Yung-An Tsou, Yi-Shing Leu, Li-Jen Laio, Yen-Liang Chang, Cheng-Ping Wang, Chun-Hun Hua, Ming-Shiang Wu, Chu-Hsing Kate Hsiao, Jehn-Chuan Lee, Ming-Hsui Tsai, Skye Hung-Chun Cheng, Pei-Jen Lou, Allan Hildesheim, Chien-Jen Chen, O2 Familial tendency and environmental co-factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the gene-environment interaction study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan, Wan-Lun Hsu, Kelly J Yu, Yin-Chu Chien, Tseng-Cheng Chen, Ching-Yuan Lin, Yung-An Tsou, Yi-Shing Leu, Li-Jen Liao, Yen-Liang Chang, Tsung-Lin Yang, Chun-Hun Hua, Ming-ShiangWu, Chu-Hsing Kate Hsiao, Jehn-ChuanLee, Ming-Hsui Tsai, Skye Hung-Chun Cheng, Jenq-Yuh Ko, Allan Hildesheim, Chien-Jen Chen, O3 The genetic susceptibility and prognostic role of TERT-CLPTM1L and genes in DNA damage pathways in NPC, Josephine Mun Yee Ko, Wei Dai, Dora Kwong, Wai Tong Ng, Anne Lee, Roger Kai Cheong Ngan, Chun Chung Yau, Stewart Tung, Maria Li Lung, O4 Long term effects of NPC screening, Mingfang Ji, Wei Sheng, Mun Hon Ng, Weimin Cheng, Xia Yu, Biaohua Wu, Kuangrong Wei, Jun Zhan, Yi Xin Zeng, Su Mei Cao, Ningshao Xia, Yong Yuan, O5 Risk prediction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by detecting host genetic and Epstein-Barr virus variation in saliva, Qian Cui, Miao Xu, Jin-Xin Bei, Yi-Xin Zeng, O6 Patterns of care study in Turkish nasopharyngeal cancer patients (NAZOTURK): A Turkish Radiation Oncology Association Head and Neck Cancer Working Group Study, B Şahin, A Dizman, M Esassolak, A Saran İkizler, HC Yıldırım, M Çaloğlu, B Atalar, F Akman, C Demiroz, BM Atasoy, E Canyilmaz, S Igdem, G Ugurluer, T Kütük, M Akmansoy, E Ozyar, O7 Long term outcome of intensity modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in National Cancer Centre Singapore, Kiattisa Sommat, Fu Qiang Wang, Li-Lian Kwok, Terence Tan, Kam Weng Fong, Yoke Lim Soong, Shie Lee Cheah, Joseph Wee, O8 International phase II randomized study on the addition of docetaxel to the combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in the induction treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adolescents, M Casanova, E Özyar, C Patte, D Orbach, A Ferrari, VF Cristine, H Errihani, J Pan, L Zhang, S Liji, K Grzegorzewski, L Gore, A Varan, O9 Prognostic impact of metastatic status in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Guntara Khuzairi, Camelia Herdini, Henry Kusumo, Mardiah Suci Hardianti, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Ibnu Purwanto, Johan Kurnianda, O10 Development of small molecule inhibitors of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Troy E. Messick, Kimberly Malecka, Lois Tolvinski, Samantha Soldan, Julianna Deakyne, Hui Song, Antonio van den Heuvel, Baiwei Gu, Joel Cassel, Mark McDonnell, Garry R Smith, Venkata Velvadapu, Haiyan Bian, Yan Zhang, Marianne Carlsen, Shuai Chen, Alastair Donald, Christian Lemmen, Allen B Reitz, Paul M Lieberman, O11 Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem-like cells using a Wnt modulator, ICG-001, enhances the treatment outcome of EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma, King Chi Chan, Lai Sheung Chan, Kwok Wai Lo, Timothy Tak Chun Yip, Roger Kai Cheong Ngan, Michael Kahn, Maria Li Lung, Nai Ki Mak, O12 Role of micro-RNA in NPC biology, Fei-Fei Liu, O13 Expansion of EBNA1- and LMP2-specific effector T lymphocytes from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma without enhancement of regulatory T cells, Wafa Khaali; Juliette Thariat; Laurence Fantin; Flavia Spirito; Meriem Khyatti; El Khalil Ben Driss; Sylvain Olivero; Janet Maryanski; Alain Doglio, O14 The experience of patients’ life after amifostine radiotherapy treatment (ART) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Mengxue Xia, Yunfei Xia, Hui Chang, Rachel Shaw, O15 Analysis of mitochondrial DNA mutation in latent membrane protein-1 positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Pudji Rahaju, O16 Factors influencing treatment adherence of nasopharyngeal cancer and the clinical outcomes: a hospital-based study, Mardiah Suci Hardianti, Sindhu Wisesa, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Harijadi, Ibnu Purwanto, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Wigati Dhamiyati, Johan Kurnianda, O17 Chromosomal breaks mediated by bile acid-induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells: in relation to matrix association region/scaffold attachment region, Sang-Nee Tan, Sai-Peng Sim, O18 Expression of p53 (wild type) on nasopharyngeal carcinoma stem cell that resistant to radiotherapy, Muhtarum Yusuf, Ahmad C Romdhoni, Widodo Ario K, Fedik Abdul Rantam, O19 Mathematical model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in cellular level, Sugiyanto, Lina Aryati, Fajar Adi-Kusumo, Mardiah Suci Hardianti, O20 Differential expression of microRNA-21 on nasopharyngeal carcinoma plasma patient, SY Bintoro, R Oktriani, C. Herawati, A Surono, Sofia M. Haryana, O21 Therapeutic targeting of an oncogenic fibroblast growth factor-FGF19, which promotes proliferation and induces EMT of carcinoma cells through activating ERK and AKT signaling, L. Zhong, L. Li, B. B. Ma, A. T. Chan, Q. Tao, O22 Resist nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): next generation T cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of NPC, M. Kalra, M. Ngo, S. Perna, A. Leen, N. Lapteva, C. M. Rooney, S. Gottschalk, O23 The correlation of heat shock protein 70 expressions and staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Elida Mustikaningtyas, Sri Herawati, Achmad C Romdhoni, O24 Epstein-Barr virus serological profiles of nasopharyngeal carcinoma - A tribute to Werner Henle, Mingfang Ji, YaruiXu, Weimin Cheng, ShengxiangGe, Fugui Li, M. H. Ng, O25 Targeting the apoptosis pathway using combination TLR3 agonist with anti-survivin molecule (YM-155) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Louise SY Tan, Benjamin Wong, CM Lim, O26 The resistance mechanism of nasopharyngeal cancer stem cells to cisplatin through expression of CD44, Hsp70, p53 (wild type), Oct-4, and ß-catenin encoded-genes, Achmad C Romdhoni, Fedik A. Rantam, Widodo Ario Kentjono, P1 Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients at Departement of Otorhinolaringology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin general hospital, Bandung, Indonesia in 2010-2014, Deasy Z Madani, Nur Akbar, Agung Dinasti Permana, P2 Case report on pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Camelia Herdini, Sagung Rai Indrasari, Jajah Fachiroh, Dwi Hartati, T. Baning Rahayudjati, P3 Report on loco regionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemo-radiation therapy, Iswandi Darwis, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Wigati Dhamiyati, Ibnu Purwanto, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Johan Kurnianda, P4 Sex and age differences in the survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Sindhu Wisesa, Mardiah Suci Hardianti, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Harijadi, Ibnu Purwanto, Camelia Herdini, Wigati Dhamiyati, Johan Kurnianda, P5 Impact of delayed diagnosis and delayed therapy in the treatment outcome of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Khoirul Anwar, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Sagung Rai Indrasari, Sri Retna Dwidanarti, Ibnu Purwanto, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Johan Kurnianda, P6 Anaysis of pretreatment anemia in nasopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy, Dominicus Wendhy Pramana, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Wigati Dhamiyati, Ibnu Purwanto, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Johan Kurnianda, P7 Results of treatment with neoadjuvant cisplatin-5FU in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a local experience, Diah Ari Safitri, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, Camelia Herdini, Sri Retna Dwi Danarti, Ibnu Purwanto, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Johan Kurnianda, P8 Geriatrics with nasopharyngeal cancer, Suryo A Taroeno, Sindhu Wisesa, Kartika Widayati Taroeno-Hariadi, Ibnu Purwanto, Bambang Hariwiyanto, Wigati Dhamiyati, Johan Kurnianda, P9 Correlation of lymphocyte to monocyte and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio to the response of cisplatin chemoradiotheraphy in locally advance nasopharyngeal carcinoma, I. Wijaya, A. Oehadian, D. Prasetya, P10 Prediction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by Epstein-Barr virus seromarkers and environmental co-factors: the gene-environment interaction study on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan, Wan-Lun Hsu, Yin-Chu Chien, Kelly J Yu, Cheng-Ping Wang, Ching-Yuan Lin, Yung-An Tsou, Yi-Shing Leu, Li-Jen Liao, Yen-Liang Chang191,192, Jenq-Yuh Ko, Chun-Hun Hua, Ming-Shiang Wu, Chu-Hsing Kate Hsiao, Jehn-Chuan Lee, Ming-Hsui Tsai, Skye Hung-Chun Cheng, Pei-Jen Lou, Allan Hildesheim, Chien-Jen Chen, P11 Non-viral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in West Sumatra, Indonesia, Sukri Rahman, Bestari J. Budiman, Novialdi, Rahmadona, Dewi Yuri Lestari, P12 New prototype Vidas EBV IgA quick: performance on Chinese and Moroccan populations, C. Yin, A. Foussadier, E. Blein, C. Chen, N. Bournet Ammour, M. Khiatti, S. Cao, P13 The expression of EBV-LMP1 and VEGF as predictors and plasma EBV-DNA levels as early marker of distant metastasis after therapy in nasopharyngeal cancer, Dewi Syafriyetti Soeis Marzaini, P14 Characteristics and factors influencing subjects refusal for blood samples retrieval: lesson from NPC case control study in Yogyakarta – Indonesia, Dwi Hartati, Baning Rahayujati, Camelia Herdini, Jajah Fachiroh, P15 Expression of microRNA BART-7-3p and mRNA PTEN on blood plasma of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, L. Gunawan, S. Mubarika Haryana, A. Surono, C. Herawati, P16 IgA response to native early antigen (IgA-EAext) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in healthy population and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients: the potential for diagnosis and screening tools, Michael Hartono, Jajah Fachiroh, Umi Intansari, Dewi Kartikawati Paramita, P17 IgA responses against Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen (EBV-EA) peptides as potential candidates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma detection marker, Akmal Akbar, Jajah Fachiroh, Dewi Kartikawati Paramita, P18 Association between smoking habit and IgA-EBV titer among healthy individuals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Benny Hermawan, T Baning Rahayudjati, Dewi K Paramita, Jajah Fachiroh, P19 Epstein-Barr virus IgA titer comparison of healthy non-family individuals and healthy first degree family of NPV patients, Gabriella Argy, Jajah Fachiroh, Dewi Kartikawati Paramita, Susanna Hilda Hutajulu, P20 Identification of EBV Early Antigen (EA) derived peptides for NPC diagnosis, Theodora Caroline Sihotang, Jajah Fachiroh, Umi Intansari, Dewi Kartikawati Paramita, P21 Host-pathogen study: relative expression of mRNA BRLF1 Epstein-Barr virus as a potential biomarker for tumor progressivity and polymorphisms of TCRBC and TCRGC2 host genes related to genetic susceptibility on nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Daniel Joko Wahyono, Purnomo Soeharso, Dwi Anita Suryandari, Lisnawati, Zanil Musa, Bambang Hermani, P22 In vitro efficacy of silvestrol and episilvestrol, isolated from Borneo, on nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a major cancer in Borneo, Maelinda Daker, Yeo Jiun Tzen, Norhasimah Bakar, Asma’ Saiyidatina Aishah Abdul Rahman, Munirah Ahmad, Yeo Tiong Chia, Alan Khoo Soo Beng, P23 The expression of mir-141 in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, Widyandani Sasikirana, Tirta Wardana, Muhammad Radifar, Cita Herawati, Agus Surono, Sofia Mubarika Haryana

Motor vehicle traffic, safety and security issues and insufficiency of playgrounds in contemporary cities keep children away from outdoors. Under these circumstances, schools are expected to assume responsibility with a view to strengthening the relationship of children with their physical environment. In this study, aims at supporting tours allowing preschool children to interact with their environment and children’s, teacher’s and parent’s preferences and evaluations about environment tours are provided. Interviews with 30 children in the age group of 5 years, from three different nurseries, their parents and teachers have revealed that pedestrian and motor vehicle transportation are equally preferred and that they are considered as experiences contributing to transportation processes of children with respect to communication with the environment, healthy growth and socializing. Both parents and teachers have emphasized the positive contribution of extra scholastic experience to the children and complained that the number of tours organized for that purpose is not sufficient . Safe and secure transportation facilities for pre-school children in cities must be provided with a view to increasing the number of tours enabling the children to learn about their environment and to experience the life. To this end, perceptions and behaviors of pre-school children as well as their opinions and recommendations must be taken into consideration and in researches aiming at improvement of urban living conditions., Günümüz kentlerinde yaşanan trafik, güvenlik sorunları ve oyun alanlarının yetersizliği gibi nedenler çocukları dış mekanlardan uzaklaştırmaktadır. Bu ortamda, okullardan sorumluluk üstlenerek çocukların fiziksel çevreleriyle olan ilişkisini güçlendirmesi beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada çocukların okul dışına çıktığı gezilerdeki ulaşım süreçlerinin çocuk, öğretmen ve veli açısından nasıl değerlendirildiği incelenmektedir. Bursa’da üç bağımsız anaokulunda, 5 yaş grubundan eşit sayıda kız ve erkek olmak üzere 30 çocuk, velileri ve öğretmenleriyle yapılan birebir görüşmelerde gezilerde yaya ve araç ulaşımının eşit düzeyde tercih edildiği ve çocukların ulaşım süreçlerini çevreyle iletişim, sağlıklı gelişim ve sosyalleşme yönünden katkı sağlayan deneyimler olarak değerlendirdikleri görülmüştür. Veliler ve öğretmenler tarafından okul dışı deneyimlerin çocuklar üzerindeki olumlu katkısına dikkat çekilmiş ve yeterli sayıda gezi düzenlenememesi eleştirilmiştir. Okulöncesi dönemde çocukların yaşadıkları çevreyi tanıması ve farklı deneyimlerle karşılaşmasını sağlayacak gezilerin desteklenmesi için öncelikle, okulöncesi yaş grubundaki çocukların algı ve davranışları dikkate alınarak, kentlerde çocuklar için ulaşım güvenli hale getirilmesine önem verilmelidir.

Leiomyoma is a common benign tumor of the genital system; diseases and other types of smooth muscle tumors in females is called leiomyosarcoma. The diagnosis of these tumors is based on differentiation of the degree of cellularity and cytological atypia, presence of necrosis and particularly the mitotic index. A treatment procedure is proposed regarding to the diagnosis of leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. There is no exact agreement on diagnosis of these tumors and the available methods are biased and dependent on the judgment of the observers. Our aim is to evaluate the leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma type of tumors using design-based stereological methods. The number of cells showing mitosis within a reference volume was determined to diagnose the type of tumor as leiomyoma or leiomyosarcoma. Numerical density of mitotic figures was 8000-9000/mm3 for leiomyoma, 10.000-11.000/mm3 for leiomyoma with high mitotic activity, and 30.000-31.000/mm3 for leiomyosarcoma. The difference between leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma was significant (p

Today is knowledge age and in this era, individuals are expected to interpret their disease, determine symptoms and make decisions on their health that is good for themselves. The efficiancy, effectiveness and quality of health care depends on health care services users decisions. These decisions are determined by health literacy level which is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand the basic health information to make appropriate health decisions. There are three types of health literacy: functional health literacy (reading and writing skills to understand and use health information), interactive health literacy (cognitive skills to interact with health-care providers) and critical health literacy (advanced cognitive, social skills and ability to critically thinking). If all of these skills are low, people are poorer overall health, they are use less preventive health care services and more medical services for their diseases, they have a poorer understand of treatment and a lower level of adherence to medical regimes. Limited health literacy is not only an individual problem, it is also important for health care manager and policy makers to organise and structure of health care services because of the increasing health services utilization and huge cost. Although the term 'health literacy' has discussed since 1970's, and has grown tremendously in the past decade, there are not enough researchs on this subject in Türkiye. The aim of the study is to make an overall assessment about health literacy and is to contribute to the national literature on subject.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Steroid soaking may decrease mesh-triggered inflammatory reaction in tissue. We aimed to investigate the tissue reaction to a steroid-soaked mesh material and an unsoaked mesh material in the rat model. METHODS: Neutral and steroid-soaked type I macroporous polypropylene (PP) monofilament and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF) mesh materials were implanted on the rectus abdominis muscle of 20 mature Wistar albino rats. Animals were divided into four groups: PP mesh with steroid (PP-S), PP mesh without steroid, PVF mesh with steroid (PVF-S), and PVF mesh without steroid. The rats were killed after 12 weeks, and histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations were performed. For immunohistochemical analysis, polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse CD3, rabbit anti-mouse CD68, rabbit anti-mouse CD15, and rabbit anti-mouse CD34 antibodies were used for the detection of lymphocytes, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocyte foreign body giant cells, and fibromyocyte stem cells, respectively. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for the histologic evaluation of inflammation and with Masson's trichrome stain for the evaluation of collagen deposition. Pore size and mesh ultrastructure were evaluated by electron microscopy. RESULTS: Expression of CD3 was lower in the PVF, PVF-S and PP-S groups, and expression of CD34 was higher in the PVF-S and PP-S groups than in the PP groups (p < 0.05). Collagen deposition was lower in the PVF, PVF-S and PP-S groups (p < 0.05). Histologically, the intensity of inflammation was lower in the PVF-S and PP-S groups than in the PP mesh group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of pore size and mesh ultrastructure on electron microscopic examination (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PVF mesh induces less inflammation than PP mesh, and in both mesh types steroid soaking further decreases inflammation without changing the pore size.

In the present experimental study, effects of yaw angle, β on the flow structure at high angles of attack, α with 70° sweep angle, Λ were investigated using the dye visualization technique. In the case of zero yaw angle, β a pair of leading edge vortices take place on both sides of cords axis are more or less symmetrical over the delta wing. These symmetrical vortical flow structures start deteriorating when angle yaw, β is introduced. Onset of vortex breakdown location on the windward side occurs further upstream, on the other hand, the leading edge vortex on the leeward side breaks down further downstream. A perceivable interactions are consisted between structures of vortical flows developed from pair of leading edge vortices after onset of vortex breakdowns. It can be concluded that the magnitude of the leading-edge vortices, onset of vortex breakdowns, and formation of unsteady flow structures generated after vortex breakdowns are substantially affected by yaw angle, β. Angles, θ1 and θ2 between centerline of the delta wing and both central axes of spiral vortices vary as a function of yaw angle, β.

Objective Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement is used for assessing the impact of diseases and medical treatments on physical, psychological and social aspects of an individual's health and life. The Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) is a widely used instrument to measure paediatric HRQOL in children. The aim of this study is to investigate the HRQOL in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and determine the precautions for improving the quality of their life. Methods Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 was administered to 75 paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and 50 healthy age- and gender-matched children. Results Health-related quality of life scores were significantly lower in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia than in healthy controls in this study. Conclusions It is thought that determination of the psychosocial, as well as the physical impacts of the disease on the child, will positively influence the treatment given by improving the quality of life of both the child and the family.

Increased susceptibility to infection is reported in patients with beta-thalassemia major due to toxic effect of iron on neutrophil functions and reticuloendothelial system dysfunction. This study investigated the association between the neutrophil apoptosis and frequency of infection episodes, desferrioxamine treatment, and serum ferritin levels in patients with beta-thalassemia major. A total of 35 children diagnosed with beta-thalassemia major were enrolled. Group 1 consisted patients who were receiving desferrioxamine (DFO) and group 2 consisted of patients who did not start to receive DFO. A total of 15 healthy children were enrolled to serve as a control group. Frequency of infection episodes within a year was noted from hospital records. In all patients, the same method based on flow cytometry (annexin V labeled with FITC) was used to assess neutrophil apoptosis. Neutrophil count and percentage of apoptotic neutrophils did not differ significantly between the groups. When frequency of infection episodes among groups was evaluated, frequency of infection episodes of the patients who were receiving DFO was significantly higher than in the other groups. When correlation between neutrophil apoptosis and frequency of infection episodes, serum ferritin levels, and neutrophil count of the patients was analyzed according to groups, no significant correlation was found. The results indicate that high serum ferritin level and DFO use in patients with beta-thalassemia major do not enhance neutrophil apotosis in vivo and enhanced neutrophil apoptosis cannot be a possible cause for increased susceptibility to infections in these patients.

We have investigated the constraints on the anomalous tqγ and tqH (q=u,c) couplings through the photoproduction processes pp→pγp→ptγX→pbl+νlγX and pp→pγp→ptHX→pbl+νlbb-X at the LHC. We have obtained 95% confidence level bounds on the anomalous couplings by considering various values of detector acceptances and integrated luminosities. Improved constraints on the tqγ coupling have been obtained compared to current bounds.

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Smoking cigarettes is the predominant risk factor. Chemotherapy (CT) plays an integral part in treating locally advanced-non-small cell carcinoma of the lung (LA-NSCLC) as it improves survival in all subgroups of patients. In this study, our aim was to perform a retrospective overview of our data in LA-NSCLC patients and to explore which CT regimen is more effective during chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Materials and methods: One hundred and thirty-two patients were included in this study. Seventy-six of the patients received 60 Gy radiotherapy (RT) concomitantly with chemotherapy at a weekly dose of 20 mg/m2 docetaxel and 20 mg/m2 cisplatin (P). Five patients received P 50 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1, 8, 29, and 36 as well as etoposide (E) 50 mg/m2 IV on days 1-5 and 29-33 concurrently with 60 Gy chest RT. Nine patients received weekly doses of carboplatin AUC 2 and paclitaxel 50 mg/m2 and fortytwo patients received only cisplatin 20 mg/m2 concurrently with 60 Gy chest RT. Results: The median age of the deceased patients was 61.20±9.96 and 57.70±8.60 for surviving patients. Following concomitant CRT, 26 patients (20%) showed complete response and 66 (50%) showed partial response (total response rate was 70%). The median follow-up period was 22 months (range: 8-36 months). Esophagitis developed in ten (13%) patients, neutropenia in fifteen (9%) patients and pneumonitis in eleven (12%) patients, as grade III-IV toxicity advanced due to concomitant CRT. Consolidation chemotherapy was given to patients with partial response. Conclusio: There are no clinical trials that have established the optimal regimen for concurrent CRT. In our study, the most effective regimen with CRT was carboplatin and paclitaxel. This finding should be evaluated in larger clinical trials.

Soft tissue infections (STIs) occur as a result of the colonization of pathogenic bacteria upon the destruction of normal skin microbial flora and the skin integrity. Streptococci and staphylococci are the most frequent causes of bacterial STIs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are often used in STIs because of their analgesic and antipyretic effects. However, evidence suggests that these drugs might delay both epithelization and angiogenesis in the early phases of wound healing because of an antiproliferative effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ibuprofen on the wound healing in STIs caused by Staphylococcus aureus in immunosuppressed mice. A total of 120 female Balb/c mice were used in the study and the mice were assigned to four test groups and two control groups. The test groups were defined as follows; B (Bacteria group, n= 23), BI (Bacteria + Ibuprofen group, n= 23), BA (Bacteria + Ampicillin group, n= 23), BIA (Bacteria + Ampicillin + Ibuprofen group, n= 21); and the control groups were defined as follows; S1B2 (only immunosuppressed controls, n= 15) and S2B2 (Sham group). Immunosupression was induced with cyclophosphamide and the experimental infection was generated by subcutaneous inoculation of bacterial suspension (2 x 10(8) cfu/ml) of methicillin-sensitive S.aureus ATCC 25923 to the right hind leg. Ibuprofen was given to the mice by gastric gavage (50 mg/kg/day), and ampicillin (100 mg/kg/day) by intramuscular injection. Wound sizes that appear in the animals were measured on a daily basis. Serum and tissue (epithelial tissue, connective tissue, sebaceous glands, sweat glands) samples were obtained on the first, third and seventh days. The tissue samples were examined histopathologically by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining method and IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) levels were determined in serum samples by ELISA method. The tissue cytokine reactions were also evaluated by immunohistochemical (immunoperoxidase staining) method in tissue samples. In our study, no significant change was detected in the wound sizes of B and BI groups from the second day to the end of study period (p> 0.05). On the other hand the wound dimensions of BA and BIA groups gradually decreased and remained superficial. The average serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1 was detected low in all groups. The mean value of serum IL-6 on the first day in group B was determined to be higher compared to other groups, and when this difference was compared to groups BI and BA, and the control group, it was found statistically significant (p< 0.05). In addition, the VEGF levels which were detected low in all groups in the third day of infection increased significantly at the seventh day. The results of histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies have supported the results of ELISA and yielded similar results with serum cytokine patterns. In conclusion, our data indicated that ibuprofen has no negative effect on the wound healing in soft-tissue infections caused by S.aureus.

Şahin, B., Tezcan, S. (2014): Investigations on thrips (Thysanoptera) species occurring in flowers of cherry trees in Kemalpa a (Izmir) province of western Turkey. Linzer biologische Beiträge 46 (1): 889-893, {"references":["ANONYMOUS (2010): http://www.izmirtarim.gov.tr/images/muhtelifekler/brifingaralik2010.pdf (Accesss date: December 2011).","ANONYMOUS (2011): http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ bitkiselapp/bitkisel.zul (Accesss date: December 2011).","BOLU H., OZGEN, I., BAYRAM A. & M. CINAR (2007): Guneydogu ve Dogu Anadolu Bolgelerinde antepfOstOgO, badem ve kiraz bahcelerindeki avcO Coccinellidae turleri, yayOlOs alanlarO ve avlarO. - Harran Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 11 (1-2): 39-47.","BOOTH D.C. (2013): Pear Thrips Identification, Biology and Management. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Technical Report. 2 pp. (http://www.bartlett.com/resources/Pear- Thrips.pdf (Access date: December 2013).","BOZKURT V. & A. OZDEM (2013): Orta Anadolu Bolgesinde kiraz agaclarOnda zararlO meyve yazOcObocek turlerinin (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) tespiti, yogunluklarO ile onemli turun biyolojik kriterlerinin belirlenmesi. - Bitki Koruma Bulteni 53 (2): 65-76.","CINAR M., CIMEN I. & H. BOLU (2004): ElazOg ve Mardin Illeri kiraz agaclarOnda zararlO olan turler, dogal dusmanlarO ve onemlileri uzerinde gozlemler. - Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 28 (3): 213-220.","ERTOP S. & A. OZPINAR (2011): Canakkale Ili kiraz agaclarOndaki fitofag ve yararlO turler ile bazO onemli zararlOlarOn populasyon degisimi. - Turkiye Entomoloji Bulteni 1 (2): 109-118.","KAPLAN C. & S. TEZCAN (2011): Izmir Ilinde kiraz bahcelerinde bulunan agustosbocegi (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) turlerinin belirlenmesi. - Turkiye IV. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri KitabO, 28-30 Haziran 2011, Kahramanmaras, 496 pp.","LODOS N. (1993): Turkiye Entomolojisi III (Genel, UygulamalO ve Faunistik). - Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi YayOnlarO No: 456, Ofset BasOmevi, Bornova, Izmir, 150 pp.","OZBEK H., GUCLU S. & R. HAYAT (1996): Kuzeydogu tarOm bolgesinde tas cekirdekli meyve agaclarOnda bulunan fitofag ve predator bocek turleri. - Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 20: 267-282.","OZDEM A., ZEKI C., KODAN M. & H. ZEKI (2007): CankOrO Ili kiraz bahcelerinde faydalO ve zararlO turlerin tespiti. - Turkiye II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi. 27-29 Agustos 2007 Isparta. 208.","OZDER N. (1999): Tekirdag Ilinde kiraz bahcelerinde bulunan dogal dusmanlar ve bunlardan yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma cacoeciae MARCH. (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)'nin yaprak buken turlerinde (Lep.: Tortricidae) dogal etkinligi uzerinde arastOrmalar. - Turkiye 4. Biyolojik Mucadele Kongresi, 26-29 Ocak 1999, Adana, 663 S., 341-354.","RODRIGUEZ J., NEIRA P. & P. CARRIZO (2012): Thripidae seasonal variation in cherry orchards and associated vegetation in the Lower Valley of Chubut River, Argentina. - RIA 38 (1): 46-54.","TEZCAN S. (1995): Kemalpasa (Izmir) yoresi kiraz agaclarOnda zararlO Buprestidae (Coleoptera) familyasO turleri uzerinde arastOrmalar. - Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 19 (3): 221-230.","TEZCAN S. & H.S. CIVELEK (1996): Kemalpasa (Izmir) yoresi kiraz agaclarOnda zararlO Scolytus rugulosus (MULLER, 1818) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)'un biyolojisi ve zararO uzerinde arastOrmalar. - Turkiye III. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri, 24-28 Eylul 1996, Ankara, Ankara Universitesi BasOmevi, 716 pp.","TEZCAN S. & F. ONDER (1999): Kemalpasa (Izmir) yoresi kiraz agaclarOnOn Heteroptera faunasO. - VIth European Congress of Entomology, 23-29 August 1998, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, Book of Abstracts, 2: 650, Ege Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 36 (1-3): 119-124.","TEZCAN S. & N. GULPERCIN (2005): A general evaluation on the fauna of cherry orchards in Turkey. - 5th International Cherry Symposium, June 06-10, 2005, Bursa, Turkey, 70. Proceedings of the Fifth International Cherry Symposium, 2. Acta Horticulturae 795: 959-963.","TEZCAN S., TEZCAN F. & N. GULPERCIN (2006): Kemalpasa (Izmir) Yoresi entegre ve organik kiraz bahcelerinde zararlO yonetimi uygulamalarO. - Turkiye 3. Organik TarOm Sempozyumu, 1-4 KasOm 2006, Yalova, Bildiri Ozetleri, 112.","TUNC I. (1989a): Thysanoptera in a coastal mediterranean winter. - Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 2 (1): 105-113.","TUNC I. (1989b): Thrips infesting temperate fruit flowers. - Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 2 (2): 133-140.","TUNC I., UNAL BAHSI S. & H. SUMBUL (2012): Thysanoptera fauna of the Lakes Region, Turkey. - Turkish Journal of Zoology 36 (4): 412-429.","ULUSOY M. R., VATANSEVER G. & N. UYGUN (1999): UlukOsla (Nigde) ve PozantO (Adana) yoresi kiraz agaclarOnda zararlO olan turler, dogal dusmanlarO ve onemlileri uzerindeki gozlemler. - Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 23 (2): 111-120."]}

Cat semen was extended with 3% and 4% glycerol containing Tris extender and frozen in (0.25 ml) straws. Spermatological characteristics were examined in post-thaw semen samples. Five tom cats aged 2-3 were used. Semen was collected by electro-ejaculator under general anesthesia (xylazine-ketamine HCl combination). On a weekly basis a total of 8 ejaculates were collected from each tom cat. Spermatozoon concentration (x106/ml) was determined by the hemocytometric method. Morphologic examination was done by light microscope with Spermac® stain (x1000 magnification, immersion objective) and progressive motility was examined by hot-plate phase-contrast microscope (x200 magnification). Semen samples chosen as suitable for being frozen were extended 1:1 (semen/extender) by Tris extender containing 20% egg yolk without glycerol [Tris (hydroxymethyl-aminomethane) (2.40 g) - fructose (1.00 g) - citric acid (1.30 g) osmolarity: 285 mOsmol/kg] at +26 ºC. Extended semen was cooled to +5 ºC in 1 h and divided into 2 parts. Each volume was re-extended with glycerol containing Tris extender to obtain 3% and 4% final glycerol levels. The semen samples were left under equilibration for 30 min after glycerolization. Semen was filled into 0.25 ml straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Frozen semen samples were stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 ºC. The application was repeated 8 times for the tom cats and 40 straws were frozen for each group (n=40). The frozen straws were thawed for 30 s at 37 ºC. During the study, examinations of motility (%) and morphology (%) (acrosome, other and total) were done at collection, dilution at +26 ºC, chilling at +5 ºC, equilibration and post-thaw points. The mean post-thaw motility, acrosome, other and total morphologic defect rates with 3% glycerol containing Tris extender were 53.00 ± 10.85%, 26.35 ± 8.55%, 14.43 ± 3.99% and 40.53 ± 11.00%, respectively. These values were 50.50 ± 13.90%, 25.45 ± 7.08%, 15.20 ± 4.36% and 40.40 ± 10.22%, respectively, with 4% glycerol containing Tris extender. The differences between the values of the 2 groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). At the end of the study, it was observed that 3% and 4% glycerol containing Tris extender could be used to preserve the post-thaw motility and morphology of cat semen frozen in straws.

In this paper, we generalize the geometry of the invariant submanifolds of Riemannian product manifold to the geometry of the invariant submanifolds of Riemannian warped product manifold. We investigate some properties of an invariant submanifolds of a Riemannian warped product manifold. We show that every invariant submanifold of the Riemannian warped product manifold is a Riemannian warped product manifold. Also, we give a theorem on the pseudo-umbilical invariant submanifold. Further, we obtain that integral manifolds on an invariant submanifold are curvature-invariant submanifolds. Finally, we give a necessary condititon on a totally umbilical invariant submanifold to be totally geodesic.

PubMedID: 10925738 The effect of Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised subjects has been the subject of debate in recent years, mostly in response to its unknown pathogenicity and frequency of occurrence. We performed a non-randomised, open labelled, single institute study in our hospital in order to investigate the clinical significance and frequency of B. hominis in patients suffering from hematological malignancy (HM) who displayed symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases during the period of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The presence and potential role of other intestinal inclusive of parasites were also studied. At least 3 stool samples from each of 206 HM patients with gastrointestinal complaints (the HM group) were studied. These were compared with stool samples from a control group of 200 patients without HM who were also suffering from gastrointestinal complaints. Samples were studied with saline-lugol, formalin-ether, and trichome staining methods. Groups were comparable in terms of gender, age and type of gastrointestinal complaints. In the HM group, the most common parasite was B. hominis. In this group, 23 patients (13%) had B. hominis, while in the control group only 2 patients (1%) had B. hominis. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Symptoms were non-specific for B. hominis or other parasites in the HM group. The predominant symptoms in both groups were abdominal pain (87-89.5%), diarrhea (70-89.5%), and flatulence (74-68.4%). Although all patients with HM were symptom-free at the end of treatment with oral metranidazol (1,500 mg per day for 10 days) 2 patients with HM had positive stool samples containing an insignificant number of parasites (< 5 cells per field). In conclusion, it appears that B. hominis is not rare and should be considered in patients with HM who have gastrointestinal complaints while being treated with chemotherapy. Furthermore, metranidazol appears to be effective in treating B. hominis infection.

Objective: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a benign proliferative disease of langerhans type histiocytes. This type is the localized form of histiocytosis X group diseases. Ninety percent of patients are between 5 and 15 years of age. Case Presentation: A 29-year-old male patient consulted to neurosurgery clinic with symptoms of headache and swelling under skin of the right side of his head. The mass, which was detected in the right temporoparietal bone was excised totaly The patient, whose histopathology was reported as histiocytosis X was referred to medical oncology clinic. Conclussion: Langerhans-cell histiocytosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young patients, whose rontgenograms demonstrated osteolytic bone lessions, and advanced examinations should be performed.. Usually, surgical excision suffices. Appropriate therapy is important factor for the patient’s prognosis. Therefore localisation of the lesion, and identification of its subtype is very important for accurate planning of therapy approach. © 2014, Logos Medical Publishing. All rights reserved.

Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) contribute to tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study is to examine the role of ROMs in the tissue injury in ulcerative colitis (UC). The study group consisted of 27 patients with UC (14 active, 13 quiescent) and a control group of 10 patients with various anal diseases. We measured the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in colorectal biopsies. MDA was measured by the thiobarbituric acid assay. SOD and MPO were measured using the nitro blue tetrazolium and odianisidine methods, respectively. The MDA, SOD, and MPO tissue levels were significantly different between the patients with active UC, the patients with quiescent UC, and the control subjects (p0.001). A positive correlation was found between the tissue concentrations of MDA and MPO and the activity of the disease (p0.001). The SOD tissue concentrations were negatively correlated with the disease activity (r = -0.507, p0.05).

PubMedID: 21805377 Rituximab (the chimeric anti-CD20 antibody) is widely used in the treatment of CD20 positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The response rate at relapse after repeated use in prior CD20 positive responders is lower than 50%. Several mechanisms can be responsible for rituximab resistance. CD20 negative relapses which transformed from CD20 positive aggressive and indolent forms of lymphoma can be the one of the reason of secondary resistance to rituximab. The authors report a case with combination of aggressive and indolent form of lymphoma who relapsed after 7 months from the last dose of rituximab therapy. CD20 transformed negative from positive in her relapsed disease. Patients with CD20 positive B cell NHL must rebiopsy after first line rituximab therapy if their disease relapsed or progressed. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.

BACKGROUND: Aluminium (Al) is known to have neurotoxic effects that can result in oxidative damage to a range of cellular biomolecules. These effects appear to be of significance in the developmental stages of the brain. We therefore investigated the oxidative and histopathological damage induced by Al during growth and development of the chick brain. MATERIAL/METHODS: We used a chick embryonic development model, with Al treatment of 500 µg Al sulphate in 0.1 ml saline injected into the egg air chambers at the beginning of their incubation period. The effects on chick-brain growth and development were then assessed at term (day 21). Determination of malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were used as relevant biological measures for increased oxidative stress in terms of lipid peroxidation and biochemical oxidative damage, respectively. Furthermore, we also monitored neuronal degeneration as estimated stereologically using the Cavalieri brain volume estimation tool. RESULTS: This Al treatment showed significantly increased MDA levels and decreased GSH levels, as indicators of increased biochemical oxidative damage. This was accompanied by significantly decreased brain volume, as a measure of neuronal degeneration during brain development in this chick embryonic development model. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to Al during chick embryonic development results in increased oxidative stress in the brain that is accompanied by neuronal degeneration.

We study the possibility for the process pp›p?p›pW -t(W +t¯)X with anomalous Wtb couplings in a model-independent effective Lagrangian approach at the LHC. We find 95% confidence level bounds on the anomalous coupling parameters for various values of the integrated luminosity. The improved constraints on the anomalous Wtb couplings have been obtained compared to current limits. © 2012 American Physical Society., Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: 21105002